Rizal’s Second

Sojourn in
Paris and the
Universal
Exposition of 1889
• Paris in the spring of 1889 was
bursting with gaiety excitement
because of the Universal
Exposition.
• Thousands of visitors from all
corners of the world crowded
every hotel, inn and boarding
house.
• Everywhere in the metropolis, the
rates and house rents were
soaring skyhigh, Rizal, fresh from
London, was caught in the whirl
of gay Parisian life.
• Despite the social parties and
the glittering lights of the city, he
continued his fruitful artistic,
literary and patriotic labors.
• He published his annonated
edition of Morga’s Sucesos;
founded three Filipino socities,
the Kidlat Club, the Indios Bravos
and the R. D. L. M,; and wrote
Por Telefono, a satire against
Fr.Salvador Font.
Difficulty of Finding Quarters
• In March 1889, it was extremely difficult
for a visitor to find living quarters in Paris.
• May 6, 1889 – the scheduled opening
for the Universal Exposition of 1889
• Attracted thousands of tourists
• The cost of living spiralled high because
the French landlords, taking
advantage of the great demand for
living quarter, raised the rents of the
rooms.
Difficulty of Finding Quarters
• He lived in a little room, together
with two other Filipinos :
• Capitan Justo Trinidad - former
gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana,
Manila, and a refugee
• Jose Albert – young student from
Manila
Life in Paris
• Although life in Paris was gay, with
sparking merriment and joyous
social pretties, Rizal continued to
be busy in his serious pursuits.
• Hours were too precious for him to
waste.
• He spent them frugally and fruitfully
Life in Paris
• He used most of his time in the
reading room of the Bibliotheque
Nationale (National Library)
checking up his historical
annotations on Morga’s book, in his
living quarters writing letters to his
family and friends, in the
gymnasium for his daily physical
exercises, and visiting his friends.
 Life in Paris
• In his spare hours, Rizal used to dine at
thehomes of his friends, such as the Pardo de
Taveras, the Venturas, the Bousteads, the
Lunas, etc.
• June 24, 1889 – a baby girl was born to Juan
Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera.
• Second child
• The first was a boy named Andres whose pet
name was Luling
• Rizal was the baptismal godfather, who chose
her name “Maria de la Paz, Blanca, Laureana,
Hermenegilda Juan Luna y Pardo de Tavera”
 Rizal and Paris Exposition
of 1889
• Rizal was fascinated by the Universal
Exposition of Paris
• Eiffel Tower - 984 feet high
• The greatest attraction of this
exposition
• Built by Alexander Eiffel, celebrated
French engineer
 Rizal and Paris Exposition
of 1889
• Rizal and his friends attended the
opening ceremonies and saw the
cutting of the ribbon by President Sadi
Carnot of the Third French Republic
• Paris was jammed with thousands of
tourists coming from all parts of the
world.
• Daily, the Exposition drew a vast
crowd of 200, 000 person or more.
 Rizal and Paris Exposition
of 1889
• One of the features of the Exposition was
the international art competition, in which
Felix R. Hidalgo, Juan Luna, Felix Pardo de
Tavera and Rizal participated.
• Hidalgo’s painting – 2nd prize
• Juan Luna and F. Pardo de Tavera – 3rd prize
• Rizal – no prize
• A bust which he modelled
– The bust was quite good to qualify for the
exhibition, but not good enough to win an
international prize.
 Kidlat Club
• March 19, 1889 – the same day when he
arrived in Paris from London
• Kidlat Club – a society organized by Rizal
for his paisanos (compatriots)
• Member:
• Antonio & Juan Luna
• Gregorio Aguilera
• Fernando Canon
• Laura Dimayuga
• Julio Llorente
• Guillermo Puatu
• Baldomero Roxas
Kidlat Club
• Purely a social society of a
temporary nature
• Founded to bring together the
young Filipinos in the French
Capital so that they could
enjoy their sojourn in the city
during the duration of the
Universal Exposition.
Indios Bravos
• In their sightseeing tour of the
exposition grounds, Rizal and the
members of the Kidlat Club were
amazed to see the Buffalo Bull show
which featured the American Indians.
• The red-skinned Indians were proudly
riding their sturdy ponies, elegantly
dressed in their native attire and
wearing their war feathers and paints.
Indios Bravos
• Rizal was enchanted by the dignified and
proud bearing of the American Indians.
• He told his friends;

“Why should we resent being called Indios by

the Spaniards? Look at those Indios from N.
America – they are not ashamed of their
name. Let us be like them. Let us be proud of
the name Indio and make our Spanish
enemies revise their conception of
the term. We shall be Indios Bravos!”
Indios Bravos
• Indios Bravos (Brave Indians)– a new
society of Filipino patriots in Paris
• Replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club.
• Members pledged to excel in
intellectual and physical prowess to win
admiration of foreigners, particularly the
Spaniards
• They practised with great enthusiasm the
use of sword and pistol.
• Rizal taught them judo, an Asian art of
self-defense, that he learned in Japan.
 R.D.L.M. Society
• R.D.L.M. Society - Another society founded by
Rizal in Paris during the Universal Exposition of 1889
• its existence and role in the crusade for
reforms are really enigmatic.
• Of the numerous letters written by Rizal and
his fellow propagandists, only two
mentioned this secret society:
1. Rizal’s Letter to Jose Maria Basa, Paris,
September 21, 1889
2. Rizal’s Letter to M. H. del Pilar, Paris,
November 4, 1889
 R.D.L.M. Society
• R.D.L.M. Society
• The society has a symbol or counetrsign
represented by a circle divided into three
parts by semi-circles having in the center the
interlocked letter I and B, meaning Indios
Bravos.
• The letters R. D. L. M. placed outside an
upper, lower, left and right side of the circle.
• This is believed to be the initials of the
society’s secret name Redencion de los
Malayos (Redemption of the Malays)
R.D.L.M. Society
• Rizal guarded the society’s existence
• Patterned after Freemasonry
• Had various degrees of membership
• Members does not know each other
• Only few of Rizal’s trusted friends became
members
• Gregorio Aguilera • Baldomero Roxas
• Jose. Ma. Basa • Father Jose Maria C
• Julio Llorente hangco (Filipino pri
• M.H. del Pilar est)
• Mariano Poce
R.D.L.M. Society
• Aim:
• Propagation of all useful
knowledge—scientific,
artistic, literary, etc.–- in the
Philippines
• Redemption of the Malay
race
R.D.L.M. Society
• Rizal wanted to be a leader of FREEDOM,
if not in the Philippines, then in other
lands
• Provisions for Bornean colonization:
• Right of the colonists to buy the lands
• Free use of the seashores
• Unusual long term of lease for 999 years
• a period of time long enough for many
generations to form a nation and to
consolidate its status”
Annotated Edition of Morga
Published
• Rizal’s outstanding achievement in
Paris was the publication in 1890 of
his annotated edition of Morga’s
Sucesos, which he wrote in the British
Museum
• Printed by Garnier Freres
• Prologue was written by Prof.
Blumentritt
 Annotated Edition of Morga
Published
• In Blumentritt’s Prologue, he
commended Rizal for his fine historical
scholarship.
• Two things which reveals Rizal’s error:
1. Rizal commits the error of many historians in
appraising the events of the past in the light
of present standards
2. Rizal’s attacks on the church were unfair
and unjustified because the abuses of the
friars should not be construed to mean that
Catholicism is bad.
 Annotated Edition of Morga
Published
• Rizal’s work, despite of its errors
observed by Blumentritt, it is still a
splendid piece of historiography.
• Rizal annotated and published Morga’s
Sucesos because it was the best of the
many histories of the Philippines written
by the early Spanish writers.
• It is accurate in the narration of events,
unbiased judgment, and unmarred by
childish fantasies.
 Annotated Edition of Morga
Published
• He dedicated his new edition of Morga
to the Filipino people so that they would
know of their glorious past. His
dedication is as follows:
“Born and reared in ignorance of our past like almost
all of you: without voice nor authority to s p e a k o f
what we have not seen nor s t u d i e d , I d e e m e d
i t necessary to invoke the testimony of an Illustrious
S p a n i a r d s w h o c o n t r o l l e d t h e d e s t i n i e s of
the Philippines at the beginning of it’s new era and
personally witnessed the last days of our a n c i e n t
nationality”
 Annotated Edition of Morga
Published
• In this historical work, Rizal proved that
Filipinos were already civilized before the
advent of Spain.
• Filipinos had clothes, government. Laws,
writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences and
commerce with neighboring Asian nations.
• Rizal blasted the historical heresies of the
Spanish writers who claimed that the early
Filipinos were savages and were of low
mentality.
 Comment on Morga’s
Publication Date
• Paris, Libreria de Garnier Hermano,
1890
• The title of Rizal’s annotated
edition of Morga
• Morga’s Sucesos by Rizal came off
the press in1889
 Rizal as Historian
• Rizal’s research studies in the British
Museum (London) and in the
Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris)
enriched his historical knowledge.
• His knowledge of foreign languages
enabled Rizal to read historical
documents and books in the
languages in which they were
originally written.
 Rizal as Historian
• Aside from his excellent annotations
on Morga’s book, Rizal wote other
works which qualify him to be a real
historian.
• Among them were the two historical
commentaries written in London
1. Ma-yi (Decemebr 6, 1888)
2. Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta (January 7, 1889)
 Rizal as Historian
Other written works of Rizal:
• Filipinas dentro de Cien años (The
Philippines within a century)
• Published in La Solidaridad in four issues
• Sobre la Indolenca de los Filipinos (The
indolence of Filipinos)
• Published in La Solidaridad in five
successive issues
• La Politica Colonial on Filipinas (Colonial
policy in the Philippines)
 Rizal as Historian
Other written works of Rizal:
• Manila en el mes de Didiembre, 1872
(Manila in the Month of December, 1872)
• Historia de la Familia Rizal de Calamba
(History of the Rizal family of Calamba)
• Los Pueblos del Archipelago Indico (The
Peoples of the Indian Archipelago)
The Philippines within a
century
Toward the last paragraphs of the
article, he peered into the future
and warned Spain of what would
happen to her colonial empire in
Asia if she would not adopt a more
liberal and enlightened policy
toward the Philippines.
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• Also a prestigious work of historical
scholarship
• It is an able defense of the alleged
indolence of the Filipinos
• Rizal made a critical study of the
causes why his people did not work
hard during the Spanish regime.
• His main thesis was that the Filipinos
are not by nature indolent.
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• Long before the coming of the
Spaniards, the Filipinos were industrious
and hardworking.
• Very active in agriculture, industries and
commerce.
• The Spanish conquest of the country
brought about a decline in economic
activities because he Filipinos had
abandoned their pre-Spanish industries
and worked less than their ancestors.
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• The decline in the economic life was
due to certain causes:
1.The native revolts and other internal
disorders which followed the establishment
of Spanish rule;
2.The wars which the Filipinos fought for
Spain against the Dutch, Portuguese,
English and other enemies;
3.The frightful raids on the coastal towns and
villages of Christian Philippines by the
Muslim pirates of Mindanao and Sulu;
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• The decline in the economic life was
due to certain causes:
4. The forced labor which compelled
thousands of Filipino laborers to work in
shipyards, roads, bridges and other public
works, resulting in the abandonment of
industry, commerce and agriculture;
5. Lack of stimulus to work harder because
the people could not enjoy the fruits of
their labor;
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• The decline in the economic life was
due to certain causes:
6. Government neglect and indifference to
agriculture, industry and commerce;
7. The bad example shown by the Spaniards
in despising manual labor;
8. The teaching of Spanish missionaries that
is easier for a poor man to enter heaven
than a rich man, hence the Filipinos prefer
not to work and be poor so that they could
easily enter heaven after they die;
The Indolence of the Filipinos

• The decline in the economic life was

due to certain causes:
9. Encouragement and propagation of
gambling by the Spanish authorities; and
10. System of Spanish education did not
promote economic enterprise and
activity.
The Indolence of the Filipinos
• It is true that the Filipinos are easy-
going and do not work so hard
because they are wise enough to
adjust themselves to their warm,
tropical climate.
• They do not have to kill themselves
working hard in order to live because
nature gives them abundant harvests
by working less than those in
tempeate and arid countries.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
• An unaccredited international
organization of Filipino and non-Filipino
intellectuals established in Paris, 1889
by the Bohemian scientist Dr.
Ferdinand Blumentritt and Philippine
national hero Dr. José Rizal.
• AIM: “to study the Philippines from the
scientific and historical point of view.”
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
• OFFICERS:
President: Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
(Austrian)
Vice-President: Mr. Edmund Plauchut
(French)
Counsellor: Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
(Filipino-Spanish)
Counsellor: Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-
German)
Secretary: Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
• AUGUST 1889- scheduled holding of
the inaugural convention
• Invited renowned scholars in Europe:
– Dr. Reinhold Rost
– Sir Henry Yule
– Dr. Feodor Jagor
– Dr. A.B. Meyer
– Dr. H. Kern
– Dr. Czepelak
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
Though a self-recognized
convention, it was never
accredited and recognized
by the French government
leading to its dissolution in
August 1889.
PROJECT FOR FILIPINO
COLLEGE IN HONG KONG
• Planned by Rizal while still in Paris
• To establish a modern college in Hong
Kong
• Aim: “ to train and educate men of
good family and financial means in
accordance with the demands of
modern times and circumstances”
• Mr. Mariano Cunanan – a rich Filipino
resident in Paris
• promised Rizal to help him raise P 40,000
as initial capital for the college.
PROJECT FOR FILIPINO
COLLEGE IN HONG KONG
• The curriculum consisted of the following subjects:
Ethics – Study of Religion – Natural Law – Civil
Law – Deportment – Hygiene
Mathematics – Physics and Chemistry – Natural
History – Geography – Political Economy
Universal History – Philippine History – Logic,
Rhetoric and Poetics
Spanish – English – French – German – Chinese-
Tagalog
Gymnastics – Equitation – Fencing –
Swimming – Music – Drawing - Dancing
 Por Telefono
• A satirical work of Rizal as a reply to
another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font.
• Fr. Salvador Font – who was the
mastermind of the banning of Rizal’s
Noli.
• This work is under the authorship of
Dimas Alang.
• Dimas Alang - one of Rizal’s pen-
names.
 Por Telefono
• Rizal received the printed copies from
Mariano Ponce.
• It describes in comical vein a telephone
conversation between Fr. Front who was
in Madrid and the Father provincial of
the San Agustin Convent in Manila.
 CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
• December 25, 1889 – a wintry day in
Paris
• Rizal and Jose Albert, who were living
frugally in a small room occupied by
Capitan Justo Trinidad, planned to
have a sumptuous Christmas dinner.
• They prepared christmas dinnerr with
fried chicken, rice and vegetables.
• Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris
 CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
• After New Year, Rizal made a brief visit in
London
• Biographers do not know the purpose of
this visit.
• Two theoretical reasons:
1. to check up his annotated edition of
Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy
in the British Museum.
2. to see Gertrude Beckett for the last time.
 CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
• Middle of January 1890 - Rizal was
back in Paris
• He complained of a terrible
headache.
• At that time, an epidemic of
influenza was raging in Europe.
Fortunately, he was not stricken with
flu.