PENGEMBANGAN ILMU SEBAGAI

KEBUTUHAN PENGEMBANGAN
PROFESI KEPERAWATAN

F Sri Susilanngsih
Staf Edukatif Fakults Keperawatan
Universitas Padjadjaran

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 1
F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 2
 JAMAN PURBA
PERKEMBANGAN ILMU TIDAK TERJADI MENDADAK
BERTAHAP, EVOLUTIF

MENERIMA SEMUA PERISTIWA SEBAGAI FAKTA

PENGETAHUAN PRAKTIS
RECEPTIVE ATTITUDE, RECEPTIVE MIND

PENEMUAN DENGAN PENGAMATAN SEADANYA

TRIAL AND ERROR

PERKEMBANGAN PENYEMPURNAAN PROSES PENEMUAN

KNOW HOW

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 3
 PENGETAHUAN DIDASARKAN PADA PENGALAMAN
(EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE)

PENGETAHUAN EMPIRIS TSB DITERIMA SEBAGAI FAKTA

(RECEPTIVE MIND)

KEMAMPUAN MENEMUKAN OBJEK DAN BILANGAN

(ABSTRAKSI)

KEMAMPUAN MENULIS DAN BERHITUNG

(SINTESIS TERHADAP ABSTRAKSI)

KEMAMPUAN MERAMAL BERDASARKAN PERISTIWA

SEBELUMNYA

MASUK KE JAMAN YUNANI F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 4

 JAMAN YUNANI

KEBEBASAN UNTUK MENGUNGKAPKAN IDE DAN PENDAPAT

PERUBAHAN DARI RECEPTIVE ATTITUDE KE INQUIRY ATTITUDE

SIKAP KRITIS
CIKAL BAKAL TUMBUHNYA ILMU PENGETAHUAN MODERN

ILMU
usaha-usaha sadar untuk menyelidiki, menemukan dan
meningkatkan pemahaman manusia dari berbagai segi kenyataan
dalam alam manusia
Ilmu memberikan kepastian dengan membatasi
lingkup pandangannya, dan kepastian ilmu-
ilmu diperoleh dari keterbatasannya

(Wikipedia) F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 5

FALSAFAH

Upaya mencari makna

Upaya menggambarkan pandangan sistemik

dan menyeluruh

Upaya menemukan hakekat dari suatu

realitas secara mendasar

PEMAHAMAN YANG
HAKIKI F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 6
 FALSAFAH keilmuan keperawatan
Eksplorasi …….

APA ITU KEPERAWATAN

APA KEPERWATAN ITU ILMU,

ILMU ITU APA

DIMANA LETAK keILMUan

KEPERAWATAN

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 7
 FALSAFAH keilmuan keperawatan
APA ITU TEORI

MENGAPA TEORI DIBUTUHKAN,

UNTUK APA

BAGAIMANA TEORI DAN DISIPLIN

KEILMUAN KEPERAWATAN
BERKEMBANG

BAGAIMANA TEORI DAN DISIPLIN

KEILMUAN KEPERAWATAN MENDASARI
PRAKTIK KEPERAWATAN F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 8
 M e l a n i e M c E w e n, 2011

THEORY IS CONSIDERED TO BE BOTH A PROCESS AND A PRODUCT

AS A PROCESS, THEORY HAS NUMEROUS ACTIVITIES AND INCLUDES FOUR

INTERACTING, SEQUENTIAL PHASES (ANALYZING CONCEPTS, CONSTRUCTING
RELATIONSHIPS, TESTING RELATIONSHIPS, AND VALIDATING RELATIONSHIPS) THAT
ARE IMPLEMENTED IN PRACTICE.

AS A PRODUCT, THEORY PROVIDES A SET OF CONCEPTS AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT

MAY BE COMBINED TO DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT, AND PRESCRIBE PHENOMENA
OF INTEREST; THIS INFORMATION IS THEN USED TO GUIDE NURSING PRACTICE

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 9
In a practice discipline such as nursing, theory, and practice are inseparable

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THEORY AFFILIATED WITH RESEARCH-

BASED PRACTICE HAS BEEN SEEN AS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE PROFESSION AND AUTONOMOUS NURSING PRACTICE.

THEORY PROVIDES THE BASIS OF UNDERSTANDING THE

REALITY OF NURSING; IT ENABLES THE NURSE TO
UNDERSTAND WHY AN EVENT HAPPENS

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 10
Fundamentals of nursing: Standards & practice / Sue C. DeLaune,
and Patricia K. Ladner— 2nd ed.

A theory is a set of concepts and propositions that provide

an orderly way to view phenomena
The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and
propositions
A CONCEPT labels or names a phenomenon, an NYERI
observable fact that can be perceived through the ?
senses and explained

A PROPOSITION (another structural element of a theory) RELAKSASI

Is a statement that proposes a relationship between ?

concepts.

F.SRI@UNPAD.AC.ID 11
“set of interrelated concepts at the same RELAKSASI
level of discourse that explains, describes, or ?

TEORI PINJAMAN
makes predictions about the phenomena of
the discipline.”
NYERI KOMPRES
THEORY ?
?
MASSAGE
?

TEORI
KEPERAWATAN SELF
CARE ?

SELF CARE SELF CARE

DEMAND DEFISIT ? ABILITY

F.SRI@UNPAD.AC.ID 12
Nursing theory provides a perspective from which to define
the what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing (who is
the client) and when nursing is needed, and to identify the
boundaries and goals of nursing’s therapeutic activities.

The MEANING of nursing theory and its RELEVANCE TO

professional nursing.
Issues related to the purpose, use, and diversity of nursing
theories

THEORY IS FUNDAMENTAL TO EFFECTIVE NURSING

PRACTICE AND RESEARCH.
nursing theory guides knowledge development
and directs education, research, and practice although each
influences the others

F.SRI@UNPAD.AC.ID 13
 KEPERAWATAN

ILMU PROFESI

ONTOLOGI DOMAIN

EPISTEMOLOGI

ATRIBUT
AXIOLOGI

Basic phylosophy : holism,humanism,caring

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 14
ONTOLOGI
ONTOS : ADA LOGOS: ILMU

HAKEKAT SESUATU
DESKRIPSI TENTANG SIFAT DASAR DARI WUJUD
REALITAS: KENYATAAN …. KEBENARAN
APA?

HAKEKAT YANG ADA, OBJEK ILMU

OBJEK MATERIIL
Hal yang diselidiki, sasaran
khusus penelitian factual.
MANUSIA
OBJEK FORMIL
sudut pandang darimana obyek
material itu disorot.
PEMBEDA bidang ilmu.
RESPON MANUSIA thd masalah
kesehatan

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 15
EPISTEMOLOGI

EPISTEME: KEBENARAN LOGOS

BAGAIMANA KEBENARAN SUATU

PENGETAHUAN DIPEROLEH
KOHERENSI – KORESPONDENSI – PRAGMATIS
INDUKTIF - DEDUKTIF

CARA MEMPEROLEH ILMU

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 16
AXIOLOGI

AXION: NILAI LOGOS

UNTUK APA (MANFAAT) BAGI KEHIDUPAN

“MORAL CONDUCT”

UNTUK APA DAN BAGAIMANA ILMU

DIMANFAATKAN

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 17
 PROFESIONALISME
BERKAITAN LANGSUNG DENGAN
KEAHLIAN, OTONOMI DAN PELAYANAN

SEORANG PROFESSIONAL BERTINDAK SECARA

KONSIENSIUS,
PAHAM DAN MENGERTI APA YANG DILAKUKANNYA
DAN BERTANGGUNG JAWAB TERHADAP DIRINYA DAN
ORANG LAIN

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 18
KEPERAWATAN

PROFESI
PELAYANAN MENDASAR
BERPENGARUH PADA KEHIDUPAN DAN KEAMANAN
MASYARAKAT
Domain profesi spesifik
HUBUNGAN timbal balik/ saling percaya antara
masyarakat konsumen – masyarakat profesi

GAYA HIDUP, PERILAKU, PERSONALITY

KOMITMEN
INVESTMENT PENGAKUAN, STATUS, PRIVELEGE

INCOME, PRESTIGE, POWER19

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH
 DOMAIN PROFESI

RESPON MANUSIA dalam

FOKUS TELAAHAN menghadapi masalah kesehatan
baik aktual maupun potensial

KEBUTUHAN DASAR MANUSIA,

LINGKUP GARAPAN penyimpangan dan upaya
pemenuhannya

BASIS INTERVENSI Ketidakmampuan,

Ketidakmauan, Ketidaktahuan,
dalam memenuhi KDMnya

F.SRI@UNPAD.AC.ID 20
 NURSING

Human science & Human Care

(Jean Watson )

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HUMAN

RESPONSES TO ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS..... (ANA)

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 21
Diagnosis adalah careful, critical study of
something to determine its nature (NANDA,2001)

RUMUSAN YANG DIBUAT BERDASARKAN KEPUTUSAN

TERHADAP FENOMENA YANG MERUPAKAN FOKUS DARI
INTERVENSI/PERLAKUAN KEPERAWATAN

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 22
FENOMENA ATAU FOKUS TELAAHAN……..

human responses to health and illness either

potential or actual ……

HUMAN SCIENCE HUMAN CARE

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 23
 HUMAN SCIENCE

SAINS TENTANG HUMAN CARE ADALAH KOMPREHENSIF.

Pengembangan pengetahuan sebagai basis dalam area-area :

•Pengkajian terhadap kondisi manusia

•Eksplikasi dari pengalaman manusia dengan, dan responnya terhadap berbagai kondisi
sehat-sakit
•Telaah terhadap pengelolaan kondisi-kondisi yang menyertainya
•Deskripsi dari atribut-atribut caring relationship
•Studi tentang sistem untuk bagaimana human care mesti diwujudkan

PEMAHAMAN UTUH dari

HUMAN PHENOMENA
F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 24
 HUMAN CARE

Human caring involves values, a will and a

commitment to care, knowledge, caring actions,
and consequences ..
The ideal and value of caring is starting point, a
stance, and an attitude that has to become a will,
an intention,a commitment, and a conscious
judgement that manifests itself in concrete acts ..

CARATIVE FACTORS CARITAS PROCESSES CARITAS

Caring practices CONSCIOUSNESS

(Jean Watson, 2010) F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 25

ESENSI CARING MENJADI FONDASI
BAGAIMANA SEHARUSNYA PERAWAT
MEMPERLAKUKAN MANUSIA LAIN
(TERMASUK PASIEN/KLIEN) DAN DIRI
SENDIRI.

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 26
CARING…….

Leininger identifies caring as

..Comfort,compassion,concern,coping
behaviours, empathy,enabling,involvement
health acts
(consultative,instructive,maintenance),
love,nurturing,prescence,sharing,tenderness,
Touching,trust..

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 27
NURSING ENCOMPASSES AUTONOMUS AND
COLLABORATIVE CARE OF INDIVIDUALS OF ALL
AGES, FAMILIES, GROUP AND COMMUNITIES, SICK
OR WELL AND IN ALL SETTINGS.

NURSING INCLUDES THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH,

PREVENTION OF ILLNESS, AND THE CARE OF ILL,
DISABLED AND DYING PEOPLE.

ADVOCACY, PROMOTION OF SAFE ENVIRONMENT,

RESEARCH, PARTICIPATION IN SHAPING HEALTH POLICY
AND IN PATIENT AND HEALTH SYSTEM MANAGEMENT, AND
EDUCATION ARE ALSO THE KEY NURSING ROLES
(THE ICN DEFINITION OF NURSING)

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 28
KEPERAWATAN

BERPIKIR
DASAR FILOSOFIS KRITIS, LOGIS

PROFESSIONAL VALUES
HOLISM
BERSIKAP
HUMANISM PEKA, TANGGAP

CARING
BERTINDAK
ETIS, RASIONAL

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 29
 UU No 38/2014 Tentang Keperawatan

Praktik keperawatan adalah pelayanan yang diselenggarakan

oleh perawat dalam bentuk asuhan keperawatan

ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

RANGKAIAN INTERAKSI PERAWAT DENGAN

KLIEN DAN LINGKUNGANNYA untuk
mencapai tujuan pemenuhan kebutuhan
dan kemandirian klien dalam merawat
dirinya
F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 30
 ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SEBAGAI
PERILAKU “CARING”

Proses yang humanitis dalam menentukan

kondisi terpenuhi tidaknya kebutuhan dasar
manusia dan melakukan upaya pemenuhannya
melalui berbagai bentuk intervensi

Bukan hanya kemampuan teknis tetapi disertai

“warmth, kindness, compassion”

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 31
 NILAI-NILAI
PROFESIONAL

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 32
F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 33
 CARING: promoting health, healing, and hope
in response to the human condition
;
INTEGRITY: respecting the dignity and moral wholeness
of every person without conditions or limitation

DIVERSITY: affirming the uniqueness of and

differences among persons, ideas, values, and
ethnicities

EXCELLENCE: co-creating and implementing

transformative strategies with daring ingenuity

6 Cs F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 34
 Delivery of holistic and
wideranging services within the
general practice and population
setting.
6 Cs

Their unique setting in their

CARE community ensures Practice
nurses develop a life
long relationship with patients
and ensures that care is tailored
to the patient’s individual needs.

This includes working towards

self-care.

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 35
 Providing accessible care with
dignity and respect for all in the
local community.
6 Cs

Working hard to provide access

COMPASSION for everyone and demonstrating
compassion to the population.

Providing a holistic approach,

being pro-active and providing
individualised care.

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 36
 Confident, capable staff who
are aware of the scope of their
6 Cs

professional competencies and

COMPETENCE utilise appropriate knowledge,
skills and attitudes in decision
making

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 37
 Practice nurses utilize
6 Cs

adaptive Communication
COMMUNICATION and listening
approaches to facilitate
relationships with clients
across the life span

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 38
 Practice nurses utilize their
6 Cs

courage to act as
CORAUGE autonomous
practitioners, advocating on
behalf of patients.

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 39
 Maintain and
6 Cs

ensure
COMMITMENT professional
standard

F.SRI SUSILANINGSIH 40