Example: Pigs

Data Analysis Using SPSS

Multifactorial ANOVA
• Dependent:
Alexander Ploner – weight gain per day
Institute for Mathematics and Statistics

30. April 2002 • Independent:

– antibiotics (0/40 mg)
– vitamin B12 (0/5 mg)

• File: pig.sav

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Questions Two-way ANOVA

• Sums of squares for variability

• Influence of antibiotics?
– due to main effects (factors)
• Influence of B12? – due to interactions (factor combinations)
– due to chance (random variation)
• Interactions:
• Hypotheses: identical means
– Notable effect if combined? – between factor levels: no main effects
– Effect of B12 the same for antibiotics/no antibiotics? – between combinations of factor levels: no interactions

• Model: ⇒ F-statistics, ANOVA-table

weightijk = µ + antibi + vitj + antib*vitij + ijk
• Assumptions: random errors have
– approx. normal distribution
– equal variances

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 Residuals Model Diagnostics

• Definition: • How well is the data explained by the model?

Residual = Observed - Predicted • Variability explained: R2, adjusted R2

êijk = yijk − µ̂ij • Plots:

– observed vs. predicted
• ’Estimated’ error terms
– residuals vs. predicted

• Useful for checking assumptions:

• Mean plots (profile plots)
– Levene-test
– Q-Q Plot of residuals • (Clustered) boxplots
– Residualplot: residuals vs. predicted

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Example: Moon ANOVA w/o Interactions

• Dependent: • Model without interaction:

– Mean number of admissions/d in a mental hospital – each combination of factors observed only once
– interactions are not significant
• Independent:
– moon phase (before/during/after full moon) • No Levene-test without replication
– month
• Profile plot always shows parallel lines
• Data only for one year

• File: fullmoon.sav

Model:
admissionij = µ + mooni + monthj + ij

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 Example: Mangold Multi-way ANOVA

• Dependent: • Any number of factors possible

– yield of mangold • In practice:

• Independent: – complexity, cost increases fast

– saturated model not always possible
– ammonium sulphate (yes/no) – higher interactions hard to interpret
– agricultural salt (yes/no)
– dung (yes/no) • Limitation to unsaturated models

• File: mangold.sav • Hierarchical removal of non-significant terms

– remove highest nonsignificant interaction
Approach: ? start with full (saturated) model – recalculate & iterate
? remove non-significant terms?! – DO NOT remove partial terms of significant interactions

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Post hoc Tests Example: Rye

• Only for main effects • Dependent:

– yield of rye
• Only justified when interactions not significant
• Independent:
• Otherwise:
– seed type (two levels)
– recode factors as one grouping variable
– amount of fertilizer (three levels)
– use one-way ANOVA
• File: rye2.sav

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