Winter 2010
What is Hydrology?
Hydrology is:
‐ Literally the science of water, is an earth science
‐ A Geoscience that describes and predicts the occurrence,
p ,
circulation and distribution of water on the earth and its
atmosphere (the continental water processes)
‐ A Geoscience that combines various disciplines (civil
engineering, geology, forestry, soil science, etc) and
t h i
techniques to address water quantity and quality
t dd t tit d lit
‐ Knowledge of hydrology is one of the key ingredients in
decision making processes where water is involved
decision‐making processes where water is involved
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Meteorology, Hydrology and Water Resources Distribution of Terrestrial Water
Oceans
Ice-Caps and Glaciers 96.5%
1.725%
Atmosphere
0.001%
Rivers, Lakes,
and Inland Seas
Soil Moisture 0.0141%
0.0012%
Ground Water
1.69%
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Evapotranspiration
Sublimation Evaporation
Snow Accumulation
Mountain
Front
Recharge Precipitation
Snowmelt Discharge
Runoff
Surface Surface
Infiltration Runoff Runoff
Discharge
Groundwater flow R h
Recharge
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Competing Demands Water Resources Management: Groundwater Level Declines
Navigation
0
ound (ft)
50
Domestic
150
200 ft
200
250
W
300
Recreation
Agriculture 350
In many semi-arid regions, groundwater is being pumped
at non-sustainable
i bl rates. This
Thi overdraft
d f has
h environmental
i l
400
consequences including land subsidence.
450
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Wildlife
9 Year 10
Groundwater Overdraft and Land Subsidence Diff. Urban Density, Diff. Water Resources Problems
1955
1977
1975 1985 Los Angeles and other
Western US Cities are
San Joaquin
q Valley,
y, CA ,
under 3,000 p
per sq.
q mile.
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Different Water Supplies Carry Different Risks Water Resources Planning and Management
Time
i to fill
fi = ?2.5 years
R Φ
i
IA Precipitation
Sacramento
t
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Model
d l
API Model UPPER
ZONE
TENSION
FREE
INFILTRATION
DIRECT
RUNOFF
SURFACE
PERCOLATION INTERFLOW RUNOFF
q
QR
Q LOWER
ZONE
PRIMARY
FREE
TENSION TENSION
SUPPLE-
MENTAL
FREE
tB RESERVED RESERVED
BASEFLOW
SUBSURFACE
OUTFLOW
VIC
Model Mike SHE
Model, DHI
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What is Hydraulics? Few Examples
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RIVER or RESERVOIR
Detention/Retention
Intake Conduit combined Basin
Storage
water supply
flood storage
y p
hydropower
thermal cooling
flood
irrigation management
n – Manning Coefficient
R – Hydraulic
H d li Radius
R di
navigation S – Energy Slope
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