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BRILLIANT CALCULUS EXPERT

PRELIMINARIES
1. Real Number, Estimation, And Logic
2. Inequalities and Absolute Values
3. Graphs of Equation
4. Functions and their Graphs
5. Operation of Function
6. Chapter Review

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1. Real Number, Estimation, And Logic

2. Inequalities and Absolute Values

Intervals

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Example :
1. Solve the inequality 2𝑥 − 7 < 4𝑥 − 2 and show the graph of its solution set
Solution
2𝑥 − 7 < 4𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 < 4𝑥 + 5 (adding 7)
−2𝑥 < 5 (adding -4x)
5
𝑥 < −2

2. Solve −5 ≤ 2𝑥 + 6 < 4
Solution
−5 ≤ 2𝑥 + 6 < 4
−11 ≤ 2𝑥 < −2
11
− 2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1

3. Solve the quadratic inequality 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 < 6

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4. Solve 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 > 0
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𝑥−1
5. Solve 𝑥+2 ≥ 0
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6. Solve (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 3) ≤ 0

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Absolute Values

Example
1. Solve the inequality |𝑥 − 4| < 2 and show the solution set on the real line
Solution
|𝑥 − 4| < 2 ⟺ −2 < 𝑥 − 4 < 2
2<𝑥<6

2. Solve the inequality |3𝑥 − 5| ≥ 1 and show the solution set on the real line
Solution
3𝑥 − 5 ≤ 1 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 − 5 ≥ 1
3𝑥 ≤ 4 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 ≥ 6

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4
𝑥≤ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 2
3
4
The solution set is the union of two intervals, (−∞, 3] ∪ [2, ∞)

3. 3|𝑥 − 2| − |𝑥 + 1| ≥ −2
Solution
First, we define the interval
𝑥 −2 ,𝑥 ≥ 2
|𝑥 − 2| = {
2 − 𝑥 ,𝑥 < 2

𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 ≥ −1
|𝑥 + 1| = {
−𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥 < −1

𝒙 < −𝟏 (−∞, −𝟏) −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐 [−1,2) 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐 [𝟐, ∞)

3(2 − 𝑥) − (−𝑥 − 1) ≥ 3(2 + 𝑥) − (𝑥 + 1) ≥ −2 3(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 + 1) ≥ −2
−2

6 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 ≥ −2 6 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 ≥ −2 3𝑥 − 6 − 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 2
7 − 2𝑥 ≥ −2 5 − 4𝑥 ≥ −2 2𝑥 − 7 ≥ −2
−2𝑥 ≥ −9 −4𝑥 ≥ −7 2𝑥 ≥ 5
2𝑥 ≤ 9 4𝑥 ≤ 7 5
9 7 𝑥≥
𝑥≤ 𝑥≤ 2
2 4 5
9 7 [ , ∞)
(−∞, ] (−∞, ] 2
2 4
9 7 5
(∞, ] ∩ (−∞, −1) (−∞, ] ∩ [−1,2) [ , ∞) ∩ [𝟐, ∞)
2 4 2

7 5
(−∞, −1)  [−1, 4]  [2 , ∞)

Quadratic Formula

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Example
Solve 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 ≤ 0
Solution
The two solution of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 are
−(−2) − √4 + 16
𝑥1 = = 1 − √5 = −1.24
2
−(−2) + √4 + 16
𝑥2 = = 1 + √5 = 3.24
2
Thus,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥 − 1 + √5 )(𝑥 − 1 − √5 )
The solution st is [1 - √𝟓, 𝟏 + √𝟓 ]

Squares

Example
Solve the inequality |3𝑥 + 1| < 2|𝑥 − 6|
Solution
|3𝑥 + 1| < 2|𝑥 − 6|  |3𝑥 + 1| < |2𝑥 − 12|
 (3𝑥 + 1)2 < (2𝑥 − 12)2
 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1 < 4𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 144
 5𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 143 < 0
 (𝑥 + 13)(5𝑥 − 11) < 0

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69. 2 - x + 3 - 2x £ 3
70. x + 1 + 2 x + 2 ³ 2
2

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3. Graphs of Equation

Exercise
Plot the graph of
1. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 1
2. 𝑥 = −4𝑦 2 − 1
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0
4. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

4. Functions and their Graphs

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Function Notation a single letter like f (or g or F) is used to name a function. Then f(x) read “f
of x” denote the value that f assigns to x. Thus, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4, then
𝑓(2) = 23 − 4 = 4
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎3 − 4
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = (𝑎 + ℎ)3 − 4 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 ℎ + 3𝑎ℎ2 + ℎ3 – 4

example
for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥, find and simply
(a) f(4)
(b) f(4+h)
(c) f(4+h) – f(4)
(d) [f(4+h) – f(4)]/h

Domain and Range

Example
Find the natural domains for
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1/(𝑥 − 3)
2. 𝑔(𝑡) = √9 − 𝑡 2
3. ℎ(𝜔) = 1/√9 − 𝜔 2

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Solution
1. Domain is (x: x3)
2. ………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………..

Even and Odd Function

If 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all x, then the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Such a function is called an even function.
If f(-x) = -f(x) for all x, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. We call
such a fuction odd function

Example
𝑥 3 +3𝑥
Is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 −3𝑥 2 +4 even, odd or neither?

Solution
(−𝑥)3 +3(−𝑥) −(𝑥 3 +3𝑥)
Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 − 3(−𝑥)2 +4 = = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 4 −3𝑥 2 +4
F is an odd function. The graph of y = f(x) is symmetric with respect to origin

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Operation of Function

Example
Let 𝑭(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑮(𝒙) = √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 , with respective natura domains [-1, ) and [-
𝟒

3,3]. Find formulas for F+G, F-G, FG, F/G and F5 and give their natural domains.

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Solution

Composition of Function

Example
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥/(𝑥 2 − 9) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = √3𝑥, with their natural domains. First find (f
 g) (x) and give its domain. Then find (f o g)(12).
2. Write the function 𝑝(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)5as an composite function (g o f).
Solution
6√3𝑥 2√3𝑥
1. (𝑓 𝑜 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(√3𝑥) = (√3𝑥)2 −9 = (√3𝑥)2
Domain f o g is [0,3) U (3,)
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2

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Concept Review

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