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Family is basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, present in all
societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and
socialization. The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society
to society. The nuclear family ± two adults and their children ± is the main unit in some societies.
In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and
other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an
unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or father.

Anthropologists and social scientists have developed several theories about how family
structures and functions evolved. In prehistoric hunting and gathering societies, two or three
nuclear families, usually linked through bonds of kinship, banded together for part of the year
but dispersed into separate nuclear units in those seasons when food was scarce. The family was
an economic unit; men hunted, while women gathered and prepared food and tended children.
Infanticide and expulsion of the infirm who could not work were common. Some anthropologists
contend that prehistoric people were monogamous, because monogamy prevails in nonindustrial,
tribal forms of contemporary society.

Social scientists believe that the modern Western family developed largely from that of
the ancient Hebrews, whose families were patriarchal in structure. The family resulting from the
Greco-Roman culture was also patriarchal and bound by strict religious precepts. In later
centuries, as the Greek and then the Roman civilizations declined, so did their well-ordered
family life.

With the advent of Christianity, marriage and childbearing became central concerns in
religious teaching. The purely religious nature of family ties was partly abandoned in favor of
civil bonds after the Reformation, which began in the 1500s. Most Western nations now
recognize the family relationship as primarily a civil matter.
 Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization
and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent
preindustrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from
earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of
husbands and wives.

The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of
affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young
children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once
performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs
are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations
and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups.
Religious training and recreational activities are available outside the home, although both still
have a place in family life. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children. Even
in this capacity, however, the influence of peers and of the mass media has assumed a larger role.

Family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. The average number
of children born to a woman in the United States, for example, fell from 7.0 in 1800 to 2.0 by the
early 1990s. Consequently, the number of years separating the births of the youngest and oldest
children has declined. This has occurred in conjunction with increased longevity. In earlier times,
marriage normally dissolved through the death of a spouse before the youngest child left home.
Today husbands and wives potentially have about as many years together after the children leave
home as before.

Some of these developments are related to ongoing changes in women¶s roles. Women in
all stages of family life have joined the labor force. Rising expectations of personal gratification
through marriage and family, together with eased legal grounds for divorce and increasing
employment opportunities for women, have contributed to a rise in the divorce rate in the United
States and elsewhere. In 1986, for instance, there was approximately one divorce for every two
marriages in the United States.
 |uring the 20th century, extended family households declined in prevalence. This change
is associated particularly with increased residential mobility and with diminished financial
responsibility of children for aging parents, as pensions from jobs and government-sponsored
benefits for retired people became more common.

By the 1970s, the prototypical nuclear family had yielded somewhat to modified
structures including the one-parent family, the stepfamily, and the childless family. One-parent
families in the past were usually the result of the death of a spouse. Now, however, most one-
parent families are the result of divorce, although some are created when unmarried mothers bear
children. In 1991 more than one out of four children lived with only one parent, usually the
mother. Most one-parent families, however, eventually became two-parent families through
remarriage.

A step-family is created by a new marriage of a single parent. It may consist of a parent

and children and a childless spouse, a parent and children and a spouse whose children live
elsewhere, or two joined one-parent families. In a stepfamily, problems in relations between non-
biological parents and children may generate tension; the difficulties can be especially great in
the marriage of single parents when the children of both parents live with them as siblings.

Since the 1960s, several variations on the family unit have emerged. More unmarried
couples are living together, before or instead of marrying. Some elderly couples, most often
widowed, are finding it more economically practical to cohabit without marrying. Homosexual
couples also live together as a family more openly today, sometimes sharing their households
with the children of one partner or with adopted or foster children. Communal families, made up
of groups of related or unrelated people, have long existed in isolated instances. Such units began
to occur in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative life-style, but by the
1980s the number of communal families was diminishing.
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The Nolasco family, extended in type, is composed of six members. Mr. Felix Nolasco,
47 years old, and his wife, Mrs. Josephine Nolasco, 44 years old, have two children. The eldest is
Richie, 19 years old, a construction helper. Next to him is Nicole, 1 year old. |ecision ± making
in terms of the expenditure of money, daily living, education, involvement in the barangay
activities and in matters of health care, lies to the mother, since the father just had his stroke
eight months ago and cannot continue his previous job.

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Name |ate of birth Age Gender Religion Civil Educational
Status Attainment
Josephine |ec.6,1966 44 F R.C M H.L
Nolasco
Felix Nov.20,1963 47 M R.C M H.L
Nolasco
Richie June27,1991 19 M R.C S H.L
Nolasco
Nicole Oct.5,2009 1 F R.C b b
Nolasco
Wilfriech May17,1004 16 F R.C S H.L
Casoy
Krizia Oct.16,2010 1month F R.C b b
Casoy
 B.? 
       

All members of the Nolasco family are Roman Catholic. Mr. Nolasco is a high school
undergraduate. Mrs. Nolasco is a housewife; she sells grilled barbeque for her income. Ms.
Josephine Nolasco also stays at home. She is an active member of an organization called
³Kababaihan´, his son Richie is a high school undergraduate and a construction helper, and
Nicole who does not belong on the school-age yet. The monthly income of the family is P
7,000.00. They allot great amount for the basic needs of the family members such as food, water
since they have to buy gallons of water for their everyday living and others.

C.? 
 


The house of the Nolasco family as observed is made up of wooden materials. They have
one bedroom ± occupied by mother and the younger daughter and the family of Richie prefer to
lie on the ³salas´ while watching and fall asleep. When there are leftover foods, they put a cover
and just let it on the table or sometimes up in the basket. There are mosquitoes in and outside the
house. They do not actually have their own electric connection. Mr. Felix Nolasco connect to the
house of his brother-in-law for electricity and when the collection time comes, the amount is
divided and his brother-in-law collects for the payment of each and pay the bill. They get and
bought their water from the faucet which is located inferior to their house. Almost all families
depend on the said faucet for water. The Nolasco family bought mineral water for drinking ang
cooking purposes. They store their water in a covered gallon. Their toilet, which is water-sealed
in type, is located inside their house. The drainage system is open and unlikely. In garbage
collection, they practice the segregation of biodegradable from the non-biodegradable ones. They
just dump their garbage and burn when dry. They don¶t own a motorcycle not even a bicycle.

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The Nolasco children have no history of hereditary diseases or condition. According to

Mr. Nolasco, as far as he could remember, they don¶t have any inherited diseases from their
ancestor. Ms. Josephine Nolasco is non-hypertensive. Mr. Felix Nolasco had been stroked eight
months ago and he was not able to move his right side body part. Cough and colds are the
common health problems of the family. Mrs. Nolasco had been pregnant for four times, two was
miscarriage and two pregnancies were normal.

E.? o      
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Of all the children of Mr. and Mrs. Nolasco,only one child had a complete immunization,
their grand daughter is still on her next immunization. They only see the doctor when there¶s a
problem regarding their health. Mr. and Mrs. Nolasco don¶t practice any family planning
method. For the choice of food of the family, Mr. Nolasco verbalized that they eat what is
nutritious, ³Ë
    
     

  

 
     


 
 ´ Mr. Nolasco quit smoking after he had his stroke and drinks alcohol for some time.
Watching television is their form of relaxation and Nicole usually play outside their house.
|oing the household chores is an exercise too, according to Mr. Nolasco.
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1.? Proper role assumption. 1.? Unhealthful lifestyle and personal

Cues: habits.
a? Father does the household chores Cues:
a? Mother takes care of their child. a? alcohol intake of Mr. Nolasco,

2.? Adequate personal belongings and 2.? Incorrect idea / belief regarding
utensils. drinking.
Cues: Cues:
a? Kitchen utensils are enough for the a? Mr. Nolasco don¶t mind if drinking
entire family. will cause him a health problem
a? Clothing is sufficient. because of his belief that alcohol s
good to our body.
3.? Good marital relationship.
Cues: 3.? Improper garbage disposal.
a? There is a good collaboration Cues:
between the father and the mother. a? The family does burning of waste
materials.

4.? Poor environmental sanitation.

Cues:
a? Unlikely drainage.
a? Presence of breeding or resting sites
of insects, rodents and other vectors
like bottles, open receptacle
garbage system and animal manure
(chickens).
 a? Presence of mosquitoes inside the
house.

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1.? Unemployment of the father.

Cues:
a? Mr. Nolasco is last employed
before he had his stroke.

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1.? Unhealthful lifestyle and personal Inability to practice a healthy lifestyle due to
habits. prolonged drinking which are already
Cues: considered as habits.
a? alcohol intake of Mr. Nolasco,

2.? Incorrect idea / belief regarding Inability to make decisions with respect to
drinking. taking action in lessening or stopping
Cues: consumption due to incorrect idea / belief
a? Mr. Nolasco don¶t mind if drinking regarding the effects of drinking.
will cause him a health problem
because of his belief that alcohol s
good to our body.

3.? Improper garbage disposal. Inability to make decisions with respect to

 Cues: taking appropriate health action due to failure
a? The family does burning of waste to comprehend the nature, magnitude and
materials. scope of the problem.

4.? Poor environmental sanitation. Inability to provide a home environment which

Cues: is conducive to health maintenance and
a? Unlikely drainage. personal development due to lack of /
a? Presence of breeding or resting sites inadequate knowledge of preventive measures.
of insects, rodents and other vectors
like bottles, open receptacle
garbage system and animal manure
(chickens).

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1.? Unemployment of the father. Inability to provide enough budgets for the
Cues: family needs due to the unstable job of Mr. del
Mr. Nolasco is last employed before he had his Castillo.
stroke.


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Problem 1: Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habit: alcohol consumption.
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‘  ' It is a health threat ' ! "#$

because there is a
 probability that Mr.
Nolasco may acquire
certain diseases due to
his frequent alcohol
intake.
_



 ' There is current '' ' '

knowledge about the
problem but Mr.
Nolasco don¶t mind if
alcohol could give
him health problems.
The health worker can
give some teachings
about the danger of
having these vices
and the community
also has present
knowledge about it.

 ' Long duration of the ' ! "#$

 existence of the

problem but there is
no management of the
problem that has been
done yet.
ð 
 ! Mr. Nolasco !' ! "%

: verbalized that
frequent alcohol
intake is not much a
problem.


 "&'

Problem 2: Incorrect idea / belief regarding drinking.

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‘  ' It is a health threat ' ! "#$

because it might
cause Mr. Nolasco to
keep on drinking and
get sickness out of it.
_



 ! Since the belief !' ' !

regarding drinking is
incorrect, they still
ignore the fact that is
it dangerous to our
health.

 ! The problem / belief ! ! "

 has already existed

for so long and since
they haven¶t traced
any disease caused by
it yet, Mr. Nolasco
will keep on drinking
and will not manage
the problem for
resolution.
ð 
 ! Mr. Nolasco !' ! "%

: verbalized that this
not a great problem.


 '"%

Problem 3: Improper garbage disposal

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‘  ' It is a health threat ' ! "#$

because there is a
possibility that a
disease may occur
from this problem and
can cause pollution
and global warming.
_



 ! The problem is !' ' !

slightly modifiable
since there is
availability of current
knowledge about it
but there are no
available resources of
the family and
community student
nurses give some tips
that there should be a
proper segregation of
waste products.

 ! This problem has not ! ! "

 caused damage on the

family yet and there is
already management
that is implemented
about it.
ð 
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: family has not
verbalized that their
practice of burning of
their garbage is a
problem so they are
not doing something
about it.


 '

Problem 4: Poor environmental sanitation

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‘  ' It is a health threat ' ! "#$

because there is a
possibility that a
disease may occur
form this problem. If
they still do not
improve the
environment due to
presence of breeding
or resting sites of
insects, rodents and
other vectors and
unsafe water that may
lead to more diseases.
_



 ! The problem is not !' ' !

modifiable because
the family doesn¶t
have enough
resources to solve the
problem. Student
nurses can give some
tips to them about
sanitation but the
community doesn¶t
have enough
resources, yet there is
a present knowledge
about proper
sanitation.

 ! There is no damage ! ! "

 created on the family

for now but the
problem has been for
 so long already and
the family has done
something to treat
those mosquitoes by
means of burning of
dries leaves.
ð 
 K They haven¶t K' ! K

: mentioned that this is
a problem to them
and they are not
implementing
management and
intervention.


 '
Foreseeable Crisis 1: Unemployment of the father
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‘  ! It is a foreseeable ! ! "

crisis because the
family may not have
enough funds for the
family if the father
will not have a job.
_



 K"% The family members "%' ' "%

are knowledgeable
about this.

 ' The family ' ! "#$

 experiences crisis

financially months
ago due to
unemployment of the
father. They are doing
something to resolve
this.
ð 
 ' The family members '' ! !

: verbalized this as a
problem and the son
have already a job to
respond to this
problem.


 '"%

    


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