INTRODUCTION
ACF
CODE 1
ACF
CODE 2
-5
SUM
5
-0 5 10 15 M
SAMPLE NUMBER
Manuscript rea5ved January 11,1990;revised March 6,1991. In [2 and 31, new multiple waveforms were
IEEE Log No. 9103621. discussed which when filtered by filters matched
to a different waveform of the set, have zero
Authors’ address: Naval Research Laboratory, Radar Division, Code
5341,Washington, DC 20375. cross-correlation response after combination of the
individual responses. These waveforms have potential
U.S.Government work not protected by U.S. copyright. applications in cancelling stationary clutter from
ambiguous ranges in a medium or high pulse-repetition
0018-9251/ws3.00@ 1992 IEEE filter (PRF) radar, and/or in reducing mutual
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interference between radars in proximity to each other with respect to the code order and drop the mod N
that are operating in the same frequency band. notation from the subscript, thus U N + ~= U i .
This paper is an extension of that work presented Define the vectors, hk, k = O,.. . , N - 1 as
in [2, 31. Here we give general forms for both
the complementary and noncomplementary zero ho = (ao,%...,Q-i)
cross-correlation waveform sets. In addition, various hi =(~1,~2,...,a~-i,ao)
properties of these codes and their relationship to
zero sidelobe periodic codes are stated and proved. h2 = ( a 2 , a o , . . . , a ~ - i , a 0 , a i ) (5)
Also, a radar application of using these codes is
presented.
hN-1 = (aN-l,aO,al,...,aN-2)
ra(-k) =
N-1-k
i=O
af+kai, k = 1,2,...,N - 1
coo
c10
CO1
c11
.”
...
c0,N-1
C1.N-1 1
where * in the superscript denotes complex
conjugation. The k = 0 ialue of r,(k) corresponds to
the match point and the k # 0 values correspond to
the right and left sidelobes of the compressed pulse.
A periodic code is one that repeats the code Let there be M code words of length N where the
word a indefinitely. Hence, if aPcis the periodic code mth code word (rn = O,l, ...,M - 1) is defined by the
associated with a then +
m lth row of C or
aPc= a o a o a ...
cm = (~rnO,~ml,~..,~m,N-l). (9)
where the symbol “0” denotes concatenation. On
We define the aperiodic cross-correlation vector (CCV)
reception, a periodic code is match filtered with its
between c, and c, as
code word. The output of the correlation process is
also periodic with a period N . Hence, the matched (mn)
ch 2, = (r-(N-i), r-(N-q,
(mn)
) (,m*n*) * ,
, r ~ m n ) , r ~ n rN-1)
peak response repeats every N unit time delays as
does the sidelobe response. We define the N point (10)
periodic ACF as
where the bold asterisk * denotes the linear
N- 1
of the sequence c, and
-
convolution operation, denotes the time reversal
r p ( k ) = xa;a(j+k)mdN, k =O,I,...,N-I.
i =O
+
Note that the i k subscript is taken modulo N . Thus
we are computing the residue of i + k with respect to
the number of subpulses contained in the code word.
For our,development, we always compute the subscript
GERLACH & KRETSCHMER GENERAL FORMS AND PROPERTIES O F ZERO CROSS-CORRELATION WAVEFORMS 99
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Using (13) we know that
m -0
m =O
Note that qi,, = 0 because riy)
= 0 for all m,n. It
is instructive to write (18) out for successive values of 1
We note that if using (19)
Nth position (1)
1 GhT = 4 1(0) + 4-(N-1) =0
M-1
C: ..,I,40,. ,o>
e m = (0~0,. (14) * T-
hoh2 - 4 2(0) + L (1)
(N-2) =0
m =O
PROOF. Let us form the periodic code associated the first N - 1equations of (20) imply that q$ = 0 for
j = 1,2,. ..,N - 1. If the summed CCV is magnitude
with C
.
symmetric then 47) = 0 for j = 1,2,. .,N - 1. Hence
+
using the (N 1)th through (2N - 1)th equation of
(20), it follows that qi? = 0. This argument can be
Cl,N-I,C20,. ..,CM-l,N-l). (17) repeated to show that 47) = 0 for all i, j except for
The circular rotations of h~ are defined by (5). when i = j = 0. Hence the theorem follows.
Let 1 = 11N +l* where 05 12 < N and set ri?) = 0 The following two theorems can be shown using
for all m,n. It is straightforward to show that for a the same arguments:
ZSPC, 1 # 0
THEOREM 2. If C is a ZCC code and complementary
M-1 M-1
qhT = rl(zm~m+zl) + (m m + l l + l )
r-(k-j2) = 0 (18)
then C is also a ZSPC.
m =O m =O
THEOREM 3. If C is a ZCC code and a ZSPC then C
where m + 11 and m + 11 + 1 are taken modulo M. is complementary.
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Next, consider the following matrix Thus if we set n = m + I , then
K zems N-l-k
M'li
dT+ldi+k+lWN
cm CO1 cm ... C0,N-l oo...0 i=O
**. C1,N-l oo...0 (26)
c10 c11 c12
N-l-k
caug =
r(m,m+l)
-k
-
- AlW-M'mk
N di+ld7+k+lWf'1i* (27)
. ... i =O
(21)
where K is an arbitrary positive integer. This Caug
N-1-C
matrix is merely the original C matrix augmented
with an M x K block of zeros. We show the following
theorem.
THEOREM 4. If C is a ZCC code and complementary
then Caugis a ZSPC.
code and complementary then Caugis a ZCC code and X d;+ld;+k+1Wf'". (29)
complementary. Hence using Theorem 2 the theorem i=O
follows Since
N-1
I
aobo
alba
aobl
albl
...
...
aObN-1
albN-1
1
GERLACH & KRETSCHMER GENERAL FORMS AND PROPEKITES OF ZERO CROSS-CORRELATION WAVEFORMS 101
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I- PRlp
b I
I--.4 ZEROS
and a = (ao,al,..., a ~ - l is
) a ZSPC,then the rows of C discussed. Only codes that are unit amplitude or zero
form a ZCC code. (if the code element is turned off) are considered.
These codes have the practical advantage that they
We call the code given by (31) an inner-outer code,
are energy efficient on transmit. Thus for the general
because a given inner code of subpulses represented by
form of the ZCC complementary code given by (22),
..
bo,bl,. ,b N - 1 is modulated on a pulse-to-pulse basis
we stipulate that d l , d2,. .., d ~ - must
l be on the unit
by an outer code given by aO,al,. ..,a M - 1 . circle.
PROOF. The individual code elements are given by Most radar waveforms do not have 100 percent
duty cycles but have off-times which are used to listen
cmi=ambi, m, i = O , l , ...,N - 1 . (32) for or receive the waveform. Hence the actual pulse
Using (11) and (12), it follows that train associated with the matrix C may look as shown
in Fig. 2. Here each row of C forms a pulse (or group
N-1-k
of subpulses). We define the code of the mth subpulse
(33) associated with the m + 1 row or pulse as
i=O
N-1-k cm = (cmO,Cml,...,~m,N-l)~ (37)
k > 0. Each pulse is separated by a given pulse-repetition
i=O interval (PRI,) where there are Os transmitted
Thus setting n = m + I between the end of one pulse and the next. Normally
this “off” time is greater than the pulse “on?’time. All
of the code words are transmitted in PRI, seconds.
Thereafter, they may be repeated with a period PRI,
for multiple burst processing.
k 2 0, (35) One application of the ZCC complementary
codes, which was first presented in [2 and 31 and
is also applicable to ZCC inner-outer codes, is in
removing ambiguous range radar returns for medium
or high PRF radars. An example of this for a single
burst is shown in Fig. 3 for N = 4. The waveforms
Since a is a ZSPC, are transmitted as shown in Fig. 3 according to the
rows in C,but the return signals are processed only
M-1
during the indicated processing interval in multiple
for I f0.
channels having filters matched to the indicated codes
m =O
in each PRI. That is, after transmitting CO in the
Hence q t ) and q(1i are equal to zero and the theorem processing interval, all received signals are processed
follows by filters matched to CO, c3, c2, and c1 in channels 0
to 3 respectively, and so on. The result is that channel
We note that the advantage that the 0 is matched to the first unambiguous range interval
noncomplementary ZCC waveforms have over the and rejects stationary returns (those that have almost
complementary ZCC waveforms is that the code zero Doppler shift) from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th time
matrix does not necessarily have to be square, i.e. around range intervals. Likewise, channels 1, 2, and
M f N . Hence, there is inherently more flexibility in 3 are matched to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th time around
transmitting and receiving these waveforms. returns and reject stationary clutter from the other
range intervals. If the waveforms are complementary,
VI. RADAR APPLICATION EXAMPLE stationary targets in the matched intervals have no
sidelobes. Note that the fill pulses c1, c2, and c3 are
In this section a radar application using the necessary for this processing scheme (as they would
complementary or inner-outer waveforms described be for any ambiguous range radar). However, if
with elements in the previous sections is briefly multiple bursts were used in a particular look direction
102 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 28,NO. 1 JANUARY 1992
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XMT PULSES having zero sidelobe ACFs. These ideal periodic codes
are important in themselves because the underlying
aperiodic codes usually have useful attributes such as
low sidelobes and/or good Doppler tolerance. This is
MATCH TO exemplified by the Frank, P4,and shift register codes.
CHANNEL 0 CO C, c2 C,
1 c, CO c, c,
Two general forms of the ZCCs were described.
2 c2 c, CO c, The first form consists of a sequence of dissimilar
3 c, c, c3 CO
waveforms that have the additional property of being
Fig. 3. Example of orthogonal waveform processing for N = 4. complementary. The second form consists of a
sequence of identically coded waveforms except for
N2 y MATCH POINT
an outer code that results in a different phase being
associated with each repetitive waveform.
A processing scheme using multiple waveforms
was described that utilizes the ZCCs to eliminate zero
ZERO SIDELOBES
t
Doppler ambiguous range clutter that might occur in a
+
medium or high PRF radar. For clutter having a small
~~~~ ~
Fig. 4. ACF for ZCC complementary waveforms spectral spread about zero Doppler, the nonambiguous
range clutter is reduced in a manner similar to MTI
MATCH POINl
processing. A detailed assessment of the tradeoffs, and
the ability to resolve the true range of a target is the
MN
subject of future work.
~ I D E L O Y S OF b
-
REFERENCES
ZERO SIDELOBES
GERLACH & KRETSCHMER: GENERAL FORMS AND PROPEHTIES OF ZERO CROSS-CORRELATION WAVEFORMS 103
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Karl Gerlach (M81) was born in Chicago, IL. He received his B.S. in 1972 from
the University of Illinois, Urbana, and his M.S. and D.Sc. from George Washington
University, Washington, DC, in 1975 and 1981, respectively. All degrees are in
electrical engineering.
Since 1972, he has been employed by the Naval Research Laboratory in
Washington, DC. From 1972 to 1976, he worked on experimental submarine
communications systems and from 1976 to the present he has been with the
Radar Division where his research interests include adaptive signal processing and
space-based radar.
Dr. Gerlach was the 1986 recipient of the Radar Systems Panel award.
104 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VOL. 28, NO. 1 JANUARY 1992
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r ~-
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