Eko Wahyu Susilo

Facilities & Project Engineering – Technical Dept.

 Agenda

1 Protection Basics

2 Fault Behavior

3 Switchgear, CT & VT

4 Discussion
Protection Basics
Setiap perusahaan listrik harus berupaya meningkatkan
keandalan secara terus menerus.
Tingkat keandalan di representasikan antara lain,
indikator sering terjadinya pemadaman .
Indikasi : Frekuensi dan Lama Gangguan

Penyebab utama pemadaman adalah gangguan pada

sistem tenaga listrik yang tidak dapat dihindarkan.
 Gangguan pada Sistem Kelistrikan

• Gangguan Beban Lebih (Overload)

Sebenarnya bukan gangguan murni, tetapi bila dibiarkan
terus-menerus berlangsung dapat merusak peralatan. kenapa??
Dikenal juga dengan overcurrent,
• Gangguan hubung singkat
Gangguan hubung singkat dapat terjadi antar fase
(3 fase atau 2 fase) atau 1 fase ketanah dan sifatnya
bisa temporer atau permanen
Gangguan Permanen : Hubung singkat pada Kabel,
belitan trafo, generator.
(tembusnya isolasi)
 Gangguan pada Sistem Kelistrikan

Gangguan Temporer : Flashover karena sambaran petir,

flashover dengan pohon, tertiup angin

Gangguan hubung singkat dapat merusak peralatan

secara : • Thermal(tergantung besar dan lama arus gangguan)
• Mechanical (terjadi gaya tarik menarik/tolak-menolak)
• Gangguan Tegangan Lebih.
Tegangan lebih dibedakan atas :
- Tegangan lebih dengan power frekwensi
(misal : pembangkit kehilangan beban, overspeed pada
generator, gangguan pada AVR
 Gangguan pada Sistem Kelistrikan

-Transient voltage:
- Voltage Sag
- Voltage Swell
- apa contoh kejadiannya?
 Gangguan pada Sistem Kelistrikan

Upaya Mengatasi Gangguan

A. Mengurangi terjadinya Gangguan
B. Mengurangi dampak/akibatnya
A. Mengurangi terjadinya Gangguan :
• Memakai peralatan yang dapat diandalkan
(memenuhi persyaratan standard.)
• Penentuan spesifikasi yang tepat dan disain yang baik
(tahan terhadap kondisi kerja normal/gangguan)
• Pemasangan yang benar sesuai dengan desain
• Routine maintenance (PM/PDM)
 Gangguan pada Sistem Kelistrikan

B. Mengurangi Akibat Gangguan

• Mengurangi besarnya arus gangguan
- Menghindari konsentrasi pembangkit di satu lokasi
- Menggunakan tahanan pentanahan netral
• Penggunaan Lightning arrester dan koordinasi isolasi

• Melepas bagian terganggu : PMT dan Relai

• Desain & koordinasi sistem proteksi
 SISTEM PENGAMAN

Fungsi : - Mendeteksi Adanya Gangguan

- Mencegah Kerusakan (Peralatan & Jaringan)
- Pengamanan Terhadap Manusia
- Meminimumkan Daerah Padam Bila Terjadi
Gangguan Pada Sistem
Jenis Penggunaan :
- Sebagai Pengaman Utama
- Sebagai Pengaman Cadangan
(backup)
 SISTEM PENGAMAN

Daerah Pengamanan

* Dibagi dalam seksi-seksi yang dibatasi PMT

* Tiap Seksi ada Relai Pengaman,
dan Punya Daerah Pengamanan
Bila ada Gangguan Relai merasakan dan PMT Trip

Bila Pengaman Utama Gagal, Pengaman Cadangan

Bekerja dan Diberi Waktu Tunda (koordinasi setting)
Contoh :
SISTEM PENGAMAN
11 kV 150 kV 20 kV

A B C
2 1 2 1 2 1 D E

1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 10 11

(1) Overall Diifferential Relay
Pengaman Utama Gen-Trafo
(2) Over Current Relay Pengaman
Cadangan lokal Gen-Trafo Penga-
man Cadangan jauh Bus A
(3) Pengaman Bus-Pengaman
Utama Bus A
(4) Distance Relay & PLC di A1 –
Pengaman Utama Saluran AB
(5) Distance Relay Zone II di A1
Pengaman Utama Bus B
Pengaman Cadangan Jauh
sebagisn Trafo di B
(6) Distance Relay Zone
III, Pengaman Cadangan Jauh Trafo
di B sampai
ke Bus C
(7) Differential Relay
- Pengaman Utama Trafo
(8) Over Current Relay Trafo sisi 150
kV Pengaman Cadanngan Lokal
Trafo Pengaman Cadangan Jauh Bus C
(9) Over Current Relay Trafo sisi 20kV
Pengaman Utama Bus C
Pengaman Cadangan Jauh saluran
CD
(10 ) Over Current Relay di C1
Pengaman Utama saluran CD
Pengaman Cadangan Jauh saluran
DE
(11) Over Current Relay di D
Pengaman Utama saluran DE
Pengaman Cadangan Jauh seksi
berikut
 SISTEM PENGAMAN

KAWASAN PENGAMANAN
Kawasan Pengaman Utama
Kawasan Pengaman Kawasan Pengaman Kawasan Pengaman
(O.C) Saluran 20 kV dan
Utama Busbar 150 kV Utama Saluran A-B Busbar 150 kV
Cadangan seksi selanjutnya
B
A

20 D E
150 kV kV

Kawasan Pengaman Overlapping Kawasan Pengaman Kawasan Pengaman Kawasan Pengamanan

Utama Gen.- Trafo Cadangan Lokal Utama (Diferensial Utama Bus 20 kV yang
Saluran A-B yang Trafo) berfungsi pula sebagai
berfungsi pula sebagai pengaman cadangan Jauh
Kawasan Pengaman Cadangan Lokal Trafo yang
Cadangan jauh bagi saluran 20 kV
berfungsi pula sebagai Cadangan Jauh Bus 20 kV
Bus 150 kV
 SISTEM PENGAMAN
Syarat Penting Untuk Pengamanan
A. Kepekaan (Sensitivity)
Harus Peka thd Gangguan dalam Rangsangan Minimum
B. Keandalan (Reliability)
Dependability : Tidak Boleh Gagal
Security : Tidak Boleh Salah Kerja
C. Selektifitas (Selectivity)
Isolir Daerah Terganggu Sekecil Mungkin
D. Kecepatan (Speed)
Memisahkan Daerah Terganggu Secepat Mungkin
E. Simple / Ekonomis
Memberikan proteksi yang memadai namun
tetap ekonomis
Art & Science of Protection
Selection of protective relays requires compromises:
• Maximum and Reliable protection at minimum equipment
cost
• High Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to maximum load
currents
• High-speed fault clearance with correct selectivity
• Selectivity in isolating small faulty area
• Ability to operate correctly under all predictable power
system conditions
Art & Science of Protection
• Cost of protective relays should be balanced
against risks involved if protection is not sufficient
and not enough redundancy.
• Primary objectives is to have faulted zone’s
primary protection operate first, but if there are
protective relays failures, some form of backup
protection is provided.
• Backup protection is local (if local primary
protection fails to clear fault) and remote (if remote
protection fails to operate to clear fault)
 SISTEM PENGAMAN

PERALATAN PENGAMAN

• Trafo arus/trafo teganan : meneruskan arus/tegangan pada

sirkit tenaga ke sirkit relai
• Relai pengaman : sebagai elemen pembanding
• Pemutus Tenaga (PMT) : sebagai pemutus arus untuk
mengisolir sirkit terganggu
Seperangkat peralatan komponen penting lainnya adalah :
• Battery/Aki : sebagai sumber tenaga untuk men-trip PMT
dan catu daya untuk relai statis dan alat bantu
 Types of Protection

Overcurrent
 Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
 Simple
 May employ definite time or inverse time curves
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
 Inexpensive
 May use various polarizing voltages or ground current for
directionality
 Communication aided schemes make more selective
 Types of Protection

Differential
 current in = current out
 Simple
 Very fast
 Very defined clearing area
 Expensive
 Practical distance limitations
 Line differential systems overcome this using digital
communications
 Differential
1 pu
IP IP
CT-X CT-Y

IS IS

 Note CT polarity
Relay
dots
IR-X IR-Y
 This is a through-
current
+1
1 + (-1) = 0 representation
Current, pu

0  Perfect
waveforms, no
-1 saturation
DIFF CURRENT
 Differential
2 pu 2 pu

IP
Fault
CT-X CT-Y IP

X
IS IS

 Note CT polarity
IR-X
Relay
IR-Y
dots
 This is an internal
fault
+2 representation
2 + (+2) = 4
 Perfect
Current, pu

0
waveforms, no
-2 saturation
DIFF CURRENT
 Types of Protection

Voltage
Uses voltage to infer fault or abnormal condition
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
May also be used for undervoltage load shedding
 Simple
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
 Inexpensive
 Types of Protection

Frequency
 Uses frequency of voltage to detect power
balance condition
 May employ definite time or inverse time curves
 Used for load shedding & machinery
under/overspeed protection
 Simple
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
 Types of Protection

Power
 Uses voltage and current to determine power
flow magnitude and direction
 Typically definite time
 Complex
 May be slow
 Accuracy important for many applications
 Can be expensive
 Types of Protection

Distance (Impedance)
 Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of fault
 Set on impedance [R-X] plane
 Uses definite time
 Impedance related to distance from relay
 Complicated
 Fast
 Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable accuracy
 Expensive
 Communication aided schemes make more selective
Fault Behavior
Fault Types (Shunt)
AC & DC Current Components
of Fault Current
Variation of current with time
during a fault
Contribution to Faults
Short Circuit Current (3)
 Short Circuit Study

 ANSI Method
 Di dalam standar ANSI, Sistem dimodelkan dengan
masing-masing impedansi internal mesin.
 Sistem diasumsikan dalam kondisi seimbang
(balance system).
 Kapasitansi saluran dan beban-beban statis
diabaikan
 Sistem dikondisikan dalam 3 nilai impedansi yang
berbeda untuk perhitungan arus hubung singkat
momentary, Interrupting, dan Steady State.
Short Circuit Current

Momentary

Interrupting
Short Circuit Current (2)
 ANSI Definition of Terms
 ½ Cycle Network

 1½ - 4 Cycle Network

 30 Cycle Network
→Digunakan untuk menentukan setting peralatan pengaman.
 Short Circuit Study

 IEC Method
 Dalam metode IEC, arus hubung singkat
dikelompokkan berdasarkan magnitudenya
(maksimum / minimum) dan juga berdasarkan jarak
dari sumber (far / near).
 Arus hubung singkat dihitung berdasarkan impedansi
substransient mesin dan konstanta waktu.
 Standar IEC mulai banyak diimplementasikan karena
praktis dan lebih mudah dikondisikan sesuai dengan
sistem kelistrikan industri.
IEC Short Circuit Current
 Purpose of the
IEC Short Circuit Values
Design Criterion Physical Effect Relevant short-circuit current

Breaking capacity of circuit Thermal stress to arcing Symmetrical short-circuit breaking

breakers chamber; arc extinction current Ib
Mechanical stress to Forces to electrical devices Peak short-circuit current ip
equipment (e.g. bus bars, cables…)
Thermal stress to Temperature rise of Initial symmetrical short-circuit
equipment electrical devices (e.g. current Ik”
cables) Fault duration
Protection setting Selective detection of Minimum symmetrical short-circuit
partial short-circuit currents current Ik
Earthing, Interference, Potential rise; Maximum initial symmetrical short-
EMC Magnetic fields circuit current Ik”
Switchgear, CT & VT
Switchgear Defined

 Assemblies containing electrical switching,

protection, metering and management devices
 Used in three-phase, high-power industrial,
commercial and utility applications
 Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor
control, distribution panels and outdoor
switchyards
 The term "switchgear" is plural, even when referring
to a single switchgear assembly (never say,
"switchgears")
 May be a described in terms of use:
 "the generator switchgear"
 "the stamping line switchgear"
Switchgear Examples
 Switchgear:
MetalClad vs. Metal-Enclosed
 Metal-clad switchgear (C37.20.2)
 Breakers or switches must be draw-out design
 Breakers must be electrically operated, with anti-pump
feature
 All bus must be insulated
 Completely enclosed on all side and top with grounded
metal
 Breaker, bus and cable compartments isolated by metal
barriers, with no intentional openings
 Automatic shutters over primary breaker stabs.
 Metal-enclosed switchgear
 Bus not insulated
 Breakers or switches not required to be draw-out
 No compartment barriering required
Switchgear Basics [1]

 All Switchgear has a metal

enclosure
 Metalclad construction requires
11 gauge steel between
sections and main
compartments
 Prevents contact with live
circuits and propagation of
ionized gases in the unlikely
event of an internal fault.
 Enclosures are also rated as
weather-tight for outdoor use
 Metalclad gear will include
shutters to ensure that
powered buses are covered at
all times, even when a circuit
breaker is removed.
 Switchgear Basics [2]

 Devices such as circuit breakers or fused switches

provide protection against short circuits and ground
faults
 Interrupting devices (other than fuses) are non-
automatic. They require control signals instructing
them to open or close.
 Monitoring and control circuitry work together with
the switching and interrupting devices to turn circuits
on and off, and guard circuits from degradation or
fluctuations in power supply that could affect or
damage equipment
 Routine metering functions include operating amperes
and voltage, watts, kilowatt hours, frequency, power
factor.
Switchgear Basics [3]

 Power to switchgear is
connected via Cables or Bus Duct
 The main internal bus carries
power between elements within
the switchgear
 Power within the switchgear
moves from compartment to
compartment on horizontal bus,
and within compartments on
vertical bus
 Instrument Transformers (CTs &
PTs) are used to step down
current and voltage from the
primary circuits or use in lower-
energy monitoring and control
circuitry.
Air Magnetic Breakers
SF6 and Vacuum Breakers
A Study of a Fault…….
Fault Interruption and Arcing

49
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Current Transformers
• Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to
values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
• CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5,
600:5, 300:5
• A 2000:5 CT has a “CTR” of 400
Standard IEEE CT Relay Accuracy

• IEEE relay class is defined in terms of the voltage a CT can

deliver at 20 times the nominal current rating without
exceeding a 10% composite ratio error.

For example, a relay class of C100 on a 1200:5 CT means that the CT

can develop 100 volts at 24,000 primary amps (1200*20) without
exceeding a 10% ratio error. Maximum burden = 1 ohm.

100 V = 20 * 5 * (1ohm)
200 V = 20 * 5 * (2 ohms)
400 V = 20 * 5 * (4 ohms)
800 V = 20 * 5 * (8 ohms)
Standard IEEE CT Burdens (5 Amp)
(Per IEEE Std. C57.13-1993)
Application Burden Impedance VA @ Power
Designation (Ohms) 5 amps Factor

Metering B0.1 0.1 2.5 0.9

B0.2 0.2 5 0.9
B0.5 0.5 12.5 0.9
B0.9 0.9 22.5 0.9
B1.8 1.8 45 0.9

Relaying B1 1 25 0.5
B2 2 50 0.5
B4 4 100 0.5
B8 8 200 0.5
Current into the Dot, Out of the Dot
Current out of the dot, in to the dot
Forward Power
IP

IS

Relay
or Meter IR

Forward Power

IP

IS

Relay
or Meter IR
Voltage Transformers
• Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down
and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective
device or relay
• VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120, 7200:120
• A 4160:120 VT has a “VTR” of 34.66

VP

VS
Relay
 Eko Wahyu Susilo
Facilities & Project Engineering – Technical Dept.
 Agenda

1 Grounding System

2 Short Circuit Study vs. System Protection Design

3 Short Circuit Simulation

4 Discussion
Grounding System
Equipment Grounding
 Prevents shock exposure of personnel
 Provides current carrying capability for the ground-
fault current
 Grounding includes design and construction of
substation ground mat and CT and VT safety
grounding
System Grounding
 Limits overvoltages
 Limits difference in electric potential through local area
conducting objects
 Several methods
Ungrounded
Reactance Coil Grounded
High Z Grounded
Low Z Grounded
Solidly Grounded
 System Grounding
1. Ungrounded: There is no intentional
ground applied to the system-however
it’s grounded through natural
capacitance. Found in 2.4-15kV
systems.

2. Reactance Grounded: Total system

capacitance is cancelled by equal
inductance. This decreases the current
at the fault and limits voltage across the
arc at the fault to decrease damage.
X0 <= 10 * X1
System Grounding
3. High Resistance Grounded: Limits
ground fault current to 10A-20A. Used
to limit transient overvoltages due to
arcing ground faults.
R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive zero
sequence reactance

4. Low Resistance Grounded: To limit

current to 25-400A
R0 >= 2X0
System Grounding

5. Solidly Grounded: There is a

connection of transformer or generator
neutral directly to station ground.
Effectively Grounded: R0 <= X1, X0 <=
3X1, where R is the system fault
resistance
 Solid grounding
Pada sistem Grounding ini titik
netral diketanahkan langsung,
sehingga ketika terjadi ground fault,
maka arus urutan nol yang muncul
tidak berbeda jauh dengan arus
hubung singkat fasa.

 Keuntungan :
 Sangat baik mengurangi overvoltage
 Tidak membutuhkan pengaman khusus untuk ground fault, ground fault bisa
sekaligus diamankan oleh pengaman gangguan antar fasa (Ekonomis)
 Kerugian :
 Service continuity rendah
 Arus ground fault sangat besar dan berbahaya (sama dengan short circuit 3 fasa)
 Application :
 Small electrical distribution system
 LV distribution system

81
 Low Resistance grounding
Pada sistem Grounding ini titik netral diketanahkan dengan
menggunakan hambatan yang relatif kecil, sehingga ketika
terjadi ground fault, maka arus urutan nol yang muncul
dibatasi pada nilai hambatan tersebut.
 Keuntungan :
 Arus ground fault dibatasi (damage dibatasi)
 Sistem proteksi lebih mudah
 Overvoltage tidak terlalu tinggi
 Kerugian :
 Relatif lebih mahal
 Memprioritaskan equipment safety daripada
Service continuity
 Application :
 Powerplant Area
 Public and industrial MV distribution systems (currents of several hundred
amperes).
82
 High Resistance grounding
Pada sistem Grounding ini titik netral diketanahkan dengan
menggunakan hambatan yang cukup besar, sehingga ketika
terjadi ground fault, maka arus urutan nol yang muncul
dibatasi pada nilai hambatan tersebut.

 Keuntungan :
 Arus ground fault sangat kecil (less-no damage)
 Service Continuity
 Sistem proteksi lebih mudah
 Overvoltage relatif lebih tinggi
 Kerugian :
 Lebih mahal
 Application :
 Public and industrial MV distribution systems.

83
 Ungrounded (open / floating)
Pada sistem Grounding ini titik netral tidak diketanahkan
sehingga ketika terjadi ground fault, maka arus urutan nol yang
muncul sangat kecil yaitu hanya sebesar nilai arus bocor (phase
to earth capacitance) dari feeder.
 Keuntungan :
 Arus ground fault hampir tidak ada
(no damage)
 Service Continuity
 Kerugian :
 Sistem proteksi lebih rumit
 Paling mahal
 Overvoltage tinggi
(menambah level insulasi)
 Application :
 industrial power systems (ex: 15 kV) that require service continuity
84
System Grounding Influences
Ground Fault Detection Methods
Source

Low/No Z

50 50N 50 50N 50 50N

51 51N 51 51N 51 51N
System Grounding Influences
Ground Fault Detection Methods
Source

Med/High Z

50 50 50
51 51 51

50G 50G 50G

51G 51G 51G
Short Circuit Study vs. System
Protection Design
What Info is Required to Apply Protection
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved
2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system frequency,
voltage level and phase sequence
3. Existing schemes
4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection
5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed clearance
times
6. System fault / Short circuit studies
7. Maximum load and system swing limits
8. CTs and VTs locations, connections and ratios
9. Future expansion expectance
10. Any special considerations for application.
 Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies

 A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine

any or all of the following:
 Verify protective device close and latch capability
 Verify protective device interrupting capability
 Protect equipment from large mechanical forces
(maximum fault kA)
 I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
 Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
Required Data
Process of the Study
START

Literature & Data Collecting

System Modeling

Load Flow Simulation

Short Circuit Simulation

Protection Device Study

Resetting
Settings are good and No
coordinated properly?

Yes

Report & Presentation

FINISH
Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (1)
Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (1)
Trip ketika motor
beroperasi dengan
pembebanan penuh

Lebih baik dinaikkan

di atas full load
ampere trafo

Koordinasi masih
belum tepat
Hasil Resetting dengan koordinasi lebih baik (1)
Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (2)
 Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (2)

Lebih baik dinaikkan

di atas full load Akan trip ketika
ampere trafo semua beban
beroperasi penuh

Koordinasi masih
belum tepat
Grading time
masih terlalu
sempit
Hasil Resetting dengan koordinasi lebih baik (2)
Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (3)
 Contoh koordinasi yang belum tepat (3)
Akan trip ketika Reaksi terlalu
generator lama
mengalirkan arus
maksimum

Akan trip ketika salah

satu feeder pada
double feeder
bermasalah
Hasil Resetting dengan koordinasi lebih baik (3)
 Eko Wahyu Susilo
Facilities & Project Engineering – Technical Dept.
 Agenda

1 Protection Philosophy

2 Overcurrent Relay Coordination

3 Practice

4 Discussion
Protection Philosophy
 Protection Phyllosophy

 Protective Devices
 Protection Relay
 HV/MV CB
 Fuses
 LVCB
 Time-based discrimination
 Current-based discrimination
 Differential protection discrimination

104
 Protection Relay

Rele merupakan bagian dari peralatan sistem tenaga listrik yang

digunakan untuk memberikan sinyal kepada CB, supaya dapat
memutuskan atau menghubungkan pelayanan penyaluran pada
elemen sistem tenaga listrik. Rele ini akan memberikan sinyal
kepada CB untuk memutuskan sistem tenaga listrik jika terjadi
gangguan.

105
ANSI/IEEE Device (Relay) Number

106
 Protection Relay General Characteristic

 Tripping Set Point

It sets the limit of the observed quantity that
actuates the protection function.
 Tripping Time
It sets the time characteristic when the relay
actuates the protection function.
 Definite
 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
 IEEE Inverse Curves (North American)
 Instantaneous
107
Definite Time Characteristic

108
Inverse Time Characteristic

CURRENT
109
IDMT Characteristic

110
IEEE Inverse Curves (North American)

111
How HV/MV CB’s Clear Fault Current

112
How Fuses Clear Fault Current

113
How LVCB’s Clear Fault Current

114
Overcurrent Relay Coordination
Time--based Discrimination
Time
 Diskriminasi waktu adalah menentukan
setting rele dengan memeberikan
selisih waktu antara rele downstream
dengan upstream
 Semakin dekat rele dengan sumber,
maka setting waktunya harus semakin
lama.
 Merupakan koordinasi proteksi yang
paling simple
 Sebagai contoh : jika rele D gagal
mengamankan gangguan, maka rele C
sebagai backup akan aktif setelah ∆t
kemudian.
116
 Time--based Discrimination (2)
Time

 I sA > I sB > I sC
 TA > TB > TC
117
Current--based Discrimination
Current

 Diskriminasi arus adalah menentukan

setting rele berdasarkan perbedaan
arus pada sisi upstream dengan arus
pada sisi downstream
 Semakin dekat rele dengan sumber,
maka arus hubung singkatnya akan
semakin besar.
 Merupakan koordinasi proteksi yang
lebih akurat namun lebih rumit.
 Lebih banyak diimplementasikan pada
setting highset (instantaneous)

118
Current--based Discrimination (2)
Current

 Dengan diskriminasi arus, maka peralatan

proteksi dikelompokkan berdasarkan areanya
 Sebagai contoh rele A hanya bekerja ketika
terjadi gangguan pada sisi incoming trafo ,
sedangkan rele B hanya bekerja ketika terjadi
gangguan pada sisi outgoing trafo
119
Time+Current Discrimination
LVCB Coordination
Fuse Protection
TOR+Fuse Protection
TOR+Magnetic Only CB
TOR+Thermal Magnetic MCCB
50/51 Relay Protection
51 Relay + Fuse
Practice
 Eko Wahyu Susilo
Facilities & Project Engineering – Technical Dept.
 Agenda

1 Generator Protection

2 Transformer Protection

3 Motor Protection

4 Discussion / Bonus Topic

Generator Protection
Introduction

Generator needed to be protected from all the fault that will

damage the generator.

Generator damage will disturb the supply of electricity.

Cause selectivity of the protection system, CB is expected to

not easily trip because of fault in the system.

Since the fault of the generator from the system will interrupt
the operation of electric power systems.
Power Generation System Parts
Brushless Exciter Generator
Brushless Exciter Generator
Generator Operation Limit
Generator Protection at Badak LNG Plant

100 A NGR
Neutral Grounding of generator

Generator commonly used Grounding with

resistance that limits ground current until 100
ampere.
Another way is grounding through the transformer
pole, the system is appropriate for large capacity
machine. Grounding is worked through the high
voltage windings on the transformer pole by
inserting resistance in the low voltage side to restrict
the grounding current until 5-15 Ampere.
Generator Protection at Badak LNG Plant
Device Numbers
No. DEVICE REMARK MODEL

1. 32 Reverse power / Anti motoring delay GGP53B

2. 40 Loss of excitation / Loss of field relay CEH51A3A

3. 46 Negative sequence delay INC77N2A

4. 51 V Voltage restraint time overcurrent relay IFCV / IJCV

5. 51 GN Generator ground relay IAC

6. 59 Over voltage relay IAV52A4A

7. 60 Voltage balance relay NGV12A11A

8. 87 G Generator differential relay CFD22B3A

9. 87 GG Generator differential ground relay ICC

10 86 G Lock Out relay
Loss of Excitation (40)
This protection protects generator when generator loss of excitation. Loss
of field or loss of excitation results in loss of synchronism between rotor
flux & stator flux. The synchronous machine operates as an induction
machine at higher speed and draws reactive power from the grid.

Over Excitation (24)

Per unit voltage divided by per unit frequency commonly called
Volts/Hertz is a measurable quantity that is proportional to flux in the
generator or step-up transformer cores. Moderate over fluxing (105-110%)
increases core loss resulting in increase of core temperatures due to
hysterics & eddy currents loss.

Over Voltage (59)

Generator voltage is at present value under normal operating conditions as
selected by operator in AVR. If it parts from preset value, May be due to
AVR mal-functioning or a system disturbance. Severe over voltage can
cause over fluxing and winding insulation failure.
Reverse Power (32)
This protection protects generator and prime mover (turbine) when
generator acts as motor (draw out power from the grid). Motoring of a
generator will occur when turbine output is reduced such that it develops
less than no-load losses while the generator is still on-line, the generator
will operate as a synchronous motor and driving the turbine.

146
Current Unbalance – Negative Phase Sequence (46)

This protection protects generator when generator is supplying an

unbalanced load to a system, a negative phase sequence current is imposed
on the generator.
The negative sequence current in the stator winding
Stator Differential (87G)
This protection protects generator winding against internal faults such as
phase-to-phase and three phase-to-ground faults. This type of fault is
very serious because very large current can flow and produce large
amounts of damage to the winding if it is allowed to persist.
Time Overcurrent Voltage Restraint (51V)

Normally generators are designed to operate continuously at rated MVA,

frequency and power factor over a range of 95 to 105% rated voltage.
Operating the generator at rated MVA with 95% voltage, 105% stator
current is permissible.

149
Thermal Overload (49)
Thermal protection for the generator stator core and windings may be
provided for the following contingencies:
• Generator overload
• Failure of cooling systems
• Localized hot spots caused by core lamination insulation failures or by
localized or rapidly developing winding failures

150
Transformer Protection
Transformer Failure :
 Winding failures due to short circuit (turn-turn
faults, phase-phase faults, phase ground, open
winding)
 Core faults (core insulation failure, shorted
laminations)
 Terminal failures (open leads, loose
connection, short circuits)
 On-load tap changer failures (mechanical,
electrical, short circuit, overheating)
 Abnormal operating conditions (overfluxing,
overloading, overvoltage)
 External faults

152
Two Winding transformer Protection Three Winding transformer Protection

153
154
Motor Protection
156
157
159
START INHIBIT ILLUSTRATIONS
163
164
1. Thermal Overload (49)
Process Caused (Excessive load), high ambient conditions (hot,
blocked ventilation), power supply issues (voltage/current
unbalance, harmonics)

165
2. Stator RTD (49 RTD)
Maintain and monitor the temperature of winding motor

166
Motor Starting & Short Circuit Protection
Phase Differential (87M)
This protection function is mostly used to protect induction and
synchronous motors against phase-to-phase faults. This function
requires two sets of CT’s, one at beginning of the motor feeder,
and the other at the star point.
Load Shedding [BONUS]
 Load Shedding System

Load shedding system is loads release in automatically during

disturbance or problem, either from power generation side or
loads side led to the frequency drop until certain secure value

By releasing loads that uncritical, continuity and reliability of the

power system will be maintained

Loads release using the under frequency relay (81) with

different setting in ref. with loads priority (through
feeders). The lowest priority is community, support
facilities and all the loads that is not connection with plant
operation
 LOAD SHEDDING
SYSTEM

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

• Freq • Freq • Freq • Freq

setting setting setting setting
49 Hz 48.7 Hz 48.3 Hz 48 Hz
RELAY STEP SETTING FEEDER LOAD
81-1 Step 1 49.0 Hz 252-12 PSF Area
252-15 S/L Substation
252-18 Community
81-3 Step 3 48.3 Hz 252-162 CWP Motor No.2
252-163 CWP Motor No.1
81-2 Step 2 48.7 Hz 252-21 PSF Area
252-25 S/L Substation
252-28 Community
81-4 Step 4 48.0 Hz 252-262 CWP Motor No.3
252-263 CWP Motor No.4
252-264 CWP Motor No.5
 Thank you

Contact:
ekowahyu@badaklng.co.id
eko.xciel@gmail.com

Copyright © 2013 PT Badak NGL. All Rights Reserved.