PRODUCTIVE BORDERS: CEUTA AND CRISIS

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | DEC. 9, 2010 | GABRIEL JEWELL-VITALE | PRIMARY : ANDA FRENCH | SECONDARY: MARK ROBBINS
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1: TRANSNATIONALISM
3-4: CONTENTION
5-7: ON BORDER
8: LEXICON
9-13: FORTRESS EUROPE
14-15: EXCLAVES
16-23: STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES
24-29: EU MIGRATION: SUB-SAHARAN MIGRATION AND TERRITORIAL BORDER IMPLICATIONS
30-33: CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
34-41: CEUTA AS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION OF FORTRESS EUROPE
42-45: CEUTA
46-48: TANGER MED-PORT: EMERGING WORLD MARKET
49-60: FLOWS AND ECONOMIES
58-61: CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?
62-71: BORDER AS FIELD
72-78: APPENDIX

1
2

“
TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE INSISTS
ON THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE
OF STATE BORDERS, STATE POLICIES
AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES EVEN AS
THESE ARE OFTEN TRANSGRESSED

“
BY TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
CIRCUITS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES.2

3
3

“ A boundary is not that at which something stops,

“
but as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is
that from which something begins its presencing. 4

Martin Heidegger
4

The effects of transnational political situations Ceuta’s border has become a siphon for the
are radically changing the way we live. The realities emergent Sub-Saharan migratory phenomenon.5
of cross-border conflicts and political disputes of Ceuta is one of three Sub-Saharan migratory
autonomy have created strife within cities leading destinations in order to cross into mainland Europe,
to crises of identity, place, and hate within culture. the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, and Malta. As
I contend that transnational borders are the Strait of Gibraltar is the one of the closest points
places where conflict and identity crises have between two continents in the world, it has become
manifested in the most cogent and attainable form. a deathtrap for migrants, as 1,200 people die each
By investigating transnational border crises, one year either crossing the strait or attempting to jump
can study its effects at a local and transnational fences.6 Thus, Ceuta has become the physical
condition, enabling geophysical forces to manifest manifestation of the motto, “Fortress Europe.”
in a productive border for the crises at hand. Additionally, the condition that exists presents
A transnational border condition at the edge of a crisis of identity. Morocco, which does not recognize
the European Union, in the Spanish exclave of Ceuta, Ceuta’s as autonomous entity, is rooted in Muslim
is the site of the project. The exclave, which was North Africa cultural ideologies. This forces Morocco
seized by Portugal in 1415, and Spain in 1560, became to play “host” to Spanish-Christian Ceuta creating
an autonomous city in 1995, as a part of Spain. For conflicting spheres of identities within an existing
over 600 years, it has been a stronghold of European sphere of conflicting geopolitics. The binary dialectic
presence in North Africa and the Mediterranean. emerges at the moment of difference—the border.
In 1985, the same year Spain joined the I propose the re-imagining of the Ceuta border as
EU (then the EEC), the Shenghen Agreement a space of productive difference. Border, constructed
was signed, creating the abolishment of internal in this way, will act as a field condition bridging first
boundaries inside the EU, emphasizing the world with developing world sphere’s of influence. The
external boundary for movement within. Once resultant hybrid amalgamation will be programmed,
inside, a traveler has unrestricted access to all producing a space that is intimately tied to it’s
countries under the Shenghen Agreement. In surrounding context but cognizant of the larger forces
1995, the EU funded a $320 million border fence at play, re-conceptualizing what “border” constitutes
in Ceuta under EU’s motto, “Fortress Europe.” in an age of increasing transnational and global flows.
5

EU

EU as legally constructed EU as resultant border EU Border?

6

ON BORDER

Geographically, we are in a space of transition: stand ideas that spreak like contagious viruses; from
between Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean and the here springs Madiaq territory. Here, at the dense crux
Atlantic; a space that separates and connects, and has where seas, lands and multitudes convege, over the
always been permeable to the continuous flows of life. moat they have made deadly, we are building a multiple
Today this place fulfills a strategic function by acting as territory, both geographic and infographic, social and
a barrier, both physical and mental, separating the legal technological, that extens infinitely in four directions:
from illegal, like a folding line that splits our world in two. toward the South and toward the North; towards the depths
But borders are habitable territories that can’t be of carnal bodies and toward the immaterial noosphere
reduced to lines on a map. They are environments that that grows in the ferile land of words without owners.
encourage interchange and hybridity, highly dynamic Maps report existing territories, but
territories that generate a gradation of shared spaces, they also construct them; thus territory lives
where the character of “crossing” prevails over that of in the mind and is constructed as knowledge.7
“barrier.” To cross their thresholds means to physically
move from one place to another, but, even more, it implies
the start of a transformation, to becoming-others.
Spaces for movement and mobile spaces;
capitalist modernity accelerates this quality even as it
expands, bounding over mobile borders. Like the Far
West, destruction and colonization, but also a horizon
for creative exodus. There is a single substance,
that of capitalism and of those who escape from its Territory is always shifting in the
chaings to create (and create themselves as) free
territory; even if people who want to stake it out and mind of the person who crosses it.
privatize it follow close behind. Our modernity has its
own mobile borders, which, as always , are in search
of the other: the external other that we call nature,
and the internal other-subjectivity, ourselves, in plural.
Against sterile, immutable linear abstraction
7

Thus, the project will produce an architecture that does not

attempt to solve the the conflicting conditions that exist at the
Ceuta border: religious conflicts, identity crises, and a high
number of migratory deaths.

Rather, the archItecture will be a vehicle to spatialize these

forces, bridging the gap between what is a jarring reality,
and an “architectural reality” that suspends judgement
in order to juxtapose and highlight conflict, producing a
reconceptualization of the current EU border as a space of
productive difference.
8
GLOSSARY
Border: A spatial difference between outside and inside
simultaneously creating difference (a new outside of both
meaning and space). A filter for the gathering of differences.
Territory: a field or sphere of action, thought, etc.; domain or
province of a controlling body.
Sovereignty:
Supreme and independent power or authority in government
as possessed or claimed by a state or community. 8
Transnational space:
Space that is simultaneously anchored in “nation state,” while
transcending one or more “nation state,” through the people
that inhabit it.
Exclave:
Territory legally or politically attached to another territory with
which it is not physically contiguous. 9
Enclave:
Territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the
boundaries of another territory. 10
Transit Spaces:
Space that exists at the point of tension between new
technologies, which open up access and migration control
simultaneously attempting to close it. 11
Peripherality:
Denotes margins that are not problematic to sovereignty and
are subordinate to the authority and governance of the state.12
Marginality:
Denotes margins as problematic and necessary to be
eradicated by the sovereign state’s control. 13
Hybridity:
Denotes the ambiguity of margin as not threatening, but
embraced as a resource. 14
Immigration interface:
Sum of the paths that lead in the direction of long-term legal
residence in Europe. 14
Remote Control:
The control over territorial boundaries by extra-territorial locations,
such as embassies and overseas airports. 15
S.I.V.E:
Integrated System of External Vigilance. First developed on
the northern coast of the Strait of Gibraltar in 2002. It is a
technologically advanced structure to detect and intercept
pateras and other small vessels. It measures the approximate
distance and number of people in boats, relating this information
to a central agency where further deployment of helicopters or
boats can be utilized.
Clandestine Migrants:
Migrants who deliberately avoid all forms of border control. They
must be avoid being present in the same space-time as border
control agents if they are to evade detection. 16
Undocumented Migrants:
Migrants who are not able to be traced.
Human migration:
Physical movement by humans from one area to another,
sometimes over long distances or in large groups. 17
FRONTEX:
European Border Controls Agency established in 2005.18
Territorially Based Control: Establishes proxy control of entire
territories outside of the border itself, attempting to prevent
migrants from even reaching the border. 19
Pateras: wooden boats used for small-scale smuggling
9

EU: FORTRESS EUROPE

22
10

“ The problem of immigration is not actually on each

state independently, but rather of the EU in general,
as the adoption of the Schenghen Agreement in
1985 (with the progressive dissolution of interior

“
borders from 1993) allowed for free movement
between its signatory member states...” 20
11

TREATY OF ROME

The Treaty of Rome established

a coopertative trade agreement
to allow the “free flow of goods,
services, and peoples,” within
the member state’s borders.21
The countries under this treaty
created an “economic border” that
can be read as seperate from the
traditional notion of nation state
territorial boundaries. This border
was an economically devised
transnational border, creating
new flows through politically
1957 connected territories. The first
treaty within Treaty of Rome
established the EEC |European
Economic Community|, which
6
6 6 would later become the EU. The
border that was created connected
G e r m a n y two continents, as Algeria was still
F r a n c e
ItalyUnited under France’s sovereignty in 1957.
K i n g d o m
Luxembourg
Netherlands
12

ACT OF ACCESSION |SPAIN|

SHENGHEN AGREEMENT

Spain and Portugal joined the

EEC in 1985, and with the merger
of these countries, the EEC’s
boundary established a greater
presence in the Mediterranean
and in Africa. The Single European
Act signed in 1986, gradually
turned the EEC as a Customs
Union into a Common Market
over a seven year period with the
formation of the EU in 1993.22
The Schenghen Agreement
created a territory where the
1985 free movement of persons is
guaranteed. The internal border
of countries were “abolished”
in favor of on external border.
13 This agreement manifests
13 in the EU moto, “Fortress
WestGermanyF Europe,” and simultaneously
ranceItalyUnite
WestGermanyF created a strong desire for
dKingdomSpai
ranceItalyUnite
nNetherlandsL
dKingdomSpai
uxdmbourgBel
gnNetherlandsL
iumGreece
uxdmbourgBel
PortugalAustri
g
aD i uem
nGmr a
ee ce
rk I
rPortugalAustri
e l a n d
aDenmarkI
r e l a n d
13

“FORTRESS EUROPE”
CURRENT STATE OF EU

The EU IS now a unified body

of 27 countries. The Shenghen
Agreement, critical for the EU to
position itself advantageously
in the free world market has put
tremendous strain on the fringes of
the EU as it has become a desirable
place for immigration. Immigration
has led to militarization and
increased surveillance at the
border of the EU, in an attempt
to maintain it’s internal freedom.
2007
Thus, the moto “Fortress
Europe,” has manifested
most visibly at the border as
27 these spaces are oftentimes
radically different geoeconomic
GermanyFranc
eItalyUnited
or geopolitical situations.
KingdomSpain
PolandRomani
aNetherlandsB
elgiumCzech
RepublicGreec
eHungaryPort
ugalSwedenAu
striaBulgaria
FinlandDenmar
kSlovakiaIrelan
dLithuaniaLatv
iaSloveniaCypr
usEstoniaLuxe
mbourgMalta
 14
EXCLAVES
EXCLAVE:
Territory legally or politically
attached to another territory with
which it is not physically contiguous.
A true exclave needs to be both an
enclave and an exclave, where the
territory needs to be completely
surrounded within another alien
territory. There can be many
variations on exclaves and many
do not fully match the definition of
a true exclave such as pene, quasi,
virtual, or temporary exclaves.
Pene-exclaves are territories that
can still be accessed to politically
attached subordinate such as by
transportation route, or are exclaves
but one side of the territory shares a
boundary with water.
Quasi exclaves hold certain
exceptions such as a country that
is physically not contiguous but
may hold allegiance to another
political body simultaneously.
Virtual exclaves can be defined as
embassies, or spaces that are not
quite territories.
Temporary exclaves are territories
that may have been in a territory
that has since, dissolved their
boundaries, such as West Berlin.
STRETCH BOUNDARY
HISTORY
Nation intact Exclave stretches territorial boundary
Territorial discontinuity: Middle
Ages and the original notion of
exclaves.
The first concentration of exclaves
occurred during the Middle Ages EXCLAVE CLASSIFICATION
where a series of territories were
decentralized due to feudal rule.
These spaces were self-sufficient
but still held allegiance to their
feudal lord. The disparate nature 1 True exclave
2 Pene- exclave
1 2
of territories in the Middle Ages
created a field of territories, that 3 Pene- exclave
made a patch-like environment. 4 Quasi-exclave
The negotiation between these
differentiated spaces was before
3 4
the Treaty of Westphalia in 1668,
which can be considered the
modern founding of territorial
states and boundaries. 24
15

DISPUTED EXCLAVES

POLITICAL DISPUTE

ALASKA | USA |
KALININGRAD OBLAST | RUSSIA |
IRELAND | UK |

LLIVIA | SP |

CUETA | SPAIN
CYPRUS | TURKEY |
MELILLA | SPAIN
PENON DE VÉLEZ DE LA GOMEZ | SPAIN
MUSANDAM | OMAN |
PENON DE ALHUCÉMAS | SPAIN
CHAFARINAS ISLANDS| SPAIN
GIBRALTAR | UK |

FRENCH GUIANA | FRANCE | TEMBURONG DISTRICT | BRUNEI |

CABINDA |ANGOLA|
OECUSSI-AMBENO | EAST TIMOR |

TIERRA DEL FUEGO ISLAND | ARGENTINA |

16

STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: FIELD OF TERRITORIES

17

The Strait of Gibraltar is a unique moment in the boundary between the

Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Not only is it a geopolitcal
sphere of complex boundaries with 5 areas of disputed territory, but the
strait’s geographric properties form another kind of spatial boundary.
While the strait is a meeting point between the Atlantic Ocean and the
Mediterranean Sea, it is also a meeting point of a top layer of warm fresh
water flowing eastward into the Mediterranean and a bottom layer of colder
and salty layer flow westward into the Atlantic. Through this process,
solitons are formed, which are underwater waves maintaining shape while
traveling at a constant speed. A density boundary separates the layers at
a 330 foot depth. The Camarine Sill, at the very westward end of the Strait,
is the shallowest seafloor pass between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, at
-918 feet, causing the waters from the Atlantic to rise to the Sill, then force
its way into the Strait. The Strait’s current, depending on the winds flows
between 2 - 4 knots (2.3 - 4.6 mi/hr), making the strait dangerous to cross.25
 18
ALGECIRAS

FIELD OF INVISIBLE BOUNDARIES

ALGECIRASALGECIRAS
GIBRALTAR
36° 15’

Sea floor topography |in Meters|

Territorial waters boundary
14KM -600 UK
-200 GIBRALTAR
GIBRALTAR

14KM 14KM-600
TARIFA -600 UK
-800 UK
-200

29KM
-200 -600 -200
-200 TARIFA -600
TARIFA -800
-400 -800
-200 -600
-600 -600

-200
-200
-200 -400 -200
CAMARINAL SILL -600
-600
-600
29KM-200 24KM
-400
36° 00’

-400 -600 -600 CEUTA

-400 -200
-400 -200 -600 -600
-200 -400 -200
-569
-200 -600 -200
-200 SPAIN CEUTA
-400 -200 CEUTA
-200
-200 -400
-600
-200
SPAIN
-600 SPAIN
TANGIER
-200
-200
TANGIER
TANGIER
35° 45’

10 km

10 km
 19
ALGECIRAS

ALGECIRAS
GIBRALTAR
36° 15’

14KM -600 UK
-200 GIBRALTAR

TARIFA 14KM -600

-800
UK
-200

29KM
-200 -600
-200 TARIFA -600
-800
-400 -600
-200 -600 -600

-200
-200 -400
CAMARINAL SILL -600
29KM -200 24KM
-400
36° 00’

-600 -600 CEUTA

-400 -200
-400 -200 -200
-200 -569
-600 SPAIN CEUTA
-200
-400 -200
-200 -600 SPAIN
TANGIER
-200

TANGIER
35° 45’

10 km

10 km
20

DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN STRAIT

Gibraltar

Ceuta

Melilla

Penon de Alhucemas
Penon de Velez de la Gomera Chafarinas Islands

0 km 40
 21

RELATIVE SIZES OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES

VS.
77, 289

29, 431
POPULATION

71, 448

>50
190
60
Both Spain and Morocco claim over
sovereignty over five territories in
the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, Me-
lilla, Penon de Alhucémas, Penon
Velez de la Gomera, and the Cha-
farinas Islands in North Africa. The
most important of these is Ceuta.
Spain claims these territories based
mainly on historical terms: right of
conquest, terra nullis principles and
longevity of occupation. 26 Spain also
argues that the territories are im-
3 km
portant for military security. All but
two territories, Ceuta and Melilla, are

Chafarinas Islands
Penon de Alhucémas
Gibraltar
Ceuta

Melilla

Penon De Velez de la Gomera

Ceded by Portugal

Peacefully occupied
Ceded by force

Ceded by the Sultan

Ceded by Spain

Occupied in reference
to Treaty of Tordesillas
under 1 sq miles in area and are only
military garrisons. As a composite of
Spanish hegemony near the Strait of
Gibraltar, these exclaves stretch the
boundary of Spain, creating a field of
hegemony over the Strait of Gibral-
tar, “pulling” Moroccan land into the
Strait, and consequently into the EU.

Morocco’s argument maintains that

Spain claims the right to Gibraltar
from the UK, therefore nullifying their
own actions against the disputes
over the 5 exclaves with Morocco.
22

STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND RESULTANT SPATIAL FIELDS

Spain | Morocco | Strait of Gibraltar Strait territory Spain’s exclaves Spain’s sovereignty creates
stretch boundary field over Strait of Gibraltar

Madrid

OVERLAP
23

“
Because of its geostrategic importance, Ceuta
remains at the epicentre of the dispute [between

“
Morocco and Spain]; the future of the other four
plazas is directly contingent of that of Ceuta.27
24

EU MIGRATION: SUB-SAHARAN MIGRATION

AND TERRITORIAL BORDER IMPLICATIONS
25

Since 1993, There have been 13,621

documented refugee deaths in Fortress
Europe. These deaths constantly re-structure
the relationship between inside and outside
of the EU, increasingly evolving the nature
of the EU’s transnational border-sphere.
26 3300

EU MIGRANT DEATHS

850

550
300

100
20
Drowning |shipwreck, river or lake|

Suicide

Lack of care |racist act|

Other|hypothermia, exhaustion, minefield

Policing

0 200 400 600 800 1000km

27

MIGRANT DEATHS AS FIELD INTENSITIES

28

INTERNAL|SUICIDE| VS. EXTERNAL |WATER CROSSING |DEATHS

29

INTERCONNECTED FIELD INTENSITIES | DEATHS AS EU BORDER RE-CONSTRUCTION

30

CEUTA AS SPACE DEFINING TRANSITION

BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY
 31

RELIGION IN AFRICA

0 2 5 10 40 60 75 85 90 95 100 90-100

Areas of Christianity Areas of Islam

85 90 95 100 % 0 2 5 10 40 60 75 85 90 95 100 % 90-100 90-100

32

SUB-SAHARAN MIGRANT ROUTES IN RELATION TO RELIGIOUS SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

2 3
1

Sub-Saharan migrant routes Concentration of routes in relation to Christian-Spain

1. The coast of Western Africa where pateras can access the Canary Islands.
2. Travel through Libya to reach the coast of Malta and Italy. The extreme dialectic between Christianity and Muslim territories is
3. Travel through Saharan dessert, Morocco, and into Ceuta or Melilla. physically manifested at the borders of Ceuta and Melilla, where literally the
Muslim territory of Morocco plays ‘host” to the Christian exclaves.
33

RELATIVE DISTANCES BETWEEN DEPARTURE CITIES

Ceuta

26

Michael Collyer describes the

“fragmented journey” that
migrants undergo as a result of
the “mismatch between policy
response to transit migration and
the social organization engaged in
Mogadishu these fragmented journeys.”28
Kampala 2,570 km
This mismatch is a result of the
spatial morphology in response to
territorially based border control
implementation as well as the
geographic difficulties of the North
African region. The paradoxical
nature of this type of border
control methodology fragments
the journeys of migrants more
increasingly. Surprisingly, this has
not mitigated migration arrivals.

Thus, border control may start as far

away from the actual border itself.
The border in Ceuta, for instance,
has become as symbolic as it is
physical even though it still a siphon
The distances migrants travel, as indicated by the furtherst points Kampala and for the emergent Sub-Saharan
Mogadishu are nearly 2,570 km from the Strait of Gibraltar. migration.
34

CEUTA AS PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT OF FORTRESS EUROPE

31
35

BORDER
CuetaCROSSING SCNEARIO
Migrant Scenario_(Boundary implications)

Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta

Migrants reach Ceuta Migrants wait outside border for 1-2 yrs. Migrants breach boundary, filters through Boundary “accepts difference”

Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta

Migrants held in Ceuta for avg. 2-4 yrs. New “border” established at Strait of Gibraltar Migrant passes away in Strait| or reaches EU Boundary extends, cycle repeats
36

REASONS FOR IMMIGRANTS TO GO THROUGH CEUTA

41.7
%

22.7
%

13.4
%

5.5% 6.2% 5.4%

3.6%
0 0.6% 0
0% 0% 0% .8% %
Ret Reli Tem Clim Edu Pol C J O L S Q F
irem g p cati itica ost of ob reas ther r ack ofearch uality amily
entious re oraryate on o l rea Life s e
ignm son job r be of lifereaso
a a fo
aso stay r tra son ent s tter ns
ns in c inin s emp
oun g loye
try men
of t t
ran
sit

2007 data Fuente: INE. Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, 2007, elab. prop.
37

PARADOXICAL MORPHOLOGY OF MIGRANTS

CHANCE OF
RETURN 29

There is a paradox inherent within

the pattern of spatial morphology
associated with migration in North
Africa. While greater systems of
territoriality based control have
TIME OF increased due to ineffectual linear
MIGRATION border control measures, they
have succeeded in increasing the

?
TERRITORIALLY MIGRATION travel time of migrants. Due to this,
BASED MIGRATION ARRIVALS a greater impetus to finish one’s
CONTROL journey because of social and
monetary pressure is the norm. In
SOCIAL territorially based migration control,
NETWORKS the more Irregular the immigration
journey becomes
through small boats

fragmented 2003
within various
2004 increase/ 2005
social
% same

networks.
Boats
People ar-
942
Most
740 -21%
paradoxically,
279 -32%

perhaps,
rested
Shipwrecks is
19176
13the
15675
fact
14
-18%
that
8% while
6361
0 more-37%
-100%

control
Deceased
People Res- is 101
established,
81 -20%
the9 migrant -83%

arrivals have are not hindered.29

cued 406 339 -17% 278 -63%
Missing peo-

FRAGMENTED ple 109 60 -45% 24

Irregular immigration through small boats
-31%

JOURNEY 2003
2003
2004 increase/
Data distributed
2004
according to place 2005 % same
of arrival
until 31/8/2005
(Nr. of boats)

Boats
Cádiz 942
130 74075 -21%
-42% 27936 -32%
-28%
People
Málaga ar- 25 32 28% 21 -5%
rested
Almería 19176101 1567589 -18%-12% 636128 -37%
-59%
Shipwrecks
Granada 13
99 14
103 8%4% 0
40 -100%
-46%

= + Time
Deceased
Ceuta 1015 81
143 -20%
2760% 942 -83%
180%
People
MelillaRes- 1 2 100% 16 1500%
cued 406 339 -17% 278 -63%
Murcia 1 1 - - -
Missing peo-

= - Time
Gran Canaria
ple 10932 6036 -45% 13% 2444 132%
-31%
Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%
Fuerteventura Data390
distributed 239 -39%
according 38 (Nr. of boats)
to place of arrival -74%
Tenerife 200313 2004 2 -85%until 31/8/2005 5 150%
Ibiza
Cádiz 130 0 75 1 100%
-42% 36 0 -100%
-28%
Málaga 25 32 28% 21 -5%
Almería 101 89 -12%
Source : Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales. Gabinete de Comunicación
28
http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/NoticiasActualidad7aeb0b3823d6ac9f28d12e30dd2d19b4.html http://
-59%
Granada 99 103
extranjeros.mtas.es/es/general/PATERAS_2003_Y_2004.pdf 4% 40 -46%
Ceuta 5 143 2760% 42 180%
Melilla 1 2 100% 16 1500%
Murcia 1 1 - - -
Gran Canaria 32 36 13% 44 132%
Lanzarote 145 17 -88% 9 -18%
Fuerteventura 390 239 -39% 38 -74%
 38

TIMELINE OF BORDER CONTROL METHODS IN CEUTA

<1999
* 2010

1999

* 2005
39

“First, the patterns of migrations to Europe are constantly changing; thus we can identify even ‘newer’ geographies of
European migration.” 30

1999 2002 2004 2005 2010

2000 2001 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009

Entire North coast Territorially based

of Africa named

*
migration control
In 1999, double “zone rouge.” places emphasis
fences were This zone had on the hinterlands
constucted in zero tolerance of of Ceuta. The line,
The Moroccan gov-

*
Ceuta and Melilla. undocumented as in the case of
ernment agrees
The high tension migrants. Territorial the wall, acts more
to place controls
steel fence had a based migration symbolically, than it
on the Mediterra-
barbed wire top. 31 control is in full did a decade ago.
nean coast . SIVE
operation.
|Integrated Sys-
tem of External Frontex established
Vigilance| is intro- as official border
duced. control agency of
the EU.

Caused migrants to Caused migration The migrant camp

move southward, shift back to Strait Bel Younes, outside
such as the Canary of Gibraltar. There Ceuta becomes

?
islands to try is an Increase in b o m b a r d e d
and enter the EU migrants to Ceuta with migrants.
there. Emphasis is and Melilla to cross Estimates of 3,000
spread from wall to Strait. migrants in the
territorial fields. summer of 2004. 32
40

BORDER PROCESS

Grant of asylum or other permit

Expulsion Illegal Residence Overstay Legal Residence

Pending
Non-Return Regularization

“A recent survey BORDER BORDER

in Morocco has Border rejection Border rejection

?
revealed that
their average duration of
Return Unathorized entry Authorized Entry
stay in the country is 2.5
years, with 25 percent

*
of them having arrived
between 4 and 12
years ago, 65 percent
between 1 and 3 years, If their national origin can be deter-
and only 10 percent mined, an expulsion process is initi-
less than a year ago.33” ated and can be detained at an in-
ternment center for up to 40 days.

In Spain, persons who are arrested on

the basis of illegal entry or residence can
be detained for a maximum of 3 days.
41

MIGRANTS SPEND ON
AVERAGE: 2-4 YEARS IN CEUTA
The migrants are subsequently
issued an expulsion order but by
Spanish law, but cannot enforce
the actual removal of people.
42

CEUTA
43

“ The contour of the Ceuta morocco border

region is not static; Although it is fixed and
well defined at the Spanish side, it is elastic on
the Moroccan side. The border region contour
varies depending on how Ceuta’s hinterland is

“
conceptualised and spatially demarcated. 34
44

What You See

45

What “Others” see

46

TANGER-MED POR
T: EMERGING WORL
D MARKET

What “others” See

 47

TANGIER MED-PORT AND PROXIMITY TO EU

2010
2015 2015+
1 in 5 container ships in the world The Tanger-Med port is on course to reach
8 million containers, 7 million passengers,
Morocco's trade with the EU is booming: exports
pass through the Strait of Gibraltar 700,000 trucks, 2 million vehicles, and 10
rose from $7.11 in 2001 to $11.3 billion in 2006,
million MT of oil products by 2015. This will while imports jumped from $11 billion to $22.4
make the Tanger-Med region a economic billion. Trade between Africa and Europe is also
force in the Mediterranean and in the world. increasing: African exports to the EU doubled
240 Vessels a day between 1999 and 2006 to $113 billion.34
150 vessels a day >
1,000 gross tonnage
73,000 a year

+150,000 JOBS Ta n g e r-
Med Port Ceuta

13 km

Tangier Free Zone of

Oued Negro

As a result of the increase of goods

between Morocco and the EU, Ceuta
is bombarded with material flows.
In Ceuta, the goods predominantly
manifest in smuggled goods, and a
large black market is present. The
border, in an economic sense, is
Free Trade zones
Railroad
constantly accepting these flows,
Highway while acting as a blocker for others.
48

CEUTA PORT AND BORDER TRADE

Border Crossings
49

€
Ceuta was a free port from 1863- >1863 1863-1956 >1956
1986 until joined the EU. Now,
it has a low-tax system within
the European Monetary System.
Items within Ceuta sell duty-free
and therefore increases tourism.
Additionally the exclave has a 50%
VAT reduction, which has prompted
industries to station themselves
near the border, in an industrial
complex called Polygonal Tarajal. 35

“We are a port city, but we really live

off the military barracks and the
stuff we smuggle into Morocco.” 36

Morocco does not allow legal cross-border trade.

However, Moroccan authorities allow it to happen
anyway. As documented by the Shenghen Agreement
of 14 June, 1985, Moroccans registered in the province
of Tetouan are allowed access into Ceuta without a visa
requirement for up to 24 hours. 37 This law is the loophole
to not only bring citizens in, but to smuggle goods across
the border.

The nearby city of Fnideq, 4 km south, has

surged from this agreement with Ceuta.
Ceutans flock to Fnideq to purchase lower
priced goods and Moroccans flock to Ceuta
to sell goods on the street. The border allows
this cross-border exchange.
50

FLOWS AND ECONOMIES

N-352 highway to Fnideq 38

51

Official border crossing into Ceuta 39

52

NO. OF PEOPLE CROSSING BORDER DAILY

Ceuta population
Moroccans

Ceutans
13, 000 30,000 77, 589

Morocco

Spain

= 500 people

* “If Ceuta is a part of Spain, then

it is intrinsically conjoined to
Morocco, both through current
social and cultural practices and
through a history of interrelation.
As such, Ceuta is also a bridge
between First World and Third.”40
53

Principle Alfonso |All Muslim slum| pop. 12,000

Polygonal Tarajal | industrial complex |

54

GDP

$1.362
SPAIN
trillion
$145.6
MOROCCO billion
55

POPULATION VS. GDP

$1.362
SPAIN
trillion
Pop:
46.5
Million

Pop:
$145.6
31.6
MOROCCO billionmillion
56

But the winds of change seem to be blowing

across the border landscape. The pattern of cross-
border trade [in Ceuta] is rapidly evolving due
to a number of factors. Mainly: gradual
commercial debordering between EU and
Morocco; free-trade agreements signed by
Morocco with the US and China; substantial
investment and infrastructural transformations
taking place in the north of Morocco.” 41
57

Same Same

42
58

CEUTA AS MOROCCAN?
59

CEUTA TIMELINE

CEUTA IS AUTONOMOUS

CEUTA FOUNDED
600 BC 42 AD

TREATY OF LISON
YEARS OF RULE 1995

CARTHAGINIANS 279
ROMANS 389
VANDALS 105
BYZANTINES 175
OMEYYADS 352 1668
INDEPENDENT 23
ALMORAVIDS 149
INDEPENDENT 3
1415
MARINIDS 6
HAFSIDS 7
MOROCCO 88
INDEPENDENT 12
PORTUGUESE 165
SPAIN 430

1031 AD

CARTHEGINIANS 279
ROMANS 389
VANDALS 105
948 CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINES 175
OMEYYADS 352
INDEPENDENT 23
ALMORAVIDS 149
INDEPENDENT 3
MARINIDS 6
550
550 ISLAM
HAFSIDS 7
MOROCCO 88
INDEPENDENT 12
PORTUGUESE 165
595 CHRISTIAN
SPAIN 430
60

POPULATIONS OF MUSLIMS IN CEUTA PER DISTRICT

1986
>50

51-200

51-200

51-200

51-200

12,000 (2010)

MUSLIM POPULATION AS ENCLAVES

There are presently approximately
27,000 Muslims living in Ceuta, which
is 40% of Ceuta’s population. 12,000
live in the slum, Principe Alfonso,
which is half of the total population of
Ceuta’s Muslim population.43It is the
first residential area one sees when
crossing from Morocco into Spain.
Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. 1986.
61

MOROCCAN PROJECTIONS

Dec 2_2010 2050

The marker of this holiday
signals a slow but improving
acceptance of the Muslim
citizens in Ceuta. The
significance of this event is a
critical step in Ceuta garnering
a supportive partnership
between the two countries,
and as a rapidly developing
economic sphere, Ceuta may
be poised to allow the exchange
of culture in a definitive way.
By 2050, Morocco’s
population will be 60%
larger than Spain’s.
Spanish | Morocco population projections

2050
1950 2000

28 million 39.9 million 31.2 million

8.9 million 29.8million 50.3 million

Source: World population Prospects: 2000 Revision (United Nations Population Division, 2001.)
62

BOUNDARY AS FIELD

44
63

“Paradoxically, together with gains salience and it suggests

the selective militarization of the prospective forging of a
Ceuta’s perimeter, the evolution
of territorial dynamics in the cross-border metropolitan
border region suggests the amalgamation between
gradual socio-economic Ceuta and its hinterland. In
amalgamation between this context, the room, as well as the
the two sides of the border. need for cross-border management
initiatives is presumably growing.” 4 5
...Thenew configuration of How can architecture utilize the
power relations between Ceuta
and Morocco (understood as the emergent territorial dynamics
new distribution of geopolitical
and geoeconomic influence between Ceuta and Morocco as
capacity between the two sides
of the border) might require
a catalyst to propose a space
the reconcezptualization of filtering that dematerializes
of cross-border political
interaction in the region. the border but simultaneously
...In this mileu, dialogue and allows for it’s presence?
co-operation between the two Ceuta is at the crossroads of not
main local political institutions only Third world and First, but
(ciudad Autonoma de Ceuta and exists as a place of limbo for the
Municipalite de Fnideq) could temporary inhabitants of the
be depicted as a potentially city. The surrounding territory
constructive management tool of is poised to have a larger say in
current border territorial dynamics. international economics, as the
Tanger-Med Port will become a
...co-operation potentialities major international player in port
cannot be detached from the handling. This catalyst , along with
extraordinary urban development the gradual acceptance of Muslim
in the border region. Urban tradition in Ceuta makes the border
continuity across the border reconceptualization critical in the
our current transnational world.
64

EXISTING SITUATION IN CEUTA: ISLAND WITHIN ISLANDS

?
65

CONNECT TO FNIDEQ WITH A FIELD

UTILIZE THE CONDITIONS THAT EXIST
 66

2 km
Ce
F
ni
ut
de
a
q

Existing situation Ceuta | Fnideq proximity

67

Extend field | dissolve boundary Cross-program

68

Build field Allow for islands to settle

69

Dissolve maritime border Re-connect built program with local conditions

70

HYBRID ZONE CREATED WHERE BOUNDARY IS DISSOLVED. FLOWS COME FROM ANY DIRECTION
71

“
FIELD CONDITIONS TREATS CONSTRAINTS AS OPPORTUNITY AND
MOVES AWAY FROM A MODERNIST ETHIC- AND AESTHETICS-
OF TRANSGRESSION. WORKING WITH AND NOT AGAINST SITE,
SOMETHING NEW IS PRODUCED BY REGISTERING THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE GIVEN....FIELD CONDITIONS ARE BOTTOM-UP PHENOMENA:

“
DEFINED NOT BY OVERARCHING GEOMETRICAL SCHEMAS BUT BY
THE INTRICATE LOCAL CONNECTIONS. FORM MATTERS, BUT NOT SO
MUCH THE FORMS OF THINGS AS THE FORMS BETWEEN THINGS. 46
72

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