Stimulation Inhibition
Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia
Stress Somatostatin
Sepsis
Trauma Free fatty acids
Beta-agonists Alpha-agonists
Acetylcholine
Cortisol
Insulin
– 15 min
Glucose menjadi lemak
glukosa disimpan dalam hepar sebagai glikogen
TETAPi
Dehydration
hypothalamic
thirst centers,
POLYDIPSIA
Side Effects of Excess Sugar
Loss of vision due to cataracts: Excessive blood
sugar chemically attaches to lens
proteins, causing cloudiness.
Anesthesia
Burn
……..
Psychological stress
Different stressors
Success → Survival
Stress → Compensation
Failure → Death
Glucagon
Catecholamine (epinephrine,
norepinephrine)
Surgical stress dan hyperglycemia
↑ glucose production
↓ glucose utilization
↓ insulin activity
Incidence of Hyperglycemia in ICU’s
More than 80 to 90% of ICU patients
memiliki blood sugar > 126 mg/dl
25
Hyperglycemia pada pasien bangsal
Prevalence: 38%
2 X Length of Stay
26
Effects dari Hyperglycemia
Menganggu fungsi immune
neutrophil function turun,
27
Manfaat kendali kadar glukosa
Menurunkan mortality
Menurunkan morbidity
Menurunkan costs of care
• Length of stay (LOS)
• Cost of inpatient complications
• Fewer re-hospitalizations
• Reduced extended care
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
Blood Product Administration
Initial
Resuscitation Mechanical Ventilation
Diagnosis
Sedation, Analgesia, and Neuromuscular
Antibiotic therapy Blockade in Sepsis
Source Control
Fluid therapy Glucose Control
Vasopressors Renal Replacement
Inotropic Therapy
Bicarbonate Therapy
Steroids
Recombinant Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis
Human Activated Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis
Protein C (rhAPC)
Limitation of Support
Glucose Control – Intensive Insulin
Mortality During Intensive In-Hospital Mortality
Care
p < 0.04 (adjusted) p = 0.01
15% 15%
10,9%
10% 10%
8,0%
7,2%
Mortality (%)
4,6%
5% 5%
0% 0%
n=783 n=765 n=783 n=765
Conventional Intensive Insulin
van den Berghe G. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359-1367.
Indikasi Insulin Therapy intravenous
Myocardial infarction
or cardiogenic shock
Consensus recommendations
Pt Population: Target glucose Rationale
[In-patients]
General medical + Fasting 90-126 ↓ mortality, LOS,
surgical pts* Random < 200 infection
Cardiac surgery* < 150 ↓ mortality +
sternal wound inf
Critically ill** < 150 ↓ mortality,
morbidity, LOS
Acute Neuro 80-140
disorders***
*ADA. **SCCM. ***AHA. Loh-Trivedi + Rothenberg, 2008
Threshold blood glucose untuk memulai
IV insulin infusion
hypoxia
dehydration
HIPOGLIKEMIA HIPERGLIKEMIA
KAD HONK
Gejala prodormal harian mingguan
Penurunan ++ +++
kesadaran
Kadar glukosa darah ++ +++
Ketone +++ 0/+
Asidemia +++ 0/+
Anion gap ++ 0/+
Osmolality ++ +++
Catatan:
1.Anion gap : ( Na + K ) – ( Cl + HCO3 ) Normal: 8 – 12 mmol / L
2.Osmolalitas plasma: 2 Na + { [Glukosa] / 18 } + { [BUN] / 2,8 } Normal: 278 - 298 mOsm / kg
KETOASIDOSIS DIABETIKUM (KAD)
Ditandai oleh 3 hal:
hiperglikemia,
hiperketonemia,
metabolik asidosis.
Ketonemia
Penurunan kesadaran.
Pada dasarnya prinsip penanganan KAD
dan HONK hampir sama.
1. terapi cairan,
3. regulasi elektrolit