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Permutation

A way, especially one of several possible variations, in which


a set or number of things can be ordered or arranged.
Permutation is an ordered combination. The number
of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is determined
by the following formula: P(n,r)=n!(n−r)!

 Example:
Suppose we have a set of three letters: A, B, and C. We might
ask how many ways we can arrange 2 letters from that set.
Each possible arrangement would be an example of
a permutation.

The Fundamental Counting Principle (also called


the counting rule) is a way to figure out the number of
outcomes in a probability problem. Basically, you multiply
the events together to get the total number of outcomes.
 Distinguishable permutations, from the name itself,
are permutations (or arrangements) that can be
distinguished from one another.

Example:
M=1, I=4, S=4, P=2 for a total of 11 letters. ... When you
simplify that ratio of factorials, you get that there are
34,650 distinguishable permutations in the word
MISSISSIPPI.

Circular Permutation. The number of ways to arrange


distinct objects along a fixed (i.e., cannot be picked up out
of the plane and turned over) circle is. The number is
instead of the usual factorial since all
cyclic permutations of objects are equivalent because
the circle can be rotated. 

Example:
In how many ways can 6 people be seated at a round
table?

Solution As discussed, the number of ways will be (6 –


1)!, or 120.
Combination

 Combination is a selection of items from a collection,


such that (unlike permutations) the order of selection does
not matter.

Example:
Combination: Choosing 3 desserts from a menu of 10.
C(10,3) = 120. Permutation: Listing your 3 favorite
desserts, in order, from a menu of 10. P(10,3) = 720.
 Probability of Compound Events

A compound event is one in which there is more than one


possible outcome.Determining the probability of
a compound event involves finding the sum of
the probabilities of the individual events and, if necessary,
removing any overlapping probabilities.

Probability - Independent Events.

In probability, two events are independent if the incidence


of one event does not affect the probability of the other
event. If the incidence of one event does affect
the probability of the other event, then the events are
dependent.

Conditional probability 

is the probability of one event occurring with some


relationship to one or more other events. For example: Event
A is that it is raining outside, and it has a 0.3 (30%) chance of
raining today. Event B is that you will need to go outside, and
that has a probability of 0.5 (50%).
Union of Intersection Of Events
The probability of the intersection of Events A and B is
denoted by P(A ∩ B). If Events A and B are mutually
exclusive, P(A ∩ B) ... The probability of
the union of Events A and B is denoted by P(A ∪ B) . If the
occurrence of Event A changes the probability of Event B,
then Events A and B are dependent.

Mutually Exclusive And Not Mutually


Exclusive Events

We're talking about a mutually exclusive event, which is


an event that cannot happen if another event occurs.
Meanwhile, a non-mutually exclusive event is an event that
can happen no matter what happens to another event.
Examples with playing cards
Let’s look at a few examples of mutual exclusivity
involving playing cards. If we have a single standard deck
of 52 cards, which of the following pairs of events are
mutually exclusive?

A) Drawing a red card or drawing a king


B) Drawing a red card or drawing a club
C) Drawing a black card or drawing a spade
D) Drawing a black card or drawing an ace

Standard playing cards. Photo by Pixabay.


The correct answer is B). Drawing a red card and
drawing a club cannot occur at the same time, because
all clubs are black; therefore, the outcomes drawing a
red card and drawing a club are mutually exclusive.
The other scenarios are not mutually exclusive, because
the two characteristics listed can occur together.
 A) a card can be both red and a king (the king of hearts or the king of diamonds)
 C) a card can be both black and a spade (all spades in the deck are black)
 D) a card can be both black and an ace (the ace of spades or the ace of clubs
UIE

A die is rolled once.Find the probability of obtaining


a. 5
b.6
c. an odd number

The probability of obtaining a 5 = 1/6 or 16.67%

the probability of obtaining a 6 = 1/6 or 16.67%

there are 3 odd numbers ie 1 ,3, 5


the probability of obtaining an odd number is 3/6 = 1/2

Since there are 3 odd numbers, the probability is 3/6


or 1/2 or 50%

3.7
PCE

The favorable outcome is rolling a five, and that can only occur
once using one die. The total number of outcomes is six, since
the die is 6-sided. So the probability of rolling a five is 1/6.

CP

Example:

Susan took two tests. The probability of her passing both


tests is 0.6. The probability of her passing the first test is
0.8. What is the probability of her passing the second test
given that she has passed the first test?

Solution:
PIE

Suppose now we consider the probability of 2 events happening.


For example, we might throw 2 dice and consider the probability
that both are 6's.

We call two events independent if the outcome of one of the


events doesn't affect the outcome of another. For example, if we
throw two dice, the probability of getting a 6 on the second die is
the same, no matter what we get with the first one- it's still 1/6.

On the other hand, suppose we have a bag containing 2 red and


2 blue balls. If we pick 2 balls out of the bag, the probability that
the second is blue depends upon what the colour of the first ball
picked was. If the first ball was blue, there will be 1 blue and 2 red
balls in the bag when we pick the second ball. So the probability
of getting a blue is 1/3. However, if the first ball was red, there will
be 1 red and 2 blue balls left so the probability the second ball is
blue is 2/3. When the probability of one event depends on
another, the events are dependent.

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