B.

COM (II YEAR HON’S) UNIT –V(N/W)

B.COM II YR (HON’S)  UNIT - V

1) Modern Communication System(Concept Only)
2) Communications-Fax-Voice and Information Services
3) Electronic Mail(Email)
4) Group Communication
5) File Exchange
6) Understanding Bandwidth
7) L.A.N(Local Area Network)
8) Architecture System
9) W.A.N(Wide Area Network)
10) Introduction to media protocols
11) Dial-up Access
12) High Bandwidth personnel connections
13) Internet
14) WWW(World Wide Web)

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INTRODUCTION : When two independent computers are easily share the data with each
other we can say that there some communication between each other by the mean of some
network device. The term Telecommunications, which includes telephony, telegraphy and
televisions means communications at a distance( tele in Greek means for Far).
DATA COMMUNICATION :
The word Data refers to Facts, Concepts and Instructions presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. In the communication the data is
represented by Binary Information Units (or bits) produced and consumed in the form of
0’s and 1’s.physical
The data communication is exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium (such as Wired Cable or Wireless ).
The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three fundamental
characteristics :
1) Delivery : The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2) Accuracy : The system must deliver data accurately. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are unsable.
3) Timeliness : The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of Video, Audio, and Voice data, Timely delivery means
delivering data as they are produced, in the same they produced, and without
significant delay. This kind of delivery is called Real-Time Transmission.
COMPONENTS :The main Components of Data communication are as follows :
1) Sender : The Sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera and so on.
2) Receiver : The Receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be computer,
workstation, telephone handset, television and so on.
3) Medium : The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. It can consists of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable,
fiber optic, laser or radio waves(terrestrial or satellite microwave).
4) Message : The message is the inform7ation(data) to be communicated. It can
consists of text, numbers, pictures, sound or video(or any combination of these).
5) Protocol : A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. It represents
an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices
may be connected but not communicating, just as a person speaking French cannot
be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.

Step1 Step1
Step2 Step2
Step3….. Step3…..

Protocol Protocol
SENDER MESSAGE RECEIVER
MEDIUM

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Fig 1. Components of Data Communication

MODEM
MODEM stands for Modulator and Demodulator. It is the device used to convert
the digital signal to the analog signal(Modulator) and back analog signal to digital
signal(Demodulator). It used for the data communication were we require the conversion of
one signal form to another form we use it.

MODERN COMMUNICATION
The device used for the communication are as follows, they are 1) FAX 2) VOICE
MAIL 3) E-MAIL 4) VIDEO CONFERENCING

1) FAX: The is also called as Facsimile machine. It is also an other type of electronic
publishing and processing system. The Fax uses the telephone system to send or receiver
the data, the fax internal has a scanner which scans the whole data on the paper which is
inserted into the Fax machine and then the internal modem converts the scanned data into
the analog signals, because the data has to travel through the telephone line.
The process of the Fax machine is very simple like this, so i want to send my
resume to a company for the interview. First i should have the Fax number of the company
which i want to send my resume, then i must call to that number and ask the person how
operates the Fax machine in the company that is he ready to receive the Fax or not, if he is
ready then i will keep my resume in my Fax machine and press start button on it. Internally
it first scans the data on the paper which i kept in the machine to send to the company then
the internal modem converts the data into the analog signals and sent to the destination Fax
machine. Now at the receiving end receives the data in the form of analog signals the
internal modem converts that signals into the original data which scan that sending Fax
machine and a paper is which present in the paper in the receiving machine, the machine
prints the data on the paper as it.
It reduce the time of the person send a message because if suppose i want to send a
letter to delhi and i am in Hyderabad(a.p) and letter, which much reach place 10
minutes of time that is not possible send it by person or by courier or by post. It can be
done by the help of the Fax machine.
Many developed and advanced countries send or receive the data through the Fax
machine.
2) Voice Mail: The voice facilitates oral communication. The device used by the Voice
mail are Telephone, Computers and Codec(Coder – Decoder). The way it works is the
sender dictates a message over the telephone. A specialized device called codec converts
the analog(voice) signal of the senders voice into a digitized message. The message is
transmitted over the network and stored in a server at the receiver’s end. A blinking light
on the receiver phone indicates that he or she has a voice message. When the receiver
chooses the digitized message is retrieved from the server, reconverted into analog form,
using a codec at the receiver end, and the receiver receives it over the phone. The
advantage of the voice mail is that the message reaches the right party even the that party is
not available.

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3) E-Mail: E-mail stands for Electronic Mail. It is used by computer to send the message or
receive the message. The device required by the E-mail are computer, modem and
telephone. The message which is send to person on the other end is storied in the electronic
mail box of the receiver. The electronic mail box is usually a file on a server. The message
can be received by the receiver when he wants to receive them. The receiver can also
forward the same message to the other friends also. Through the E-mail we send the
message which as text , picture (still and moving) like photos, movies and etc on it, we can
also send music files and etc,,,.
In E-mail system first we must have the mail-id(mailing address) of the receiver to
whom you have send a message, so we type the message and send through our mail-id.
This message is stored in the server at one place which the place where your receiver has a
mail box. When every he logs through is mail-id he can receive the message.
4) Video Conferencing : This is also an other type of electronic communication. The
device required by it are computer or monitor, telephones and modem. If the pupil or
geographical separated and wants to communicate which each by seeing them one to one
when will go for Video Conferencing. It is just like telephone conferencing(this also called
as Audio Conferencing). Here we can see the person each and communicate. Same way the
picture from the video or web cam is scanned and send to the computer or monitor, at
sending end, later the Video is converted into the analog by the use of modem. And at the
receiver end the analog signal is converted back to video signal by the help of modem and
then viewed by the receiver and same way from receiver to sender.

GROUP COMMUNICATION
The group communication means the communication network between 2 or more
persons. The is if this person are able to send or receive the message in between them then
we can say that there is some group communication between this persons. The group
communication can use the above all the device which are used for modern communication
Device like
A) Fax machine
B) Voice Mail
C) E-Mail
D) Video Conferencing

FILE EXCHANGE
The exchange of the file can done by the means of internet. The file exchange is
also called as Uploading and Downloading in the computer technology. The Uploading
means the file(s) from the sender system is send to the server at the receiving side. We now
through E-mail also we can send the message but not the file. So we require a protocol
which can send the File(s) to the receiving side. And same Downloading means Getting the
file(s) from the receiver(s) side to our computer(s) server. The uploading and downloading
depends on the system of modem we are using and type of line we have taken for the
internet purpose.

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BANDWIDTH :
Bandwidth is the channel capacity of the network that can allow the data to pass
through it. The channel capacity depends upon the several factors in which the major
concern is about the type of network that we choose. In general depending upon the
bandwidth they need to communicate the network will be choosen by considering the
channel capacity of it.

The Frequency spectrum of a signal is the collection of all component

Frequencies it contains as shown in using a frequency-domain graph. The Bandwidth
refers to the range of component Frequencies & Frequency spectrum refers to the
elements within that range. To calculate the bandwidth; subtract the lowest frequency from
the highest frequency of the range.

Amplitude

Time
1,000 5,000

Bandwidth=5,000-1,000 =4,000 Hz

Ex1: If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of
100,300,500,700 and 900 Hz, what is the bandwidth.
Sol : let fh be the highest frequency, f1 be the lowest frequency, and B be the bandwidth.
Then, B = fh – f1 = 900-100 = 800Hz.
Ex2: A signal has a bandwidth of 20 KHz. The highest frequency is 60 KHz. What is the
lowest frequency ?
Sol : Let fh be the highest frequency, f1 be the lowest frequency, and B be the bandwidth.
Then
B = fh - f1 20=60- f1 f1 = 60-20 = 40 KHz
LINE CONFIGURATION
Line Configuration refers to the way 2 or more communication devices attach to a
link. A link is the physical communication pathway that transfers data from one device to
another. It is simplest to imagine any link as a line draw between 2 points. There are 2
possible line configuration, they are

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1) Point-to-Point : It is a line-configuration provides a dedicated link between 2

devices. The entire capacity of channel is reserved for transmission between those 2
devices. The devices can be computers, workstation, 1 computer and 1
workstation , 1 main-frame and 1 workstation, 2 satellite links in point-to-point or
infrared remote control. As shown the fig

Workstation Link Workstation

or computer or computer

Fig 2: Point-to-point Line configuration

2) Multipoint : A multipoint is also called as multidrop line configuration is one
which more than 2 specific devices share a single link. In this environment, the
capacity of the channel is shared wither spatially or temporally. If several devices
can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially share line configuration. If users
must take turns it is a time shared line configuration. As shown the fig
.
Computer Computer

link
Workstation
or computer

Computer Computer

Fig 3: Multipoint Line Configuration

TRANSMISSION MODE
This Term is used to define the direction of signal flow between 2 linked devices.
There are 3 types of Transmission Modes, they are as follows : 1) Simplex 2) Half-Duplex
and 3) Full-Duplex.
1) Simplex Transmission Mode : In this mode, the communication is Unidirectional
as on a One-way street. Only one of the 2 stations on a link can transmit, the other
can only receive. As shown the fig.

Main-Frame Direction of Data -----------  Monitor

Fig 10: Simplex
Example of Simple is Keyboards & Traditional Monitors.

2) Half-Duplex Transmission Mode : In Half-Duplex mode, each station can both

transmit & receive, but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other
can only receive and vice versa. As shown in the Fig. Example of Half-Duplex is
Walkie-Talkies.

Workstation Direction of Data at Time 1--  Workstation

--- Direction of Data at Time2

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Fig 11: Half-Duplex

3) Full-Duplex Transmission Mode : In this mode, both Stations can Transmit and
Receive simultaneously. It also called as Duplex. As shown in the fig. Example of
Full Duplex is Telephone.
 Direction of Data all at Time 
Workstation Workstation

Fig 12: Full-Duplex.

CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
In today use of networks can be classified into 3 Primary Categories, they are
1) LAN , 2) WAN and 3) MAN.
1) LAN : LAN stands for Local Area Network. A LAN is usually privately owned & links
the devices in a single office, building or campus, Depending on the needs & technology
used we use LAN. Currently LAN size is limited to a few Kilometers. LAN are designed to
allow resources to be shared between P C and Workstations. The resources to be shared
include H/W(Printer,,,, etc.) S/W(Application Program) or Data. Generally in LAN when a
system gives or Storage Space is Large that is called as Server and other it called as
Clients. The resources can be shared by the whole group.
Traditionally , LAN have data rate in the 4 to 16 Mbps range. As shown in the fig

Fig 13a: Simple Building LAN

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Backbone

HUB

Fig 13b: Multiple Building LAN.

LAN TOPOLOGY
Topology: It refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logically. 2
or more devices connect to a link, 2 or more links from a topology. The topologies of a
network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links & linking devices
(usually called nodes) to each other. There are 5 Basic topologies, they are 1)Bus 2)Tree
3)Star 4)Ring 5)Mesh.
These 5 Labels describe how the devices in network are interconnected rather than
their physical arrangement.
1) BUS Topology : A Bus topology is much same as multipoint Line configuration. One
long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network as shown in the fig.
Nodes are connected to the Bus cable by Drop Lines and Tap. A Drop Line is connection
running between the device and the main cable. A Tap is a connector that either splices into
the main cable the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core. As signal
travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat.
The Advantage of the Bus topology include 1) Ease of Installation, backbone cable
can be laid along the most efficient path, then connected to the nodes by Drop lines of
various length.
The Disadvantage include1) Difficult Reconfiguration & Fault Isolation, Adding a
new devices may therefore require modification or replacement of the Backbone. In
addition to a Fault or Break in the Bus cable stops all transmission. As shown in the fig.

Computer Computer Computer

Drop Line

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Tap

Computer Computer Computer

Fig 4: BUS TOPOLOGY

2) TREE Topology : Nodes in Tree are linked to a central Hub that controls the Traffic to
the network. However, not every device plugs directly into the Central Hub. The majority
of devices connect to a Secondary Hub that is connected to the Central Hub.
The Central Hub in the Tree is an active Hub. An active hub contains a repeater,
which is a H/W device that regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out.
Repeating strengths transmissions & increases the distance a signal can travel between
sender and receiver.
The Secondary Hubs may be active or passive hubs. A passive hub provides a
simple physical connection between the attached devices.
The Advantages of Tree Topology are 1) Easy to Install & Reconfiguration 2)More
devices to be attached to a Single Central Hub & therefore increase the distance a signal
can travel between devices and 3) To Isolate and Prioritize Communications from Different
computers. As shown in the fig.

Workstation Central Hub Workstation

HUB HUB

Workstation Computer Workstation Workstation

Fig 5: TREE TOPOLOGY

3) STAR Topology : In this topology, each device has a dedicated Point-to-Point link only
to a Central Controller, usually called a HUB. The devices are not linked to each other. The
data from 1 to other device must be send first to the Hub & then from Hub to other system
in the Star Topology.
It is Advantage is 1) Less Expensive 2) It is Easy to Install & Reconfigure 3) It is
Robustness and 4) Easy Fault Identification & Fault Isolation. As shown in the fig.

Workstation Workstation

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Workstation
HUB
Workstation

Workstation

Fig 6: STAR TOPOLOGY

4) RING Topology : In this topology, each device has a dedicated Point-to-Point line
configuration only with the 2 devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring
in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Each device in the
ring incorporate a repeater.
The Advantages of Ring Topology are 1) Easy to Install and Reconfigure &
2) Fault Isolation and Disadvantages is, it is Unidirectional Traffic. As shown in the fig.
Workstation

Workstation
Workstation

Workstation
Workstation

Workstation Workstation

Workstation

Fig 7: RING TOPOLOGY

5) MESH Topology : It is also a dedicated Point-to-Point link to every other device. A
mesh offers several advantages over other network topologies. The Advantages are 1)
Dedicated Link 2) It is Robust and 3) Fault Identification & Fault Isolation. The main
Disadvantages of Mesh topology are 1) Huge amount for cabling 2) Installation &
Reconfiguration As shown in the fig.
Workstation

Workstation Workstation

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Workstation Workstation

Fig 8: MESH TOPOLOGY

Hybrid Topologies : This topologies are often networks combines several topologies as
subnetworks linked together in a larger topologies. As shown in the figure.
Star

HUB Workstation

Bus Star
HUB

Workstation Workstation Workstation

Workstation
Ring
Workstation Workstation

Workstation
Fig 9: Hybrid Topology

2) WAN : WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It provides Long-Distance transmission
of data, voice, image & video information over large geographical areas that may comprise
a country, a continent or even the whole world. WAN’s may utilize public, leased or
private communication devices, usually in combinations and can therefore span an
unlimited no of miles. WAN is not owned by a single company.

3) MAN :MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a metropolitan area network is
designed to extend over a entire city. It is bigger than LAN. The LAN into a bigger
network so that resources shared in large area.

COMMUNICATION MEDIA
In the communication in LAN or MAN or WAN use the following media or device to
communicate the data form one place to the other place. There are generally 2 types of
device like 1) Guided media and 2) is Unguided media.
1) Guided Media : This type of devices require as physical media for the communication
from one place to other place that means we can see the device. The device used for the
guided media are A) Twisted Pair Cable. B) Coaxial Cable C) Fiber Optics.
A) Twisted Pair Cable: This cable consists of Two insulated copper wires twisted together
in a helical form, this is covered by the plastic cover it. The twisting of the two wires
prevents electromagnetic interference and radiations. The bandwidth depends on the
thickness of the wire and the distance. The twisted pair cables provide a speed of few

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Mbps(Mega bits per second). The cost of the twisted pair cable is low. The twisted pair
cable can be either be shielded or unshielded
B) Coaxial Cable: A coaxial cable consists of copper wire surrounded by an insulation and
over the insulation a copper wire mesh is wrapped and then it is covered by a plastic cover
over it. This forms an electric shield around the main copper wire and reduces the
electromagnetic interference. The cost of coaxial cable is high then twisted pair cable. The
rate of data transfer is fast in it. The central copper wire carries the data while the braided
outer conductor prevents the electrical disturbances. The coaxial cable is generally used for
the cable TV network. The coaxial cable are two types they are a) Baseband Coaxial cable
b) Broadband Coaxial Cable.
C) Fiber Optics: The fiber optics are very thin tubes made of glass or plastic(mostly
silica). The diameter of a glass fiber is very small. Fiber optic cables transmit light
pulses from the light source to the detector. Presence of light indicates a 1 bit and the
absence of light indicates a 0 bit. Such a system is known as an optical transmission.
Transmission of data through fiber optic cables is very fast and most importantly is
unaffected by electrical interference’s. The cost of fiber optic is costly then above two
devices but the rate of data transfer is very fast when compared to above two devices.
2) UnGuided Media : This is media which have no physical connection between two
device which communicate with each other. The communication device are A) Micorwave
B) Satellite
A) Microwave : When we want to communicate between 2 place which are at long
distance apart there is thick forest it would be problem to lay the cable through it. In this
situation we can set to two straight antenna to each other, and then communicate through it.
Microwave signals are weather and frequencies dependent. Hence the atmospheric
topology of the region has to be taken into account while transmitting the signal.
Data transmission using microwave signals is much more expensive due to the cost
of satellites but the error rate is much lower than that of fiber optics.
B) Satellite Links :The communication through satellites is by using radio and TV waves,
which are generally used for broadcast purpose. The satellite is used for the long distance
communication media .

PROTOCOLS
Protocols : A protocol is a set of rules for communication between similar process. A
protocol is a logical concept only. The protocol are rules and conventions governing the
exchange of information between computers, defined to provide reliable and efficient
transfer of information. The possible methods of passing messages between the computers
is enormous. The following are specific communication protocols of interest for LAN.
A) Contention
i) simple contention ii) Carrier Sense Multiple Access(CSMA)
iii) Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
iv) Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
So both system must have a Protocol. A protocol defines 1) What is
communicated , 2) How it is communicated and 3) When it is communicated. The key
Element of protocol are 1)Syntax, 2) Semantics and 3) Timing
1) Syntax : It refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which
they are presented.

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Ex : Format may have First 8 bit of data to be address of the sender, the Second 8
bit of data to be address of the receiver and the rest of the stream to be the message
itself.
2) Semantics : It refers to the meaning of each section of Bits. How is a particular
pattern to be interpreted and what action is to be taken on that interpretation.
Timing : It refers to 2 characteristics they are a) When data should be sent & b)
How fast it can be sent

Standards Creation Committees :

Some of the Standards that are used for Data and Telecommunications as follows:
1) I S O : ISO stands for International Standards Organization. It is a multinational
body whose membership is drawn mainly from the standards creation committees
of various governments throughout the world. It started in 1947, a voluntary
organization dedicates to worldwide agreement on International Standards.
Currently it has 82 industrialized nations. It’s main aim to develop Scientific
Technology and Economic activity. In this for network communications, we use
O S I (Open Systems Interconnections) model.

Layered Architecture :
The O S I model is built of Seven Ordered Layers 1) Physical 2) Data-Link 3)
Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application. Each Layer defines a
family of functions distinct from those of the other layers.
The way to remember the 7 layers of the O S I model is that is Layer 1 to Layer7
the key word is Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator the other way to remember this
layer that is form Layer 7 to Layer 1, the Key word is Andhra Pradesh State Transport and
National Data–link Program.

INTERNET

Internet is the name for a vast, worldwide system consisting of people, information,
and computers. It is so huge and complex that it is beyond the comprehension of a single
human being.

The roots of the internet lie on a project called the ARPANET, which was
sponsored by the United States department of defense-Advanced Research Projects
Agency(ARPA). The department of defense was interested in building a network that could
maintain itself under adverse conditions.

In general network is simply 2 or more computer connected together with or

without physical connection between them, and able to communicate the data between
themselves then we can say that there some network connection between them.

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We already studied about network in early like LAN and WAN. The internet is
connected through the WAN, that means the telephones are the main device which is used
for the communication of the data from one place to another place.

In general internet is populated by two types of computer. One is called as client

and other is called as server. The program which resides in the client are called as client
programming or programmes. And the program which reside in the server are called as
server programming or programmes. The client side request for the services of internet
which are storied at one place in the server. This request is send through the telephone or
coaxial cable or fiber optics or through satellite or microwave to the server, seeing this
server send the response to the request which the clients wants the data.

The computer which supports the internet is also called as “HOST”. The protocol
which is general support internet is TCP/IP(stands for Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol). The TCP/IP ensure that the different types of computers can work
together, programmers write their programmes using standard Protocols.

The data in the internet is send in small packages which is called as PACKETS. The
data which we want to send through the E-mail will send to the other person in the form of
Packets, this is work of TCP to divide the data in to small packets and transmit over the
network. Each packet has sequence number, the address of the recipient, and address of the
sender, it also inserts some error control information in the packet. Send the packet through
the network is of IP.

So internet is also called as network or networks it is also called as network of

cooperating organizations and companies. The internet is a symbol of how computers
around the world are connected together. It is the rule of protocols and operating systems
and its purpose is to transport data.

The address in the internet is called as URL stand Uniform Resource Locater,
which simply an address of a document on the web or more accurately, on the Internet.
Basically it has 4 parts 1)protocols 2) host name 3) folder name and 4) file name for
example it is like this.

Eg : http://www.goegle.com/first/index.html.

WWW
The WWW stands for World Wide Web. The WWW gives you a graphical view of
the Internet. The web is easy to use, it is easy to create a web pages and to link them to
other web pages. The WWW uses the Internet. The WWW uses the protocol is HTTP
which is called as Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The language used by the WWW is HTML
stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

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The Hypertext explores the idea that is a electronic document, unlike paper
documents, don’t have to be static. Web browsers are applications that retrieve content in
the form of HTML form. To work with the dynamic type of the at the client side
programming is used by HTML is
1) Java Script
2) Jscript
3) VBscript
4) ActiveX
5) Java Applets
And the same the programmings used in the server side are
1) CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
2) Java Servlet
3) ISAPI (Internet Server Application Programming Interface)
4) ASP (Active Server Pages)

Important Question.
Five marks question.

1) FAX.
2) E-Mail.
3) WWW
4) What is a Internet.
5) What is the difference between LAN and WAN.
6) What is a Bandwidth.

Ten marks question

1) Explain about modern communication in detail.

2) Explain about group communication.

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3) Explain in detail about LAN and its architectures.

4) What is protocol.
5) Write a short notes on Internet.

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