Jan Christian Arguedo
BSCE IV
Kundiman
Tunay ngayong umid yaring dila't puso
Sinta'y umiilag, tuwa'y lumalayo,
Bayan palibhasa'y lupig at sumuko
Sa kapabayaan ng nagturong puno.
Datapuwa't muling sisikat ang araw,
Pilit maliligtas ang inaping bayan,
Magbabalik mandin at muling iiral
Ang ngalang Tagalog sa sandaigdigan.
Ibubuhos namin ang dugo't babaha
Matubos nga lamang ang sa amang lupa
Habang di ninilang panahong tadhana,
Sinta'y tatahimik, iidlip ang nasa.
Hymn To Talisay
Hail, Talisay,
firm and faithful,
ever forward
march elate!
You, victorious,
the elements
—land, sea and air—
shall dominate!
The sandy beach of Dapitan
and the rocks of its lofty mountain
are your throne. O sacred asylum
where I passed my childhood days!
In your valley covered with flowers
and shaded by fruitful orchards,
our minds received their formation,
both body and soul, by your grace.
We are children, children born late,
but our spirits are fresh and healthy;
strong men shall we be tomorrow
that can guard a family right.
We are children that nothing frightens,
not the waves, nor the storm, nor the
thunder;
the arm ready, the young face tranquil,
in a fix we shall know how to fight.
We ransack the sand in our frolic;
through the caves and the thickets we
ramble;
our houses are built upon rocks;
our arms reach far and wide.
No darkness, and no dark night,
that we fear, no savage tempest;
if the devil himself comes forward,
we shall catch him, dead or alive!
Talisayon, the people call us:
a great soul in a little body;
in Dapitan and all its region
Talisay has no match!
Our reservoir is unequalled;
our precipice is a deep chasm;
and when we go rowing, our bancas
no banca in the world can catch!
We study the problems of science
and the history of the nation.
We speak some three or four languages;
faith and reason we span.
Our hands can wield at the same time
the knife, the pen and the spade,
the picket, the rifle, the sword—
companions of a brave man.
Long live luxuriant Talisay!
Our voices exalt you in chorus,
clear star, dear treasure of childhood,
a childhood you guide and please.
In the struggles that await the grown man,
subject to pain and sorrow,
your memory shall be his amulet;
and your name, in the tomb, his peace.
Jan Christian Arguedo
BSCE IV
Evils of the Spanish Colonization
Encomienda System
 was a labor system instituted by the
Spanish crown in the American
colonies. In this system, a Spanish
encomendero was granted a number
of native laborers who would pay
tributes to him in exchange for his
protection.
The Tribute
 the Filipinos were compelled to
pay tribute called TRIBUTO, to the
colonial government. The tributo was
imposed as a sign of the Filipinos
loyalty to the king of Spain. ...
DIEZMOS PREDIALES or TITHESThe
diezmos prediales was a tax consisting
of one-tenth (1/10) of the produce of
ones land
The Polo (Forces Labor)
 During Spanish times, all male
Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were
forced to work for the government for
a few weeks a year. This forced labor
was called polo. At first they lasted for
40 days. But in 1884, it was reduced
to 15 days. The polistas (forced
laborers) were worked for various
public works, like building roads and
bridges, cutting timber in the forest, or
serving as sailors and soldiers in
military expeditions.
The members of the principalia (town
aristocracy) were exempt from the
polo. Only the Filipinos who are rich
enough annually paid the falla, a sum
amounting to seven pesos, in order to
be exempt from forced labor. The local
officials (former and incumbent
gobernadorcillos, cabezas de
barangay, etc.) and schoolteachers
were also exempted by law from the
polio because of their services to the
state.
Evidently, only the poor Filipinos who
had no social or political standing in
the community were made to give
forced labor. This practice greatly
contributed to the widespread Filipino
aversion to physical labor, which has
only recently been overcome by
attractive wages overseas.
The conditions for forced labor were:
 That it should be used only for
necessary public works and
constructions intended to improve the
community;
 That the workers were to be paid in
full for their work;
 That the alcaldes mayor should
consider the physical condition of each
laborer, that is, the weak should not
be overworked;
 That the laborers should not be sent to
work in distant lands;
 That the giving of service should be
timed so as not to interfere with the
planting or harvest seasons.
However, all of this was only good in
paper, the laws of forced labor were
often violated. Polistas were seldom
paid their wages. They were separated
from their families by being made to
work in distant areas. They were not
given food, as required by law; they
had to provide their own food instead.
Moreover, they were shamefully
overworked, and thousands of Filipino
laborers died at the worksites as a
result.
Bandala
 Bandala System was a system
implemented by Spanish authorities in
the Philippines that required native
Filipino farmers to sell their goods to
the government. They like it or not,
they need it or not. They have to sell
them to the government, in exchange
for a piece of paper containing a
promise to pay (promissory note). The
thing is, the government officials
doesn't have any palabra de honor
even though we inherited that trait
from them. Even with a promissory
note, they wouldn't pay the farmers in
the end.
  So, the poor farmers will someday be
needing their crops back, so that they
could survive hunger. They would buy
back their products from the
government, but the government
officials, being so greedy of money,
will set the price of the products at a
higher price, even though the farmers
sold their agricultural products to
them at a cheap price.
 When Spain began to colonize the
Philippines, the land was split into
parcels and divided among dignitaries
and distinguished officers of the
military. Parcel owners were required
to care for the native inhabitants of his
land, providing for their well-being and
protection. Within a short time, abuses
became apparent and it was
discontinued in favor of a new system
in which the natives were required to
pay taxes, or a “tribute”, to the
government.
Divide & Rule
  in politics and sociology is gaining
and maintaining power by breaking up
larger concentrations of power into
pieces that individually have less
power than the one implementing the
strategy.
 was a strategy used by the British to
weaken the Indian powers by creating
a gulf between the different
communities in India. When the
different groups of populace fought
each other and weakened themselves
they could easily be taken over by
the British
The Guardia Civil
 "Civil Guard in the Philippines" was the
branch of the Civil Guard organised
under the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines and a
component of the Spanish Army. It
was disbanded after the Spanish–
American War. After the Philippine–
American War, it was eventually
replaced by the American colonial
government under the
name Philippine Constabulary
 In the Philippines, the Guardia
Civil was introduced by the Spanish
colonial government in 1868, during
the term of Governor-General of the
Philippines Carlos María de la Torre y
Nava Cerrada.The organization began
with a size of one division or around
1,200 men. By 1880, and this size was
maintained until 1897, the Guardia
Civil in the Philippines had a size of
three divisions or more than 3,600
men. Two were stationed in Luzon and
the third in the Visayas.
Corrupt Spanish Official
 Corrupt Spanish
Officialdom Corrupt Officialdom was
another evil of the
Spanish Colonial System.
Many colonial officials became rich by
illegal means or by marrying the
heiresses of rich Filipino families.
 With few exceptions, the colonial
officials sent by Spain to the
Philippines in the 19thcentury were a
far cry from their able and dedicated
predecessor of the 16th, 17thand
18thcenturies.
 General Rafael de Izquierdo (1875-
1883)
A boastful and ruthless governor
general, aroused the anger of the
Filipinos by executing the innocent
Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora.
 Gen. Primo de Rivera
Accepted bribes from gambling casino
which he permitted to operate.
 Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891)
Cruel and corrupt received huge
bribes, gifts and diamonds from
wealthy Chinese who evaded anti-
Chinese law; persecuted Calamba
tenants particularly the family of Dr.
Jose Rizal.
Denial of Human Rights & Inequality before
the Law
 No freedom of expression
 Unequal access to legal advice,
representation and other legal
facilities, which may or may not be
written into the law, acts as a special
 restriction on the rights of certain
sections of the community.
 Spanish missionaries thought that ALL
Racial Discrimination
MEN irrespective of color and race are
children of God and as such they are
brothers, equal before God and not
before the law…not in practice.
Laws of the Indies
 are the entire body of laws issued by
the Spanish Crown for
the American and the Philippine
possessions of its empire. They
regulated social, political, religious,
and economic life in these areas. The
laws are composed of myriad decrees
issued over the centuries and the
important laws of the 16th century,
which attempted to regulate the
interactions between the settlers and
natives, such as the Laws of
Burgos (1512) and the New
Laws (1542).
 Throughout the 400 years of Spanish
presence in these parts of the world,
the laws were compiled several times,
most notably in 1680 under Charles
II in the Recopilación de las Leyes de
los Reinos de las Indias (Compilation
of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the
Indies). This became considered the
classic collection of the laws, although
later laws superseded parts of it, and
other compilations were issued.
 The Spanish attempted to control the
Natives to force their labor. At the
same time, conflicts on policy and
implementation occurred between
the encomenderos and the Crown.
Maladministration of Justice
 Court were notoriously corrupt,
Judges, fiscals and court officials-inept,
venal and oftentimes ignorant at the
law.
 Justice-coslty, partial and slow. Poor
Filipinos has no access to the court.
Frailocracy
 Dona Teodora Rizal was jailed on
flimsy ground in 1871;
 Dr. Jose Rizal was deported in July
1892 without trials;
 Paciano and several brothers-in-law
were exiled without due process
 is any discrimination against
individuals on the basis of their skin
colour, or racial or ethnic origin.
Individuals can discriminate by
refusing to do business with, socialize
with, or share resources with people
of a certain group. Governments can
discriminate in a de facto fashion or
explicitly in law, for example through
policies of racial segregation,
disparate enforcement of laws, or
disproportionate allocation of
resources. Some jurisdictions
have anti-discrimination laws which
prohibit the government or individuals
from discriminating based on race
(and sometimes other factors) in
various circumstances. Some
institutions and laws use affirmative
action to attempt to overcome or
compensate for the effects of racial
discrimination. In some cases, this is
simply enhanced recruitment of
members of underrepresented
groups; in other cases there are
firm racial quotas. Opponents of
strong remedies like quotas
characterize them as reverse
discrimination, where members of a
dominant or majority group are
discriminated against.
 Filipinos were called brown-skinned
and flat nosed Indois.
 Lack opportunities for educated
young Filipinos to rise in the service of
God and Country
 Spain introduced Christianity’s
egalitarian concept of the
BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN under
GOD THE FATHER, but Filipinos were
regarded as inferior beings
undeserving of rights enjoyed by the
Spaniards.
 A government by Friars.
 A notorious invisible government
existed in Spanish Philippines
 During the last decades of the 19th
century the Spanish friars were so
influential and powerful that they
practically ruled the Philippines.
During this period the Filipinos were
agonizing beneath the yoke of Spanish
misrule. Dr. Rizal, an eyewitness of
their sufferings, realized that if their
grievances would not be heeded by
Spain, they would, in despair, rise in
arms and fight for freedom's sake.
Early in 1890, while Rizal was in
Brussels, capital of Belgium, he
received letters from home, which
worried him.
The Calamba agrarian trouble was
getting worse. The management of the
Dominican Hacienda continually raised
the land rents until such time that
Rizal's father refused to pay his rent.
Other tenants inspired by Don
Francisco's courage, also refused to
pay their rents.
The Dominican Order filed a suit in
court to dispossess the Rizal family of
their lands in Calamba.
Meanwhile, the tenants, including the
Rizal family, were persecuted and
ejected from their lands.
Paciano and the brothers-in-law
Antonio Lopez (husband of Narcisa)
and Silvestre Ubaldo (husband of
Olympia) were deported to Mindoro.
Another brother-in-law, Manuel T.
Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) was
banished for a second time to Bohol.