IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO.

2, FEBRUARY 2010 429

Novel STATCOM Controller for Mitigating SSR and

Damping Power System Oscillations in a Series
Compensated Wind Park
Mohamed S. El-Moursi, Birgitte Bak-Jensen, Member, IEEE, and Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman, Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper addresses implementation issues associ- VSC Voltage source converter.
ated with a novel damping control algorithm for a STATCOM in WTG Wind turbine generator.
a series compensated wind park for mitigating SSR and damp- S Slip.
ing power system oscillations. The IEEE first benchmark model
on SSR is adopted with integrating aggregated self-excited induc- dIq Modulation protection.
tion generator-based wind turbine to perform the studies. The Idm Measured active current of the STATCOM.
potential occurrence and mitigation of the SSR caused by induc- Idref Reference active current of the STATCOM.
tion generator effects as well as torsional interactions, in a series Iqm Measured reactive current of the STATCOM.
compensated wind park, are investigated. The auxiliary subsyn- Iqref Reference reactive current of the STATCOM.
chronous damping control loop for the STATCOM based on a
novel design procedure of nonlinear optimization is developed to Kds Damping power coefficient.
meet the damping torque in the range of critical torsional fre- KST1 Synchronizing power coefficient of the
quencies. The intelligent shaft monitor (ISM) scheme with synthe- STATCOM.
sized special indicator signals is developed and examined in the Pe1 Active power transfer-based constant reactance
STATCOM control structure. The performances of the controllers control of static synchronous series compen-
are tested in steady-state operation and in response to system con-
tingencies, taking into account the impact of SCRs. Simulation re- sator (SSSC).
sults are presented to demonstrate the capability of the controllers Pe2 Active power transfer-based constant injected
for mitigating the SSR, damping the power system oscillation, and voltage control of SSSC.
enhancing the transient stability margin in response to different Rg Grid resistance.
SCRs. Rr Rotor resistance.
Index Terms—Damping power system oscillations, SSR mitiga- T1−2 Mechanical torque between Mass 1 and Mass 2.
tion, STATCOM, transient stability margin. Te Electromagnetic torque.
Vdm Measured quadrature voltage.
NOMENCLATURE Vqm Measured quadrature voltage.
Vt Terminal voltage of the STATCOM.
BPF Bandpass filter. Xg Grid reactance.
FRT Fault ride through. Xr Rotor reactance.
HPF High-pass filter. θ Synchronizing phase angle.
ISM Intelligent shaft monitor. ∆Vdam p1 Damping voltage signal-based rotor speed
LPF Low-pass filter. deviation.
MCCT Maximum critical clearing time. ∆Vdam p2 Damping voltage signal-based active power
PLL Phase-locked loop. deviation.
SCR Short circuit ratio. ∆ωr Generator rotor speed deviation.
SEIG Self-excited induction generator.
SSR Subsynchronous resonance.
STATCOM Static synchronous compensator. I. INTRODUCTION
N RECENT years, the large penetration of wind energy is
Manuscript received January 20, 2009; revised June 16, 2009. Current version
published February 12, 2010. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor
I considered as an effective means of power generation. Due
to the continued growth in the wind energy, power utilities’
J. H. R. Enslin.
M. S. El-Moursi is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University interests have shifted from power quality issues caused by wind
of El-Mansoura, 35516 El-Mansoura, Egypt (e-mail: mshawky@mans.edu.eg). power to potential stability problems [1]. This shift to wind
B. Bak-Jensen is with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, energy installed in large wind parks requires transmitting the
9100 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: bbj@iet.aau.dk).
M. H. Abdel-Rahman was with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg power generation through transmission systems that can sustain
University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark. He is now with the University of large power flows [2]. Series compensation is considered as an
El-Mansoura, 35516 El-Mansoura, Egypt (e-mail: mhar@iet.aau.dk). effective mean of increasing the power transfer capability of
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. the existing transmission system. However, the series capacitor
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2026650 compensation can produce a significant adverse effect such as

0885-8993/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE

430
SSR on the WTGs and thermal turbine generator units connected
to the series compensated power system [3].
Wind turbines are subjected to different mechanical modes of
vibration related to the mechanical system, such as the blades,
the shaft, the drive train, the tower, and so on [4]. For the ra-
dial connected wind parks on the end of a series compensated
transmission line, the SSR due to the induction generator ef-
fect is highly expected [5]. The energy exchange and the inter-
action between the mechanical and electrical system, coupled
through the generator, are potentially the cause of resonant con-
ditions (SSR) with a resonant-frequency below the fundamental
frequency.
This paper is focus on a STATCOM based on a new con-
troller structure. However, the STATCOM does not change the
SSR characteristics of the network significantly [6]. Therefore,
additional damping control loops are required for damping tor-
sional modes and power system oscillations. The damping con-
trol loops should be tuned to reach optimum performance to
provide positive damping in the range of torsional frequencies.
This paper investigates the SEIG-based wind turbine SSR and
the monitoring and damping of shaft torsional oscillations. The
IEEE first benchmark model on SSR is adopted for the inte-
gration of an aggregated SEIG-based wind turbine. Also the
mitigative solution for damping SSR oscillation, voltage sta-
bilization, damping the transient torques, and enhancing the
transient stability margin will be investigated in response to
different SCRs.
II. SHAFT TORSIONAL OSCILLATION MONITORING
Transient torques are those that result from system severe
disturbances. System disturbances cause sudden changes in the
network topology, resulting in sudden change in currents flows
that will tend to oscillate at the natural frequencies of the ac
network. In a transmission system without series capacitors,
these transients are always almost dc transients, which decay to
zero with a time constant that depends on the ratio of inductance
to resistance. For networks that contain series capacitors, the
transient currents will be of a form similar to (1) and will contain
one or more oscillatory frequencies that depend on the network
series capacitance as well as the inductance and resistance.
i(t) = k[A sin(ω1 + ψ1 ) + Be−ξ ω 2 t sin(ω2 t + ψ2 )] (1)
where all of the parameters in the equation are function of the
network elements except ω1 , which is the frequency of the driv-
ing voltage source. Note that even ω2 is a function of the network
elements or circuit topology. Current waveforms similar to (1)
flow in the stator winding of the generator and hence reflected
into the generator rotor via a physical process that is described
mathematically by Park’s transformation. This transformation
makes the 50 Hz component of current appear, as viewed from
the rotor, as a dc zero frequency current in the steady state,
but the currents of frequency ω2 are transformed into currents
of frequencies containing both the modulating sum (ω1 + ω2 )
and difference (ω1 − ω2 ) of the two frequencies. The difference
frequency is especially important and is called subsynchronous
frequencies. These subsynchronous currents produce their own
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010
shaft torque oscillations on the turbine generator rotor assembly
that cause the rotor to oscillate at subsynchronous frequencies.
These SSR or subsynchronous oscillations can build up resulting
in shaft twisting torques and damage.
In a simple radial RLC system, there will be only one such
natural frequency, with exactly the situation described in (1), but
in a network with many series capacitors there will be many such
subsynchronous frequencies. If any of these subsynchronous
network frequencies coincide with one of the natural modes
of the mechanical system sustained shaft torques that are quite
large might appear, since these torques are directly proportional
to the magnitude of the oscillating current. Currents due to short
circuits, therefore, can generate very large shaft torques both
when the fault is applied and also when it is cleared. In a real
power system, there may be many different subsynchronous
frequencies involved and the analysis is quite complex.
Traditional direct sensing of any torsional torque oscillation
requires the measurement of the instantaneous rotor speed and
shaft torque, which can be both noisy and very difficult to ac-
cess. Previous indirect measurement methods only use the sud-
den change in the synchronous machine air-gap torque. The
stator current provides complete information about the unstable
torsional mode of oscillation. The novel online ISM scheme is
developed to monitor the torsional modes of SSR oscillations
and can be used for damping oscillations (see Fig. 1).
The ISM scheme is developed based on the following depen-
dent equations:
α = is ∗ (sin w0 t + cos w0 t) (2)
β = is ∗ (sin w0 t − cos w0 t) (3)
β
δ= (4)
α
γ—The synthesized special indicator signals for shaft torsional
modes based on the stator current excursion patterns using (LPF,
HPF, BPF) filters.
w0 = 314 − Radians/Second.
There are applications where a particular frequencies need
to be filtered from a wider range of mixed signals. The BPF is
designed to accomplish this task by combining the properties
of LPF and HPF. Both the low-pass and high-pass sections will
always be blocking signals to some extent, and their combi-
nation makes for an attenuated (reduced amplitude) signal at
best, even at the peak of the “passband” frequency range, thus
the weighting factors are adjusted. The selected building blocks
parameters of LPF, HPF, and BPF are designed and tuned in
response to a weak power system performance. These newly
derived or synthesized signals are used to detect the shaft tor-
sional modes of oscillations and any unstable patterns based on
relevant phase portrait trajectory recognition. The ISM utilizes
the generator stator current and a novel frequency-based trans-
formation as the detection scheme and to construct synthetic
damping signals depicting any torsional patterns in the 2-D and
3-D phase portraits. The unified ac system has been simulated
by using the PSCAD/EMTDC software in order to validate the
EL-MOURSI et al.: NOVEL STATCOM CONTROLLER FOR MITIGATING SSR AND DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS
Fig. 1. ISM scheme with synthesized special indicator signals (α, β, γ, δ).
ISM and novel controllers for STATCOM for SSR damping and
torsional oscillations contour measure.
III. POWER SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The existing wind parks integrated in the electric grids utilize
several WTGs technologies of different ratings and system per-
formances. This paper considers wind parks based on SEIGs as
the majority of the wind parks employing SEIGs. Therefore, the
grid codes become a challenge for such type of wind turbines in
terms of voltage and frequency controls and FRT capabilities.
The study system is derived based on the IEEE first benchmark
model of SSR studies [7]. The system is adopted with connect-
ing a wind park based on SEIGs rated at 100 MW to the electric
grid through a fixed series compensated transmission system
431
comprising a STATCOM, as shown in Fig. 2 with the system
parameters as shown in the Appendix.
The wind park based on SEIGs requires additional substa-
tion equipments in order to meet the grid codes. The studies in
this paper are conducted with installing a STATCOM as central
compensator complemented with voltage control for enhanc-
ing the wind park performance. The STATCOM voltage control
is associated with auxiliary damping control loops for mitigat-
ing SSR, subsequent damping power system oscillations and
improving the transient stability margin of the interconnected
power system [8]–[13].
IV. CONTROLLER DESIGN OF STATCOM
Fig. 2 illustrates the STATCOM compensated radial power
systems. The STATCOM is controlled by a novel voltage
432 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 2. Wind park comprises STATCOM connected to a series compensated power system.

Fig. 3. Proposed STATCOM voltage control.

control associated with auxiliary damping control loops, as pressed as the following [16] and [17]:
shown in Fig. 3 [14]. The shunt flexible ac transmission sys-
tem (FACTS) device STATCOM resembles in many respect as VS Vm δS
Pe = sin . (5)
a synchronous compensator, but without the inertia [15]. Even XT /2 2
though the primary purpose of the STATCOM is to support the
bus voltage by injecting or absorbing reactive power, it is also The damping power control loop signal should be included
capable of improving the power system stability. It has been in phase with the rotor speed deviation ∆ωr and added to (5).
proved that the shunt FACTS device gives maximum benefit Therefore, different control algorithms can be synthesized de-
by their stabilized voltage support especially when sited at the pending on the desired type of friction. There are different pos-
midpoint of the transmission line. sible functions for the friction f (∆ωr ) that fulfill the following
general condition:
A. Synchronizing Power and Damping Power of STATCOM

>0 if ∆ωr > 0
The STATCOM compensates the power system at the mid- f (∆ωr ) : . (6)
point of transmission system. The transmitted power is ex- <0 if ∆ωr < 0
EL-MOURSI et al.: NOVEL STATCOM CONTROLLER FOR MITIGATING SSR AND DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS 433

Fig. 4. Damping control loops based on generator speed deviation and active power variation in a specified time interval.

Some of them are: reference voltage, Fig. 3. The voltage and current measurements
1) Linear friction: f (∆ωr ) = Kd ∆ωr at the 0.69 kV bus are frequently undertaken and sampled. The
2) Colombian friction: f (∆ωr ) = Kd sign(∆ω r) sampled voltage measurement is sent to the voltage control,
3) High-order polynomial friction: f (∆ωr ) = i Kd1 ∆ω i , which is compared to the reference voltage assigned for the
with i = 3, 5, 7. . . . terminal bus. The voltage error drives the voltage regulators
4) Combination of the above. (PI controller) considering the regulation slope K. The voltage
5) Similar structure to case (1)–(4), but with parameters, K control determines the reference reactive current and sends it
adaptable in accordance with the evolution of the system directly to the inner current control of the STATCOM for fast
variables. voltage response.
Once the injected friction function f (∆ω) is selected, the 1) Auxiliary Damping Control Loops: Introducing the
expression of the control law is designed using (7) based on the STATCOM controllers at an appreciate location, by itself does
control mode. The STATCOM is controlling the bus terminal not provide adequate damping, as the primary task of the con-
voltage Vt , thus the control law is ∆Vt = Kd ∆ωr . troller is to control voltage. Hence, in order to increase the
By linearizing (7) system damping, it is necessary to add additional control blocks
    with an adequate input signals.
1 VS Vt δs V S Kd δS
∆Pe = cos ∆δS + sin ∆ωr There are two damping control loops specified based on the
2 XT /2 2 XT /2 2 rotor speed deviation and the variation of active power in a
= KST1 ∆δS + Kd ∆ωr . (7) specified time interval. The two damping control loops are struc-
tured using the analytical approach for synchronizing power and
The damping loops utilize the integral time absolute error damping power, as described in Section IV. The lead-lag control
of the rotor speed and the active power. They are set by the structure is chosen for the two control loops, as shown in Fig. 4.
following objective functions: The damping control loops consists of: a gain block, a signal
 t=t s i m washout block, and a two-stage phase compensation blocks. It
J1 = (|∆ωr |) tdt (8) is preferably that the additional control signal is local to avoid
t=0
 the impact of communication time delay. The damping signal
t=t s i m
is fed through a washout control block to avoid affecting the
J2 = (|∆P |) tdt (9)
t=0 steady-state operation, and an additional lead-lag control block
is used to improve the dynamic system response. The washout
where
block performs as a HPF, which allows signals associated with
∆ωr rotor speed deviation;
oscillations to pass unchanged.
∆P active power deviation in a specified time interval.
2) Detailed and Average Model of STATCOM: The detailed
The target is to minimize the objective functions in order
model of the 6-pulse VSC STATCOM comprises a forced-
to improve the system response. Therefore, adopting the pa-
commutated converter that converts ac voltage into dc voltage or
rameters of the control loops should be tuned to achieve an
vice versa. The VSC topology that has been used is a two level
appreciated system response.
VSC. The VSC comprises six power semiconductor-switching
devices with antiparallel-connected diodes together with heat
B. STATCOM Voltage Control Structure sinks and auxiliary equipment for gating, monitoring, and grad-
The STATCOM is operated based on the voltage control to ing. The dc link is represented by a charged capacitor; the con-
regulate the terminal bus voltage Vm to follow the assigned verter produces a set of controllable three-phase output voltages
434
Fig. 5. Global control scheme of the STATCOM.
at the fundamental frequency of the ac system voltage using a
pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching technique. The PWM
inject third order of harmonics to the fundamental for enhancing
the modulation index. The STATCOM can be operated in either
capacitive or inductive mode of operation.
The average model of the STATCOM is much convenient for
the following studies in this paper, as it will speed up the simula-
tion time by factor of 20. The detailed model of the STATCOM
is modified by replacing the switching converter by a control-
lable voltage source, as shown in Fig. 2. The three-phase output
voltages from the park transformation (dq-abc) are used di-
rectly as input signal of the controllable voltage source, Fig. 5.
Thus, the PWM, VSC, and third harmonics injection are re-
moved with respect to the detailed model. The dc link voltage
control is replaced with the STATCOM active power control
loop.
The decoupled current control consists of two control loops,
which are controlling the direct, and quadrature components of
the STATCOM current. The direct component of the STATCOM
current Idref is responsible for controlling active power of the
STATCOM while the STATCOM is operating in capacitive or
inductive mode of operation.
The quadrature component of the STATCOM current Iqref
controls the reactive power exchange between the converter and
ac system. The reference direct and quadrature STATCOM cur-
rents are compared with the measured values of Id and Iq , and
the errors drive the current regulators. The output of the current
regulators is the controlling voltage signals Vd and Vq , which
are added to the feedforward signals of the direct and quadra-
ture components of the three-phase terminal voltage. For higher
performance, the voltage drop across converter inductors is also
added to the controlling voltage signals. The determined direct-
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010
and quadrature-controlling voltages are transformed from dq
frame to three-phase voltages, which are used directly to con-
trol the controllable voltage sources.
V. SSR MITIGATION IN A SERIES COMPENSATED WIND PARK
The series compensated wind park is tested in response to
the variation of series compensation by increasing the level
of series capacitive compensation from 0.18 to 0.33 pu. This
is done in the simulation at time t = 20 s. The analysis of
SSR with STATCOM associated with damping control loops
is conducted based on damping torque analysis and transient
simulation. The damping torque analysis is considered in the
design of the damping control loops. The concept of the control
design is to secure a net positive damping torque at any of the
torsional mode frequencies. Therefore, at any given oscillation
frequency of the generator rotor, the electrical torque should be
in phase with rotor speed, acting as damping torque.
The damping torque analysis is an approach to design the aux-
iliary control loops for FACTS devices. It enables the developer
to provide a robust control design upon a countermeasure for the
mitigation of the determined effects of SSR. It helps to secure
the torsional mode stability with adopted tuning parameters of
the control loops.
The proposed system observes the SSR resonance due to
torsional modes, which tends to instability, as shown in Fig. 6(a)
for the generator speed. The system comprising the STATCOM
shows superior performance for mitigating SSR, subsequent
damping power system oscillations. The STATCOM associated
with auxiliary damping control loops improves the damping
of torsional modes. The controller minimizes the peaks of the
negative torques and secures the system stability Fig. 6(b)–(d).
EL-MOURSI et al.: NOVEL STATCOM CONTROLLER FOR MITIGATING SSR AND DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS 435

Fig. 6. [(a)–(f)] SSR due to the variation of the capacitive series compensation of the series compensated wind park and mitigation, using STATCOM associated
with auxiliary damping loops.

A. Dynamic Performance of STATCOM Control
Increasing the level of capacitive series compensation boosts
the voltage at the terminal of the STATCOM. Therefore, the
STATCOM operates in inductive mode of operation to regulate
the terminal bus voltage to 1 pu, as shown in Fig. 7.
The following system measurements are undertaken for a
wind turbine, comprising a STATCOM rated at 0.7 MVAR and
the wind turbine rated at 1 MW. Then, the whole system is ag-
gregated to deliver 100 MW at full load capacity. The aggrega-
tion is carried out using unique amplification technique, which
has been developed to provide the same system identity for the
436
Fig. 7. Reference and measured voltage at the terminal bus of the connected
STATCOM.
Fig. 8. Measured active and reactive power of the single unit of the STATCOM.
electrical connection with identical transient performance scaled
up to the desired connected grid with definable SCR. The anal-
ysis is carried out based on the following operating conditions:
1) The wind park is adopted to deliver 80 MW to the trans-
mission system.
2) The electric grid is scaled up for SCR = 2 and X/R = 5.
3) The capacitive series compensation of the transmission
system is increased from 0.18 to 0.33 pu at instant t =
20 s.
4) The STATCOM voltage control is associated with the dual
damping control loops, as described in Section IV (A.1).
5) The STATCOM is installed at the terminal of the SEIG
with fixed shunt capacitor banks and operated based on
voltage control mode to regulate the terminal bus voltage
to 1 pu.
The sudden increase of the capacitive series compensation
drives the STATCOM to operate in inductive mode of operation
due to the increase of the terminal voltage compared to the ref-
erence terminal voltage. Therefore, reactive power is absorbed
from the network to regulate the terminal bus voltage to 1 pu,
as shown in Fig 7. The total reactive power drawn from the
system is 15 MVAR, taking into consideration the aggregation
with respect to 100 units; each draws 0.15 MVAR, as shown in
Fig. 8.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the inner current control signals, where
the measured active and reactive currents of the decoupled cur-
rent control follow their references and demonstrate the dynamic
performance in response to the system stimulation. The reac-
tive current is responsible for the reactive power exchange from
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010
Fig. 9. Reference and measured reactive current of the single unit of the
STATCOM controller.
Fig. 10. Reference and measured active current of the single unit of the STAT-
COM controller.
the STATCOM and the connected power system subjected to
the inductive or capacitive mode of operation. Consequently,
the active current of the STATCOM is used to control the active
power that compensates the coupling transformer and switching
converter losses.
The STATCOM associated with auxiliary damping control
loops demonstrates superior performance for mitigating the SSR
and reducing the peak negative damping at the critical torsional
mode frequency, as shown in Fig. 11, for the generator measure-
ment signals.
VI. DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF DAMPING CONTROLLERS
The damping performance of the STATCOM control algo-
rithm is evaluated in response to system disturbances such as
Torque excursion and three-phase-to-ground faults at the ter-
minal of the wind park, which is interconnected at level of
SCR = 2.
A. Torque Excursion
In this case, the damping performances of the STATCOM are
tested in response to a mechanical torque reduction of 0.5 pu
for a period of 1 s. The damping of the STATCOM in mitigating
torsional interaction is investigated, and the following signals
are examined:
1) Generator rotor speed (ωr);
2) Mechanical torque between Mass 1 and Mass 2 (T1−2 );
3) Delta mechanical speed;
4) Electrical torque (Te ).
EL-MOURSI et al.: NOVEL STATCOM CONTROLLER FOR MITIGATING SSR AND DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS
Fig. 11. SEIG measurement signals while employing the STATCOM with auxiliary damping control loops.
Fig. 12. Mechanical torque between Mass 1 and Mass 2.
The examined signals are plotted for the system without any
FACTS device and with the STATCOM. The STATCOM-based
voltage control associated with damping control loops improves
the damping of the mechanical torque between Mass 1 and
Mass 2, as shown in Figs. 12–14.
B. Performance Following Disturbances
The system of Fig. 2 is now subjected to a 3Φ fault at the
terminal of the wind park at instant t = 20 s for a duration
of 150 ms. The STATCOM is adjusted to regulate the terminal
bus voltage to 1 pu. The simulation results are compared with
the results obtained from the base case without installing the
437
Fig. 13. Delta mechanical speed for the system without dynamic compensa-
tion and STATCOM.
dynamic shunt compensation. The transient responses of the
control algorithms associated with damping control loops are
evaluated and tested in response to short circuits at SCR = 2.
The simulation results illustrate the superior performance of
the STATCOM for damping the power system oscillations, and
much faster voltage recovery compared without the STATCOM
as shown in Figs. 15 and 16, respectively. The SEIG mea-
surement signals demonstrate the effectiveness for damping
generator speed in response to the short circuits and signifi-
cantly reduce the sharp negative torque, as shown in Fig. 17(b).
438 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 14. Electrical torque for the single unit of SEIG-based wind turbine.

Fig. 17. [(a) and (b)] SEIG measurement signal for the generator speed and
torque in Mass 1–Mass 2.

Fig. 15. Active power generation of the wind park for the system without
dynamic compensation and with STATCOM associated with damping control
loops. Therefore, the transient stability margin is significantly im-
proved for the system installing a STATCOM.

VII. TRANSIENT STABILITY MARGIN ENHANCEMENT

The torque-slip analysis is used to investigate the transient
stability margin of the wind park based on the self-excited in-
duction generators. Therefore, a simplified representation of the
SEIG is used in the analysis, neglecting the stator and rotor
transients of the induction machine as demonstrated in [18].
The quasi-stationary dynamics of the machine is used as argued
in [19] to evaluate the transient stability margin of the generator.
The per phase equivalent circuit representing the SEIG is only
used to study the mechanical acceleration dynamics. However,
this simplification is not valid for the transient phenomena stud-
ies due to the stator flux and rotor flux of the machine. Fig. 18
shows the equivalent per phase circuit of the system after a fault.
The STATCOM is represented by a current source, and the gen-
erator is connected as a stiff voltage source behind a thevenin
Fig. 16. Voltage at the PCC.
impedance of the grid.
EL-MOURSI et al.: NOVEL STATCOM CONTROLLER FOR MITIGATING SSR AND DAMPING POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS 439

Fig. 18. Per phase equivalent of the SEIG with connecting STATCOM as current source.

TABLE I
MCCT OF THE APPLIED FAULT FOR THE POWER PLANT

A. System Equations With STATCOM It should be noted that critical clearing speed will not de-
The system equations with connecting a current source as a pend much on the type of disturbance, since the stability of
the induction machine depends only on the magnitudes of me-
representation of the STATCOM are developed based on the
direction of the currents, as indicated in Fig. 18. The system chanical torque and reapplied electromagnetic torque after the
equations are expressed as the following: disturbance. The mechanical equation is given by
dω
vg = v1 + (Rg + jXg )(i1 + iSTATCOM ) (10) H = Tm − Tem (ω) (16)
dt
v1
i1 = . (11) where H: the inertia constant.
RS + Req,r + j(XS + Xeq,r )
Assuming Tem = 0 during the fault and constant accelerating
Where Req,r and Xeq,r are defined by slip-dependant torque equal to Tm , the critical clearing time (CCT) can be
impedance of the parallel connection of the rotor branch and calculated directly from the critical speed and initial speed as
magnetizing reactance, as shown in Fig. 18. The STATCOM
ωcritical − ωinitial
current will be pure inductive in case of neglecting the losses. CCT3−phase ≈ H . (17)
Therefore, the STATCOM can be expressed by Tm
v1
iSTATCOM = j |iSTATCOM | . (12) B. Digital Simulation Results
|v1 |
The digital simulation is carried out in order to demonstrate
By substituting (12) and (13) in (11) the capability of the STATCOM to improve the transient stability

Rg + jXg margin of the proposed power system. Therefore, the 3Φ fault
vg = 1 + is simulated on the power system and is applied at the terminal
RS + Req,r + j(XS + Xeq,r )
 of wind park for the system shown in Fig. 2. The transient
Rg + jXg response is evaluated with and without the STATCOM. It is
+j |iSTATCOM | v1 . (13)
|v1 | essential to observe and compare the most relevant variables
Equation (12) can be solved to get v1 for a selected STATCOM of the transient stability, such as phase angle of the machine,
current and a given slip [9]. The corresponding STATCOM rotor speed, terminal voltage, and the reactive power. A very
current i1 is expressed in (12), and the per unit rotor current i2 common indicator of the transient stability of SEIG is the CCT
and Tem are given as of fault, which is defined as the maximum duration of the fault,
which will not lead to lose the synchronism of the induction
jXm generator. The transient analysis is performed for a weak power
i2 = i1 (14)
Rr /S + j(X2 + Xm ) system connection of SCR = 2. The three-phase-to-ground fault
Rr is applied at the terminal of wind park at instant t = 20 s with
Tem = |i2 |2 . (15) varying the duration time to investigate the effectiveness of the
S
440
TABLE II
POWER SYSTEM PARAMETERS
STATCOM for improving the transient stability margin. The
simulation results are concluded in Table I.
The STATCOM demonstrates much higher CCT of fault and
critical speed. The STATCOM is adopted to operate in volt-
age control mode associated with the damping control loops.
Hence, it improves the transient stability margin for the system
with STATCOM. This study provides a new approach of using
STATCOM with damping control loops for large series com-
pensated wind parks and the possibility to improve the transient
stability margin especially for a weak interconnected electric
grid.
VIII. CONCLUSION
A novel damping control scheme for the STATCOM and
(SSSC) has been proposed, designed, analyzed, and investi-
gated in this paper. The use of STATCOM for SSR mitigation
and damping power system oscillation has been treated. The
simulation results demonstrate superior performance of the con-
trollers for mitigating SSR due to the increase of the capacitive
series compensation of the series compensated wind park. The
damping torque analysis is used in the design of the damping
control loops for the STATCOM. Hence, it provides a net posi-
tive damping torque for torsional mode frequencies. Therefore,
at any given oscillation frequency of the generator rotor, the
electrical torque is in phase with rotor speed acting as damping
torque. The STATCOM demonstrated superior performance for
mitigating SSR and damping the torsional torque and power
system oscillations. The damping control scheme reduces the
peak of the negative torque and secure higher stability margin
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010
in terms of the values of the maximum clearing time of the
fault and critical rotor speed of the wind park induction gener-
ators. The simulation results provide a new approach of using
STATCOM for large series compensated wind parks, which sig-
nificantly improves the transient stability margin. The proposed
damping controller of the STATCOM mitigates the SSR added
an additional advantages of installing STATCOM that drives to
optimal cost solution of the problem of SSR.
APPENDIX
The parameters of the voltage control of the STATCOM were
selected using the offline-guided least square J0 minimization
method. The power system parameters are given in Table II.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The first author would like to thank Dr. S. El Farahaty for his
full support in this study and dedicates this contribution to him.
The study was made possible by the EU UPWIND project.
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Birgitte Bak-Jensen (M’88) received the M.Sc. de-
gree in electrical engineering, in 1986, and the Ph.D.
degree in high-voltage components in 1992, both
degrees from the Institute of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
From 1986 to 1988, she was with the Electrolux
Elmotor A/S, Aalborg, Denmark, as an Electrical De-
sign Engineer. She is currently an Associate Professor
in the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg Uni-
versity, where she has been working since August
1988. Her current research interests include model-
ing and diagnosis of electrical components, power quality, and stability in power
systems.
Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman (M’79) was born in
Egypt in 1947. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. de-
grees in electrical engineering from Cairo University,
Giza, Ezypt, in 1970 and 1975, respectively, and the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Uni-
versity of Manchester Institute of Science and Tech-
nology (UMIST), Manchester, U.K., in 1979.
Since 1987, he has been a Full Professor at the
University of El-Mansoura, El-Mansoura, Egypt. He
was involved in visiting assignments, teaching and
researching, at the University of Toronto, Canada,
the University of Windsor, Canada, the University of Cambridge, U.K., where
he was a Fellow of Churchill College, the University of Western Australia,
Australia, Doshisha University, Japan, Helsinki University of Technology,
Finland, the University of Iceland, the University of Aalborg, Denmark,
Jordan University, Jordan, and Kuwait University, Kuwait. His current research
interests include electromagnetic transients in power system networks and ma-
chines, steady-state and dynamic analysis of power systems, and the application
of artificial intelligence in power systems.
Prof. Abdel-Rahman received the John Madsen Medal for the best paper
submitted to the Institute of Engineers, Australia, in 1989, the IEEE Industry
Application Society First Prize Paper in 1988, and the IEEE Industrial and
Committee Prize Paper in 1987.

Mohamed S. El-Moursi was born in El-Mansoura,

Egypt, on July 5, 1975. He received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc degrees in electrical engineering from
El-Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt, in
1997 and 2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the University of New
Brunswick (UNB), Fredericton, Canada, in 2005.
From 1997 to 1998, he was with the Siemens Com-
pany, as a Designer Engineer for photovoltaic system.
From 1998 to 2002, he was with El-Mansoura Uni-
versity, as a Research and Teaching Assistant in the
Electrical Engineering Department, where he was involved in consultant ac-
tivities with external companies. From 2002 to 2005, he was a Research and
Teaching Assistant in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
UNB, Canada. From 2005 to 2006, he was with the McGill University, as a
Postdoctoral Fellow with the Power Electronics Group. From 2006 to 2009, he
was with Vestas as a Research and Development Engineer in the Technology
R&D, where he was involved in the Wind Power Plant Analysis Group, Arhus,
Denmark. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineer-
ing Department, El-Mansoura University. His current research interests include
electrical power system modeling, power electronics, flexible ac transmission
system (FACTS) technologies, system control, wind turbine modeling, and wind
energy integration and interconnections.
Dr. El-Moursi was awarded the Expert and Key Employee benefits in
Denmark after the assessment from Danish Innovation Counsel and recom-
mendation from Vestas Wind Systems A/S.