B.Mutiara Kinanti - 26010117120006 - Kelompok 8
B.Mutiara Kinanti - 26010117120006 - Kelompok 8
BIOEKOLOGI MOLUSKA
Disusun oleh:
TIM Pengampu dan Asisten
MK Bioekologi Moluska
DESKRIPSI SINGKAT MATA KULIAH : Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman kepada mahasiswa bahwa ilmu Bioekologi Moluska adalah aplikasi ilmu
Biologi dan ilmu Perikanan. Dengan demikian pengajaran Bioekologi Moluska lebih spesifik ditujukan agar mahasiswa
mendapatkan dasar dan persepsi yang mapan mengenai berbagai fungsi ekologis maupun ekonomis penting sebuah
kelompok besar organisme tak bertulang belakang; khususnya ditinjau dari segi interaksi antara fungsional biologi
organisme terhadap fungsi ekologinya.
STANDAR KOMPETENSI MATA KULIAH : Setelah menyelesaikan praktikum mata kuliah ini mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan dengan benar interaksi antara
fungsi biologi organisme terhadap fungsi ekologi Moluska di alam.
Grup: 8
MODUL I: GASTROPODA
TOPIK 1 : Morfologi dan Anatomi Tgl: 13 MARET 2020
Tujuan
1. Mengenali berbagai jenis/spesies Gastropoda baik darat, payau maupun laut melalui
karakteristik morfologi, bentuk cangkang, warna, ukuran dll.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Menjelaskan morfologi masing-masing jenis Gastropoda
2. Menjelaskan anatomi masing-masing jenis Gastropoda
Gambar 1. Karakteristik umum bagian cangkang Gastropoda
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Gastropoda yang bentuknya utuh agar dapat diukur morfometrinya
(jika memungkinkan disediakan variasi berbagai ukuran).
b. Alat
1. Jangka sorong/kaliper geser
2. Kaca pembesar
3. Busur derajat
4. Alat tulis dan buku gambar
5. Alat pembersih cangkang untuk membebaskan dari epifauna yang melekat
6. Nampan parafin
7. Benang jahit
8. Jarum
c. Metoda
1. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
2. Mengidentifikasi setiap spesies yang disediakan dengan mengamati bentuk cangkang
(apakah mengulir dexter atau sinister), mengamati karakteristik periostrakum, mengukur
panjang dan lebar cangkang serta apertura, bentuk apertura, jumlah dan tipe gigi pada
apertura, tipe operkulum, tipe akresi (penambahan) cangkang, tipe protokonka, dll
3. Melihat pecahan cangkang vertikal Gastropoda pada mikroskop (bila preparat tersedia)
4. Menyusun laporan praktikum dengan mempelajari ekologi Gastropoda berdasarkan
referensi yang ada.
5. Cara menghitung lingkar pertumbuhan cangkang & tipe protokonka Gastropoda
Protoconcha adalah gelung apex, khususnya yang berbatas jelas terhadap gelung-gelung
berikutnya. Pada Gastropoda darat, protoconcha dibentuk selagi masih dalam telur.
6. Letakkan cangkang dengan bantuan malam sehingga apex dapat diamati dengan kaca
pembesar. Gambar dan tentukan jumlah lingkar pertumbuhan cangkang itu dan amati
tipe/bentuk protoconha-nya
Hasil Pengukuran
Tabel
Hasil Pengukuran Morfometri Gastropoda di Laboratorium PSDIL pada tanggal 13 Maret 2020
pukul 14.30 WIB
Pengukuran
No Genus Morfometri (mm) Ciri-ciri morfologi
panjang lebar
Berwarna cream kecokelatan, tipe
1 Conus sp. 45 26 protokonka obtuse conical, bukaan
cangkang dextral
2 Pila ampulacea 43 35 Berwarna cokelat kehitaman, tipe
protokonka calareous, bukaan cangkang
dextral, bentuk cangkang membulat,
Pengukuran
No Genus Morfometri (mm) Ciri-ciri morfologi
panjang lebar
tekstur halus
Warna cream keabuan, tipe protokonka
3 Nassarius dorsatus 39 20
obtuse conical, bukaan cangkang dextral
Warna cream, tipe protokonka obtuse
4 Strombus mutabilis 50 41
conical, bukaan cangkang dextral
Warna putih kekuningan, tipe
protokonka mamilate, bukaan cangkang
5 Rhinoclavis vertagus 52 21 dextral, bentuk cangkang kerucut
memanjang dan tebal, tekstur
bergelombang dan halus.
Warna cream kecokelatan, tipe
6 Strombus labiatus 46 31 protokonka obtuse conical, bukaan
cangkang dextral.
Pembahasan: (perbedaan morfologi pada tiap jenis)
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa Conus sp.
Mwmiliki panjang 45mm dengan lebar 26 mm. Berwarna cream kecokelatan, memiliki
bentuk protokonka obtuse conical, dan bukaan cangkang dextral. Conus sp merupakan biota
yang aktif pada malam hari sedangkan pada siang hari biota ini biasanya bersembunyi di
bawah batuan maupun koral atau membenamkan dirinya ke dalam pasir. Mangsa
alami Conus terdiri dari ikan-ikan berukuran kecil, gastropoda, pelecypoda, octopus dan
polychaeta. Cangkangnya berbentuk konus atau kerucut yaitu bagian pangkal cangkang
(posterior) lebih lebar daripada bagian ujung cangkang (anterior). Pola warna dan bentuk
keong konus sangat bervariasi dan dijadikan sebagai karakter dalam identifikasi. Kecerahan
warna dari keong konus dapat dipengaruhi oleh habitatnya. Menurut Ishak (2018) bahwa
bentuk cangkang dari keong konus secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa tipe, yaitu
tumpul (conical), datar (abconical), meruncing (biconical) dan runcing (turbinate),
Conus umumnya memiliki cangkang yang ditutupi oleh lapisan berupa jaringan tipis disebut
periostracum. Pada beberapa spesies, lapisan ini berwarna kuning terang atau transparan
sehingga memungkinkan pola cangkang dapat terlihat jelas. Hal inilah yang
menjadikan Conus memiliki berbagai macam pola cangkang dan warna yang menarik.
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan hasil bahwa Pila
ampullacea memiiki panjang 43 mm dengan lebar 35 mm. Cangkangnya berwarna cokelat
kehitaman, tipe protokonka calareous, bukaan cangkang dextral, Bentuk cangkang dari Pila
ampullacea adalah globose hal ini dapat dilihat dari bentuknya yang membundar, cangkang
ini memiliki fungsi untuk melindung tubuh yang lunak. Sedangkan untuk tekstur permukaan
cangkang halus, tidak terdapat guratan – guratan kasar disekitar cangkang. Ciri-ciri keong
sawah (P. ampullacea) secara garis besar adalah sebagai berikut: cangkangnya berbentuk
bulat mencapai tinggi lebih dari 10 cm, berwarna kekuningan. Pada mulut cangkang keong
sawah terdapat operculum yang bentuknya bulat berwarna coklat kehitaman pada baian
luarnya dan coklat kekuningan pada bagian dalamnya. Pada bagian kepala terdapat dua
buah tentakel sepasang terletak dekat dengan mata lebih panjang dari pada dekat mulut.
Kaki lebar berbentuk segitiga dan mengecil pada bagian belakangnya, mereka dapat hidup
pada perairan yang deras dengan komponen utama tumbuhan air dan bangkai. Hal ini
diperkuat oleh Ng et al (2014), menyatakan cangkang Pila ampullacea memiliki puncak yang
lebih rendah dan biasanya berbentuk kerucut terbalik, dan juga terlihat bulat (globose).
Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran dan identifikasi morfologi yang telah dilakukan, hasil
yang didapat yaitu Strombus labiatus memiliki ukuran panjang 46 mm dan 31 mm.
Strombus labiatus termasuk ke dalam famili Strombidae. Selanjutnya Warna cream
kecokelatan, tipe protokonka obtuse conical, bukaan cangkang dextral. Famili Strombidae
memiliki cangkang tebal dan padat, dengan body whorl relatif besar dan bentuknya variabel.
Periostrakum sebagian besar tipis dan beludru. Operculum tebal. Habitat di daerah tropis,
subtropis, di perairan dangkal, berpasir, berlumpur atau puing-puing dasar laut. Spesies
yang diteliti yaitu Strombus labiatus. Strombus labiatus panjang antara 2 – 4 cm dengan
bentuk cangkang pendek dan memiliki warna dominan putih dan hitam. Spesies ini memiliki
apeks yang runcing dengan lekuk sifon yang agak lebar serta permukaan cangkang yang
kasar bertonjolan. Hal ini diperkuat oleh Ishak et al (2018)., yang menyatakan bahwa tipe
cangkang sinistral, dan arah putaran cangkang concentric. Jenis ini memiliki motif cangkang
berwarna krem kecoklatan, bentuk persegi tiga permukaan cangkang kasar dengan
ujungnya menonjol.
Grup: 8
MODUL I: GASTROPODA
TOPIK 2 : Identifikasi
Tujuan
1. Mengenali berbagai jenis/spesies Gastropoda baik darat, payau maupun laut melalui
karakteristik morfologi, bentuk cangkang, warna, ukuran dll melalui metode
identifikasi.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Mengidentifikasi berbagai jens/spesies Gastropoda
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Gastropoda yang bentuknya utuh agar dapat diidentifikasi dengan
benar (jika memungkinkan disediakan variasi berbagai ukuran).
b. Alat
1. Jangka sorong/kaliper geser
2. Kaca pembesar
3. Busur derajat
4. Alat tulis dan buku gambar
5. Alat pembersih cangkang untuk membebaskan dari epifauna yang melekat
6. Nampan parafin
7. Buku identifikasi Gastropoda.
c. Metoda
1. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
2. Mengidentifikasi setiap spesies yang disediakan dengan mengamati bentuk cangkang
(apakah mengulir dexter atau sinister), mengamati karakteristik periostrakum, mengukur
panjang dan lebar cangkang serta apertura, bentuk apertura, jumlah dan tipe gigi pada
apertura, tipe operkulum, tipe akresi (penambahan) cangkang, tipe protokonka, dll
3. Melihat pecahan cangkang vertikal Gastropoda pada mikroskop (bila preparat tersedia)
4. Menyusun laporan praktikum dengan mempelajari ekologi Gastropoda berdasarkan
referensi yang ada.
5. Cara menghitung lingkar pertumbuhan cangkang & tipe protokonka Gastropoda
Protoconcha adalah gelung apex, khususnya yang berbatas jelas terhadap gelung-gelung
berikutnya. Pada Gastropoda darat, protoconcha dibentuk selagi masih dalam telur.
Letakkan cangkang dengan bantuan malam sehingga apex dapat diamati dengan kaca
pembesar. Gambar dan tentukan jumlah lingkar pertumbuhan cangkang itu dan amati
tipe/bentuk protoconha-nya.
: Mollusca
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Neogastropoda
Ordo
:
Sub Ordo
: Conidae
Famili
:
Sub Famili
: Conus
Genus
: Conus sp.
Spesies
: Mollusca
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Architaenioglossa
Ordo
: Orthogastropoda
Sub Ordo
: Ampularidae
Famili
: Amupllarioidea
Sub Famili
: Pila
Genus
: Pila ampullacea
Spesies
Spesies: Nassarius dorsatus
: Moluska
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Neogastropoda
Ordo
:
Sub Ordo
: Nassariidae
Famili
: Nassariinae
Sub Famili
: Nassarius
Genus
: Nassarius dorsatus
Spesies
: Mollusca
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Littorinimorpha
Ordo
: Stromboidea
Sub Ordo
: Strombidae
Famili
: Strombidae
Sub Famili
: Strombus
Genus
: Strombus mutabilis
Spesies
Spesies: Rhinoclavis vertagus
: Mollusca
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Ordo
: Ceriithoidea
Sub Ordo
: Cerothiidae
Famili
: Cerithinae
Sub Famili
: Rhinoclavis
Genus
: Rhinoclavis vertagus
Spesies
: Mollusca
Filum
: Gastropoda
Kelas
: Caenogastropoda
Sub Kelas
: Littorinimorpha
Ordo
: Stromboidea
Sub Ordo
: Strombidae
Famili
: Strombidae
Sub Famili
: Strombus
Genus
: Strombus labiatus
Spesies
Kesimpulan dan Saran
a. Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilaksanakan kesimpulan yang dapat diberikan
yaitu Conus sp. berwarna cream kecoklatan, tipe protokonka conical, bukaan cangkang
dextral, bentuk cangkang obconical, tekstur cangkang halus, memiliki panjang 45 mm
dan lebar 26 mm. Pila ampullaceal berwarna coklat kehitaman, tipe protokonka conical,
bukaan cangkang dextral, bentuk cangkang globose, tekstur cangkang halus, memiliki
panjang 43 mm dan lebar 35 mm. Selanjutnya Nassarius dorsatus berwarna abu cream,
tipe protokonka conical, bukaan cangkang dextral, bentuk cangkang trochoid, tekstur
cangkang halus dengan guratan, memiliki panjang 39 mm dan lebar 20 mm. Spesies
Strombus mutabilis berwarna cream cerah, tipe protokonka obtus conical, bukaan
cangkang dextral, bentuk cangkang biconical, tekstur cangkang halus, memiliki panjang
50 mm dan lebar 41 mm. Kemudian Rhinoclavis vertagus berwarna putih kekuningan,
tipe protokonka conical, bukaan cangkang dextral, bentuk cangkang turreted/
terebriforms, tekstur cangkang halus dengan guratan, memiliki panjang 52 mm dan
lebar 21 mm. Terakhir adalah spesies Strombus labiatus berwarna cream kecoklatan,
tipe protokonka obtus conical, bukaan cangkang dextral, bentuk cangkang fusiform,
tekstur cangkang kasar , memiliki panjang 52 mm dan lebar 21 mm.
b. Saran
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilaksanakan dapat diberikan saran :
1. Sebaiknya sectio yang digunakan sudah disesuaikan dengan jumlah kelompok agar
menghemat waktu
2. Sebaiknya mensectio spesies dilakukan oleh semua praktikan agar lebih memahami
3. Sebaiknya saat melakukan identifikasi lebih kondusif lagi
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ng, Ting Hui., S. K. Tan dan M. E. Y Low. 2014. Singapore Mollusca : 7 The Familiy
Ampullariidae (Gastropda: Caenogastropda: Ampullarioidea). Nature in Singapore . 7 :
31-47.
Lampiran 1. Dokumentasi
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Pila ampullacea di antaranya :
1. Karakteristik:
a. Cangkang berbentuk bulat atau oval kerucuk
b. Struktur luar cangkang halus dan mengkilap
c. Bukaan cangkang besar setengah lingkaran
d. Tidak terdapat saluran siphonal
e. Umbilicus terbuka atau tertutup, kadang-kadang dengan tulang rusuk internal (= funicle)
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Conus sp. di antaranya :
1. Karakteristik:
a. Ukuran cangkang sedang dengan anterior yang sempit, berbentuk kerucut
b. Apex cukup rendah
c. Bukaan cangkang sangat panjang dan sempit
d. Outerlip tipis dan halus
e. Innerlip bagian dalam tanpa kalus dan lipatan
f. Operculum corneous cukup kecil
Spesies : Nassarius dorsatus
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Nassarius dorsatus di antaranya :
1. Karakteristik:
a. Cangkang membulat di bagian body whorl dengan puncak yang mengerucut
b. Bukaan Aperture kecil dan berbentuk bulat tidak beraturan
c. Outerlip terkadang menebal
d. Innerlip halus dan agak bergerigi
e. Operculum corneous, lebih kecil dari aperture
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Strombus canarium di antaranya :
1. Karakteristik Cangkang:
a. Cangkang berbentuk pir hingga fusiform, dengan bentuk body whorl melebar
b. Lapisan luar cangkang seperti melingkar/memutar, dengan periostrakum yang tebal
c. Bukaan cangkang besar dan bulat telur yang kemudian menyempit ke arah anterior
d. Kanal siphonal terbuka, pendek hingga panjang
Spesies : Rhinoclavis vertagus
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Rhinoclavis vertagus di antaranya:
1. Karakteristik :
a. Ukuran cangkang medium, keras, berbentuk fusiform;
b. Uliran menggembung;
c. Aperture berbentuk obliquely ovate (miring bulat telur) warna putih;
d. Outer lip halus, agak tipis dan melengkung;
e. Inner lip tebal
f. Warna cangkang umumnya putih terang sampai kuning kecoklatan dengan tanda kepucatan
di bawah suture.
Asli Internet
Penjelasan
Berdasarkan FAO, ciri-ciri spesies Strombus labiatus di antaranya:
1. Karakteristik :
a. Cangkang bervariasi bentuknya seperti fusiform
b. Tekstur cangkang terluar mengkilap dan berwarna cerah
c. Bukaan cangkang panjang, dengan kanal siphonal pendek dan lebar di depan
d. Inner lip memilki lipatan yang kuat dan miring, terletak dibagian belakang poster
124365
7
Genus:...................................... 8
Anatomi Genus :........................
Keterangan :
1. Mouth
2. Cephalic tentacle
3. Penis
4. Apex
9 5. Mantle skirt
6. Eye
10 7. Foot
8. Labial tentacle
11 9. Lung
10. Testis
11. Digestive ceccum
12 12. Kidney
13. Penis sheath
13
Grup: ......................................
Tujuan
1. Mengetahui habitat dan ekologi masing-masing jenis (data primer/sekunder/pustaka)
serta pengaruh timbal-baliknya terhadap lingkungan.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Menjelaskan habitat masing-masing jenis Gastropoda
2. Menjelaskan ekologi masing-masing jenis Gastropoda
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1.Sampel berbagai jenis Gastropoda
b. Alat
1. Buku Identifikasi Gastropoda
2. Jurnal atau referensi mengenai habitat dan ekologi berbagai jenis Gastropoda
c. Metoda
1. Mengetahui jenis Gastropoda berdasarkan hasil identifiasi
2. Mencari referensi mengenai habitat dan ekologi berdasarkan jenis yang diperoleh
3. Menjelaskan hasil yang telah diperoleh pada bagian pembahasan
Pembahasan
a. Analisis
1. Bahaslah kondisi ekologi habitat Gastropoda serta pengaruhnya terhadap kebutuhan dasar biologi
(misalnya: substrat dasar, salinitas jika berasal dari kawasan air payau/zona ekoton atau laut,
suhu, serta distribusi bahari secara vertikal) dengan mengacu pada habitat asal Gastropoda
tersebut. Apakah genus tersebut memiliki nilai ekonomis penting (positif/negatif)? Atas alasan
apa?
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c. Pustaka
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Tujuan
Mengenali berbagai spesies Bivalvia baik laut maupun air tawar melalui berbagai tanda/morfologi bentuk
cangkang, letak organ jaringan lunak, warna, ukuran, dll.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan morfologi masing-masing spesies yang diamati.
Gambar 1. Istilah teknis untuk pengukuran morfometri cangkang Bivalvia.
Sumber: FAO, 2002
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Bivalvia yang sedapat mungkin hidup, atau bila sudah mati, bentuknya atau
bentuk cangkangnya masih utuh/lengkap, sehingga memungkinkan diidentifikasi secara benar.
Sepanjang tersedia, koleksi spesimen disiapkan dari berbagai ukuran.
b. Alat
1. Mikroskop
2. Kaca pembesar
3. Gelas benda dan gelas penutup
4. Dissecting set
5. Jangka sorong
6. Alat tulis dan buku gambar
7. Alat pembersih cangkang/pisau tumpul untuk membersihkan epifauna yang menempel
8. Buku identifikasi Bivalvia.
c. Metoda
1. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
2. Membersihkan cangkang bila terdapat epifauna, dilakukan berhati-hati agar tidak merusak
periostrakum
3. Mengamati dan menggambar bentuk cangkang sedapat mungkin sesuai dengan aslinya
4. Mengamati lingkaran pertumbuhan di sekitar umbo, mengukur panjang, lebar dan tebal cangkang
5. Membuka cangkang dengan memotong musculus adductor menggunakan pisau untuk dapat
mengamati organ dalam/jaringan lunak Bivalvia tersebut
6. Mengamati dan menggambar bagian dalam cangkang (tipe perlekatan cangkang, bentuk dan warna
ligament, bentuk-bentuk tonjolan perlekatan kedua keping cangkang, pallial line dsb)
7. Menyiapkan laporan praktikum dengan mempelajari ekologi spesimen berdasarkan referensi.
Hasil Identifikasi
Tabel 1. ......................................................................................................................................
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Jumlah lingkaran
Pengukuran Morfometri (mm) Ketebalan
No Genus/Spesies cangkang dimulai
cangkang (mm)
dari sekitar umbo
Panjang Lebar Tebal
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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Nilai:..........................tanggal:..................................................
Tujuan
1. Mengenali berbagai spesies Bivalvia baik laut maupun air tawar melalui berbagai tanda/morfologi bentuk
cangkang, letak organ jaringan lunak, warna, ukuran, dll.
2. Mengetahui habitat masing-masing spesies serta interaksi lingkungan terhadapnya.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Menjelaskan morfologi masing-masing spesies yang diamati.
2. Memahami habitat asal spesies tersebut serta fungsi/interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
Gambar 2. Morfologi dan Anatomi Bivalvia.
Sumber: FAO, 2002
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Bivalvia yang sedapat mungkin hidup, atau bila sudah mati, bentuknya atau bentuk
cangkangnya masih utuh/lengkap, sehingga memungkinkan diidentifikasi secara benar. Sepanjang tersedia,
koleksi spesimen disiapkan dari berbagai ukuran.
b. Alat
1. Alat tulis dan buku gambar
2. Alat pembersih cangkang/pisau tumpul untuk membersihkan epifauna yang menempel
3. Buku identifikasi Bivalvia.
c. Metoda
1. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
2. Membersihkan cangkang bila terdapat epifauna, dilakukan berhati-hati agar tidak merusak periostrakum
3. Mengamati dan menggambar bentuk cangkang sedapat mungkin sesuai dengan aslinya
4. Mengamati dan menggambar bagian dalam cangkang (tipe perlekatan cangkang, bentuk dan warna
ligament, bentuk-bentuk tonjolan perlekatan kedua keping cangkang, pallial line dsb)
5. Membandingkan dengan buku identifikasi
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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Nilai:..........................tanggal:..................................................
Gambar 1. Kerang Hijau melekat pada substrat dengan benang – benang (Davis,1986)
Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kehidupan bivalvia adalah suhu dan salintias. Kedua faktor tersebut
dapat mempengaruhi dalam proses kehidupan bivalvia seperti pemijahan, fase larva, perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan. Bivalvia memiliki tingkat toleransi terhadap suhu, salinitas dan pH.
Secara ekologis, jenis Pelecypoda penghuni kawasan hutan mangrove memiliki peranan yang besar dalam
kaitannya dengan rantai makanan di kawasan hutan mangrove, karena disamping sebagai pemangsa detritus,
pelecypoda berperan dalam proses dekomposisi serasah dan mineralisasi materi organik yang bersifat
herbivor dan detrivor. Pelecypoda sangat baik mengakumulasi polutan sehingga digunakkan sebagai
biomonitor polusi.
Tujuan
Mengetahui habitat masing-masing spesies serta interaksi lingkungan terhadapnya.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu memahami habitat asal spesies tersebut serta fungsi/interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
1. Bahaslah kondisi ekologi habitat genus yang Saudara amati serta pengaruhnya terhadap proses biologi
genus tersebut; misalnya jenis substrat dasar, kedalaman, kecerahan air, taksiran kesuburan perairan,
salinitas, serta perwilayahan bahari secara vertikal terhadap bentuk, hiasan, ukuran dan bobot cangkang,
atau luas, bentuk, dan jumlah helaian insang (amati secara mikroskopik dan hitung; tuliskan pengamatan
Saudara di lembar tambahan).
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2. Bahaslah gambaran kondisi dari kehidupan Bivalvia
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Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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Tgl: .........................................
MODUL III : Cephalopoda
TOPIK 1 : Morfologi dan Anatomi
Organisme ini memiliki chromatophora, yaitu alat untuk melakukan pembelaan diri dengan cara
kamuflase. Bekerjanya alat ini dipengaruhi oleh kekeruhan air. Kandungan kromatofor pada kulit
segera setelah tertangkap warnanya akan berbeda antara Cephalopoda yang berasal dari perairan
dengan tingkat kekeruhan yang tidak sama.
Paruh (Rostrum/Beaks)
Salah satu bagian tubuh Cephalopoda yang tumbuh seiring dengan pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan individual Cephalopoda adalah paruh ( rostrum, beaks), yakni sebagai salah satu
organ pencernaan. Semua pakan yang masuk ke dalam organ pencernaan Cephalopoda akan
harus melewati paruh ini. Beaks berbentuk paruh seperti pada hewan unggas umumnya. Beaks
ini memiliki ujung yang runcing dan bentuk yang berbeda-beda pada setiap spesies Cephalopoda,
sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai alat untuk identifikasi spesies Cephalopoda, yang telah
berkembang cukup pesat di Eropa. Paruh/rostrum Cephalopoda merupakan struktur chitinous
yang berpangkal di pipi/buccal mass yang terletak di dasar lengan . Chitin atau kitin adalah salah
satu struktur keras yang resisten terhadap erosi selama proses pencernaan di dalam perut
predator. Studi tentang morfometri paruh penting untuk mengetahui taksonomi spesies tersebut,
serta, sebagai estimasi ukuran cumi yang dikonsumsi oleh predator.
Cephalopoda memiliki peran penting dalam ekosistem laut global. Cephalopoda menempati
habitat yang luas di lautan dan merupakan predator rakus yang berperan sebagai pakan bagi
predator yang lebih tinggi. Salah satu cara untuk memahami transfer energi dalam piramida
pangan di air dapat dilakukan melalui pengamatan hubungan mangsa-pemangsa. Sebagai contoh,
walaupun Cephalopoda bukan dasar piramida pangan di air karena ia bukan herbivor, namun
dengan mengidentifikasi paruh dan menghitung jumlahnya dalam analisis isi usus predator
mereka (paus, burung albatros, pinguin), maka sebagian neraca energi dari pemangsa
Cephalopoda dapat diperkirakan.
Gambar 1. Pengukuran rostrum (paruh) atas dan bawah Todaropsis eblanae. RL panjang
rostrum, HL panjang lengkung rostrum (hood length), CL panjang gigir/tepi rostrum atas (crest
length), W1 panjang sayap, JAd 0jarak antara sudut ‘rahang’ rostrum, LWa lebar dinding lateral
rostrum (hanya pada paruh atas), BL panjang dasaran rostrum (hanya pada paruh bawah).
Tujuan
Mengenali berbagai jenis Cephalopoda, diantaranya cumi-cumi, sotong, gurita memlaui berbgai
tanda/morfologi bentuk paruh, warna,ukuran, batil pengisap dll.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan morfologidan anatomi masing-masing jenis Cephalopoda yang
diamati
Bahan dan Alat
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Cephalopoda yang bentuknya masih utuh dan memungkinkan untuk
diidentifikasi secara sempurna (jika memungkinkan variasi berbagai ukuran)
b. Alat
1. Mikrosokop 1 buah per grup
2. Timbangan (1-2 digit), 1-3 buah per kelas
3. Jangka sorong 2 buah per grup
4. Alat tulis dan buku gambar (individual/praktikan)
5. Alat bedah sederhana dan kaca pembesar (1set per grup)
6. Lap majun, deterjen (individual praktikan atau per grup)
7. Bak parafin 1-2 buah per grup
8. Jarum pentul besar 1 pak per grup
9. Buku identifikasi Cephalopoda (FAO atau yang lain).
Gambar 1: Pengukuran morfometri, cara penomoran lengan dan tentakel, serta fitur eksternal umum
pada a) cumi, b) gurita, c) sotong. Hewan tampak dorsal.
c. Metoda Kerja
1. Mengambil dan meniriskan sampel spesimen Cephalopoda yang disediakan
2. Orientasikan hewan di bak preparat sebagai berikut: kumpulan tentakel adalah anterior, badan
dan sirip adalah posterior, mata adalah dorsal, sifon adalah ventral. Amati warna preparat, apakah
terlihat gradasi warna dari bagian dorsal ke ventral?
3. Atur lengan dan tentakel dengan hati-hati agar batil pengisap pada tentakel tidak rusak. Hitung
jumlah tentakel, amati batil pengisap menggunakan kaca pembesar. Lengan dibedakan sinister
(kiri) dan dexter (kanan), diberi nomor dari arah dorsal searah jarum jam dan hitung jumlahnya
masing-masing
4. Sibakkan lengan dan tentakel hingga radulae/paruh terlihat. Tarik hingga meregang esofagus
dengan pinset, kemudian potong esofagus tersebut sepanjang sekitar 2-3cm dengan mengikutkan
paruh. Amati bagaimana kedudukan radulae pada esofagus. Perhatikan, gambar, dan bedakan
radulae, yaitu paruh dorsal (‘maxilla’) dan paruh ventral (‘mandibula’).
5. Gunakan kaca pembesar dan jarum preparat untuk mengamati bagian mata. Perhatikan apakah
mata berselaput atau tidak? Bedah dan keluarkan lensa yang berbentuk seperti kelereng. Mata
Cephalopoda berkembang sebaik mata Mammalia/manusia
6. Lakukan pengukuran morfometri standar Cephalopoda: panjang mantel dan panjang total (kecuali
Nautilus: digunakan diameter cangkang). Panjang mantel cumi dan sotong diukur dari bagian
mantel paling anterior ke bagian paling posterior. Panjang mantel gurita diukur dari titik tengah
antar mata ke posterior melalui dorsal tubuh (Gambar 1)
7. Kelupas sebagian kecil kulit terluar preparat khususnya pada bagian dorsal menggunakan skalpel
dan pinset. Rentangkan dengan hati-hati di permukaan gelas benda atau permukaan yang halus
dan fiksasi tepi-tepinya dengan jarum preparat. Amati kromatofora dengan kaca pembesar dan
gambar sesuai yang dilihat, ATAU
8. Perhatikan warna permukaan kulit spesimen Cephalopoda yang diamati, lihat apakah ada pola
tertentu karena pengaruh kandungan kromatofora, buat preparat basah dari sepotong kecil kulit
terluar, amati dengan mikroskop dan gambar atau potretlah pola kromatofora saat itu.
9. Letakkan preparat dengan sifon di atas (telentang). Gunting sepanjang mantel pada garis median.
Mantel disibakkan dan difiksasi ke samping (lateral) menggunakan jarum preparat atau tusuk gigi
10. Mengidentifikasi setiap spesimen yang ada dengan melihat bentuk karakteristiknya masing-masing
dan menggolongkannya sebagai cumi, sotong, gurita atau yang lain
11. Melihat pola kromatofora dan bentuk batil pelekat ( sucker) pada mikroskop
12. Perhatikan letak organ dalam dan identifikasi masing-masing bagiannya
13. Pada cumi, sibakkan intestinum ke salah satu sisi dan temukan skeleton cartilagineus
(gladius/pen, berwarna trasnparan seperti plastik) yang tertanam di sepanjang rongga badan,
pegang sirip preparat dan cabut pen dengan hati-hati melalui bagian basal mantel
14. Gunakan pen tersebut untuk mengambil tinta dari kantung tinta preparat di intestinum, dan
tuliskan nama anda di kertas laporan.
15. Bersihkan bak preparat dengan deterjen sesuai instruksi asisten.
Hasil Pengukuran
Tabel 1. ......................................................................................................................................
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Genud/Spe P L
No Pm P mt P kpl T mt P tkl Lb Pl
sies sirip sirip
Keterangan:
1. Pm = panjang mantel
2. Pmt = panjang mata
3. Pkpl = panjang kepala
4. Tmt = tinggi mata
5. Ptkl = panjang tentakel
6. Psirip = panjang sirip
7. Lsirip = lebar sirip
8. Lb= lebar badan atau mantel
9. Pl = panjang lengan
Catatan:
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Ciri-ciri :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Keterangan :
Ciri-ciri :
Dorsal
Ventral
Apa nama sel pewarna khusus yang dimiliki Cephalopoda?
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Apa fungsinya?
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Bila kantong tinta di intestinum belum rusak, tuliskan nama anda dengan tinta cumi-
cumi preparat (: bila terkena kain tidak bisa dihilangkan).
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Perbandingan tiap spesies yang diamati:
Perbandingan Cumi-cumi, Octopus dan Sephia
Karakteristik Cumi-cumi Octopus Sephia
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Subkelas Nautiloidea – memiliki cangkang luar berbentuk menggulung atau lurus dengan
sutura yang sederhana. Hewan pada subkelas ini memiliki 2 pasang insang dan nefridia, juga
tentakel panjang. Kebanyakan telah punah, namun dari ada beberapa genusnya yang masih
dapat ditemui seperti Endoceras dan Nautilus.
Subkelas Ammonoidea – memiliki cangkang luar yang menggulung dengan septa dan
sutura yag kompleks. Genus dari subkelas ini yang terkenal adalah Ceratites, Scaphites,
Pachydiscus.
Subkelas Coleoidea – memiliki cangkang dalam, tereduksi atau tidak ada sama sekali.
Disinilah cumi cumi berada.
Dalam pengelompokan hewan pada subkelas Coleoida, terdapat 5 ordo yaitu Belemnoidea, Sepioidea,
teuthoidea, Vampyromorpha dan Octopoda. Penjelasan dari masing masing ordo yang merupakan
klasifikasi cumi-cumi:
Ordo Belemnoidea – ordo ini merupakan spesies yang telah punah. Cangkang berada
terkotak kotak didalam tubuh. Genus yang masuk dalam ordo ini adalah
Ordo Sepioidea – bagian bagian tubuh hewan dalam ordo ini berbentuk seperti kantung
dengan 8 lengan dan 2 tentakel. Cangkangnya bersepta (jika ada) atau tidak memiliki sama
sekali. Salah satu genus dalam ordo ini adalah Spirula, Sepia, Sepiola, dan sebagainya.
Ordo teuthoidea – ini adalah ordo cumi cumi. Hewan pada kelompok ini memiliki tubuh
memanjang dengan 8 lengan dan 2 tentakel. Cangkang, disebut juga “ pen”, berbentuk
seperti pisau meruncing di daerah kepala.
Ordo Vampyromorpha – adalah kelompok cumi cumi yang menyerupai gurita. Hewan ini
memiliki ukuran kecil dan biasanya ditemukan di dasar laut.
Ordo Octopoda – adalah ordo dari gurita. Hewan yang memiliki tubuh membulat dan
memiliki 8 lengan.
Sebagian besar spesies Cephalopoda hidup tersebar di daerah intertidal, di samudra yang dalam,
dan di lapisan permukaan laut, baik di perairan kutub Sebagian besar spesies Cephalopoda hidup
tersebar di daerah intertidal, di samudra yang dalam, dan di lapisan permukaan laut, baik di perairan
kutub yang dingin maupun di perairan tropis yang hangat. Kelas cephalopoda hidup dilaut dan
merupakan pemangsa aktif.
Secara ekologis kehidupan cephalopoda dipengaruhi oleh salintias, suhu dan kedalaman.
Faktor tersebut dapat mempengaruhi dalam proses kehidupan bivalvia seperti pemijahan, fase larva,
perkembangan dan pertumbuhan. Bivalvia memiliki tingkat toleransi terhadap suhu, salinitas dan pH.
Tujuan
1. Mengetahui identifikasi terhadap setiap masing-masing spesies yang didapat.
2. Mengetahui ekologi dan habitat masing-masing spesies serta interaksi lingkungan terhadapnya.
Kompetensi
Mahasiswa mampu memahami identifikasi setiap spesies, ekologi dan habitat asal spesies tersebut
serta fungsi/interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Sampel berbagai jenis Cephalopoda yang sedapat mungkin hidup yang diamati untuk dilakukan
pada identifikasi.
b. Alat
1. Alat tulis dan buku gambar
2. Sectio kit
3. Buku identifikasi Bivalvia.
c. Metoda
1. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
2. Mengambil sampel yang telah disediakan
3. Mengamati morfologi dari spesimen cephalopoda
4. Mendeskripsikan warna, jumlah lengan, kantung tinta, rostrum dan ada tidak sucker
5. Mencocokan ciri-ciri morfologi yang diperoleh dengan baku identifikasi FAO.
6.
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Klasifikasi : Ordo :
Kingdom : Famili :
Filum : Genus :
Kelas : Spesies :
Catatan:
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Pembahasan
a. Analisis
1. Bahaslah kondisi ekologi habitat Cephalopoda serta pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik biologi
Cephalopoda (misalnya: kekuatan arus, kedalaman, kecerahan air, kesuburan perairan, salinitas
dan suhu). Bahaslah dengan bahan dari pustaka.
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