A D A P T AT I O N O F

R E S P I R AT O R Y S Y S T E M
A D A P TA S I D A L A M S I S T E M
RESPIRASI
PREPARED BY SCHOLASTICA RAYNER
EXTERNAL MOIST SKIN
KULIT LUAR LEMBAP
• Amphibians such as frogs lives on land and water./ Amfibia hidup seperti katak di
darat dan air
• Covered by moist skin to ease respiration gas to absorb and dissolve ./ Berkulit
lembap dan terdedah untuk memudahkan gas respirasi untuk meresap dan
melarut.
• Besides lungs, frogs uses external moist skin for exchange gas. Selain peparu, katak
lazimnya menggunakan kulit luar lembap.
• Frog’s skin is very thin and soluble to gas. / Kulit katak nipis dan telap kepada gas.
• There is many blood capillary below the skin layer to increase the rate of diffusion
of gas between skin and blood capillary. / Di bawah lapisan kulit terdapat jaringan
kapilari darah yang padat untuk meningkatkan kadar resapan gas antara kulit
dengan kapilari darah.
GILLS
INSANG

• The structure of fish respiration which is gills use to increase the efficiency of gas
exchange in water. / Stuktur respirasi ikan iaitu insang dapat beradaptasi untuk
meningkatkan kecekapan pertukaran gas dalam air.
• Gills consist of two lines of fine filament which has many thin projections known as
lamellae. /Insang terdiri daripada dua baris filament yang halus dan mempunyai
banyak unjuran nipis dan pipih yang dikenali sebagai lamela.
• The number of filament and lamellae produce big surface areas to ease the gas
exchange process. / Bilangan filament dan lamella menghasilkan luas permukaan
yang besar untuk memudahkan pertukaran gas.
• The gills surrounded by water and ease respiratory gas absorb and dissolve. /
Insang dikelilingi oleh air memudahkan gas respirasi melarut dan meresap.
TRACHEA
TRAKEA

• The respiration system of insect is trachea system which consist of air tube
(trachea). / Sistem respirasi serangga ialaj sistem trakea yang terdiri daripada tiub
udara(trakea).
• Air in or out from trachea through breathing canal known as spiracle and the
opening and closing of spiracle guarded by valve which allows the air in and out
from the body./ Udara masuk atau keluar daripada trakea melalui lubang
pernafasan dikenali sebagai spirakel dan pembukaan dan penutupan spirakel
dikawal oleh injap yang membenarkan udara masuk adan keluar ke dalam
badan.
• Trachea divided from many fine branches known as tracheal./ Trakea terbahagi
kepada cabang-cabang halus yang dikenali sebagai trakeol.
• Some insect such as grasshopper has air sacs in trachea system.
 2.5 GAS EXHANGE IN
PLANTS
2.5 PERTUKARAN GAS
DALAM TUMBUHAN
PREPARED BY SCHOLASTICA RAYNER
THE MECHANISM OF GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS
MEKANISME PERTUKARAN GAS DALAM TUMBUHAN

• Most of the plant carried out gas exchange proses with the surrounding
through leaves, stems and roots. / Kebanyakan tumbuhan menjalankan proses
pertukaran gas dengan persekitaraan melalui daun, batang dan akar.
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION
PERESAPAN KARBON DIOKSIDA
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION
PERESAPAN KARBON DIOKSIDA
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION
PERESAPAN KARBON DIOKSIDA
•Carbon Dioxide from atmosphere enters leaf through stomata to air space between cell.
/ Karbon dioksida daripada udara memasuki daun melalui stomata ke ruang udara di
antara sel.
•When carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis process, the concentration of carbon
dioxide inside the cell is lower than the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the air

1 space between cell./ Apabila karon dioksida digunakan dalam proses fotosintesis,
kepekatan karbon dioksida di dalam sel lebih rendah daripada kepekatan karbon
dioksida di dalam ruang udara di antara sel.

•When the leaf is photosynthesising, oxygen released

as waste product./ Apabila daun berfotosintesis,
2 oksigen akan dikeluarkan sebagai produk terbuang.
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION
PERESAPAN KARBON DIOKSIDA

• Oxygen concentration is higher in the air spaces than in the surrounding

cells. This allows the oxygen to diffuses into the cell. /Kepekatan oksigen
lebih tinggi di dalam ruang udara daripada sel disekeliling. Ini
menyebabkan oksigen diserap ke dalam sel.

3
STOMA AND GUARD CELL
LIANG STOMA DAN SEL PENGAWAL
STOMA AND GUARD CELL
LIANG STOMA DAN SEL PENGAWAL
• Stomata are small pores found on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. /
Liang stoma ialah liang liang kecil yang terdapat di bahagian bawah permukaan
daun.
• The size of the stomata is controlled by the guard cells. The guard cells are kidney
shaped surrounding the stoma. / Saiz liang stome boleh dikawal oleh sel pengawal
yang berbentuk kacang di sekeliling stoma
• Stomata are important because:
– of the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and
respiration when there is light and it will close when it is dark or losses to many water
/ Pertukaran gas seperti oksigen dan karbon dioksida dalam proses fotosintesis dan
pernafasan semasa kehadiran cahaya dan tertutup apabila gelap atau kehilangan
banyak air.
OSMOSIS PROCESS EFFECT THE STOMA
PROSES OSMOSIS MEMPENGARUHI
LIANG STOMA
1. Osmosis is the moving process of water
molecule from higher concentration of
water molecule (lower solute
concentration) to lower concentration of
water molecule (higher solute
concentration . / Osmosis ialah proses
pergerakan molekul air dari kawasan
molekul air yang tinggi (larutan
berkepekatan zat terlarut yang rendah)
ke kawasan berkepekatan molekul air
yang rendah.(larutan berkepekatan zat
terlarut yang tinggi)
2. This process go through the semi
permeable membrane./ Proses ini melalui
membrane separa telap.
 OSMOSIS PROCESS IN GUARD CELL
PROSES OSMOSIS DI DALAM SEL PENGAWAL
• Photosynthesis process produce glucose./ Proses
fotosintesis menghasilkan glukosa.
• The concentration of glucose in the guard cell
increases and causing the water diffused into the
guard cell by osmosis./ Kepekatan glukosa di dalam
sel pengawal meningkat dan menyebabkan air
meresap masuk ke dalam sel pengawal secara
osmosis.
• Thus, the guard cell become turgid and bend./ Oleh
itu, sel pengawal menjadi segah dan membengkok.
• Otherwise during night and during hot day, water
diffuses out from the guard cell by osmosis and
causing the guard cell to be flaccid and straight./
Sebaliknya, jika waktu malam dan hari yang panas,
air diresap keluar daripada sel pengawal dengan
osmosis dan menyebabkan sel pengawal menjadi
flasid dan lurus.