A. BARZAM MOTO MCs GNC IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS Translated from the Russian by MIR PUBLISHERS MOSCOW ,First published 1977 Revised from the 1973 Russian edition The Greek Alphabet Aa Alpha It Tota Pp Rho BB Beta Kx Kappa Zo Sigma Ty Gamma Aw Lambda Tt Tau A6& Delta Mp Mu Yo Upsilon Ee Epsilon Nv Na @q Phi Z& Zeta BE Xi X% Chi Hy Eta Oo Omicron Wy Psi @060 Theta Ta Pi Qe Omega The Russian Alphabet and ‘Transliteration Aa a Kx k Xx kh B6 b Sa In ts Bev Mum Yq ch Tr g Hu n Wm sh Wa a Oo 0 Wy shch Ee e iin p ‘be ” Be @ Pp r bln y ow ah Ces bb ¢ Ba 4 Tr t do e Mn i Yy u Ow yu Wi i oe f fla ya Ha aneauticrom asune @ English translation, Mir Publishers, 197CONTENTS Preface 6 eee Introduction 6. ee I-1, Purpose of Automatic Power Control Systems... 2... 0.0.0.0. 1-2. Elements of Automatic Control Systems... 1) 1) 0 t 1-3. Automatic Control and Controllers... 1) 21 DDD -4. Relays and Relaying Devices...) 2. 2 ii? -5. Elements of Logic Operations +.) TDi i tt 6. Connection Diagrams... +... 2.1 ttle -7. Conclusions... ele -8. Review Questios 2... 22222 Pil iit Chapter 1. Automatic Control of Synchronous Generator Excitation... . oe 4-4. Purpose of Automatic Excitation Control (AEC) Devices... . . 4-2. Automatic Excitation Forcing of a Generator... ...-. 0... £-3. Bxcitation Compounding with Cumulative Connection of Electromagnetic Voltage Corrector. ee 4-4, Excitation Controllers of Generators, Series TVV, with a High-Frequency Excitation System 2 4-5. Overaction Excitation Controllers 1-6. Conclusions. 2... tae 4-7. Review Questions . General... . Use of AEC Devi . Automatic Devices for Changing the Transformation Ratio of Power Trans: lormers ssw... St es . Devices for Automatic Capacity Control of Capacitor Banks - . Voltage Regulation by Booster’ Transformers : Voltage Regulation by Changing Excitation Voltage Regulation by Controlled Reactors... . . 2-9. Conclusions Sete eee eee litt 240. Review Questions 22 Pp iil iiiit Chapter 3. Excitation Systems and Automatic Field Discharge Devices of Synchronous Machines 2 2... . SA. General ee 3-2. Exciters Using Gas-Discharge Tubes and Thyristors >) 22) ) 1! 3-3. Brushless Excitation System... .. 2... 00 ctl 3-4, Excitation Systems of Large Turbogenerators 2) 2) 1) 2) 12 41 44 13 16 22 34 32, 33 35 35 38 43 49 at 56 a7 60 60 60, 65 69 cry 78 78 81 82 86 of 926 CONTENTS 3-5. Field Discharge by Deion Grid Automatic Devices and by Changing the Field Coil Supply to Inverter Operation... 2... eee ee ee 36. Conclusions fe eee BT. Review Questions 2 ee Chapter 4, Automatie Controls for Maintaining Stal and Elimination of Asynchronous Operation... 2... ee ee 44, General oe 4-2, Principal Relations Determining Operation of Automatic ; Automatic Controls for Improvement of Transient Stability... . ‘Automatic Devices for Sectionalizing Power Systems to Prevent or Eliminate ‘Asynchronous Operation oe 4-6, Separation of Small Thermal Power Stations from Large Hydroelectric Sta- tions when Speed of Hydroolectric Generators Increases : 1, 2. 4-3. Automatic Controls for Improvement of Steady-State Stability 4. 5, 7. Preventing Misoperation of Protective Relaying... 2...) bee 8. Conclusions ..... see 4-9, Review Questions Chapter 5, Automatic Frequency Control . . . . Purpose and Specific Features of Automatic Frequen Modern Principles of AFC... 1 ee 3. Short-Time Drops of Frequency .... 2... - te ee Choice of Parameters of FARC Devices and Work of Operators . ; AFC and FARC Circuits. 2... tae ; Induction Frequency Relays, Type HBY-011 (HB4-3) " Frequency Relays, Type PY-I, Employing Semiconductor Elements : . . Conclusions. ee ee ; Review Questions 2222 ee Chapter 6. Automatic Control of Frequency, Real Power and Power Flows in Power Systems 22... 77 ee rr ara annnaey . General cee ; Frequency and Power Regulators. 2. ee ; Devices to Control Power Output... ee. 2 ee Power Group Control at Thermal Stations... 2... ; Power Group Control at Hydroelectric Stations ee . Frequency and Power Control in Integrated Power Systems . . 2... Magnetic Power Transducers... 0. 2 eee et ee Conclusions =... ee ee Pili iii iii ee . Review Questions 2. 2. ee Pili ollie 7. Rapid Paralleling of Synchronous Generators and Parts of Power System General Precise Synchronization by Means of an ACT-4 Autosynchronizer |. Self-Synchronization of Generators... Automatic Connection of Generators by Self-Synchronization . . . . . Speed Control Methods... eee ee ee ‘Asynchronous Connection of Generators and Parts of Power System... Connection of Synchronous Motors, Preventing Their Drop-Out of Step and Resynchronization Conclusions .: Review Questions 99 400 102 102 103 109 424 129 143, 144 158 159 461 464 165 169 175 176 180 184 187 188 189 189 193 195 199 205 242 23 245 247 247 248 227 231 236 238 244 247 248CONTENTS 7 Chapter 8. Three-Phase Automatic Reclosure .... 2-2... ee ee eee 254 84. General ee 251, 8-2. Single Lines with Supply from One End 22D 258 8-3. Single Tie Lines Between Power Stations and Substations with Synchronous Loads 268 8-4, Tie Lines and Parallel Links 1) 0222222222020 20200 287 8-5. TPARC Devices on Air Circuit Breakers 7. fe 289 8-6. Conclusions 2... fe eee 293 8-7. Review Questions 92.2 2222222222 D PD lili pitt 295 Chapter 9 OnesPhase Automatic Reclosure of Power Transmission Lines 297 9-1. Earth Fault and Tripping of One Phases... 2. ee ee eee 297 9-2. Types of Discriminating Elements of PARC Devices 306 9-3. PARC Cireuit ee 2 BAR 9-4. Use of TPARC Device of Double-Shot Type and Pol Place of a PARC Device on Lines Supplied at One End 35, 95. Conclusions... ee 316 9-6. Review Questis 2200222222222 D DDD Pippi iit 3I7 Chapter 10. Three-Phase Automatic Reelosure of Transformers and Busbars 319 40-4. General oe es 319 10-2. Automatic Testing of Busbars for Insulation 22 22 lt 321 10-3. Power Supply to Consumers After ‘Tripping of Busbars and Automatic Reestablishing of Substation Connections... 2... ee ee 322 10-4. Automatic Reestablishing of Power Station Connections 2.1. 1. 324 40-5. Three-Phase ARC of Transformers... 2.0... 000 dee 325 10-6. Conclusions we. ee ene 327 10-7. Review Questions 2... 2 it 327 Chapter 11, Automatic Transfer to Reserve Supply and Equipment... ... . 328 General ee 328 ATS Device Cirouits | eee + 88H ATS Devices Used by Substations Supplying Synchronous Loads 339 11-4. ATS Devices with Standardization Control Stations 3M 44-5. Self-Starting of an A: 343, 11-6. Conclusions... 356 11-7. Review Questions 2222220222222 DDI Dippin 357 Chapter 12. Operation of ARC and ATS Devices in Conjunction with Protective Relaying ee ee 358 - Acceleration of Protection Action Before ARC ..... . sae + 358 -2. Acceleration of Protection Action After ARC, ATS, and Remote Connection 359 High-Speed Selective Disconnection... ee ee ee 360 . Substations Without Cireuit Breakers on the High-Tension Side | 1}: 364 . Simplifying Protective Relaying of Complex System Lines... 11. 367 Simplifying Primary Connection Circuits and Protective Relaying | |: 369 + Step-Down Transformers at. Remote-Controlled Substations... . ss 373 . Automatic Discriminating Redundancy»... ... 2. 00 t ee 374 12-9. Conclusions 6 ee ee eee 376 1240. Review Questios . 222202222 22D DDD IIin 377 Chaptor 13. Automatic Control Eliminating Overvoltages Across Equipment... . 378 413-4. General 378 13-2. Overvoltage Automatic Protection Controls 3828 CONTENTS 43-3, Increasing the Reset-to-Pickup Ratio of Voltage Relay... ..... 43-4, Conclusions Be 413-5. Review Questions 122211222 P PPP iiiiin Chapter 14. Automatic Recording of Electrical Variables in Disturhances tht. General es 44-2, Automatic Starting Devices for Oscillographs - - 443. Devices for Recording Electrical Variables with Automatic Acceleration of Recording Speeds During Disturbances... ...-.- 2+. 22+ 44-4, Automatic Oscillographs . ee ee 14-5. Locating the Fault on Power Transmission Line from Fixing Instruments 44-6. Fixing Instruments orn : 44-7. Conclusions =... ls. 44-8. Review Questions References 2 ee ee Tndex ee ee ee eee