Bahan Ajar Kalkulus Integral
Bahan Ajar Kalkulus Integral
ANTI TURUNAN
(hal 299)
Anda tentu sudah mengenal invers atau balikan suatu operasi hitung
Invers dari operasi penjumlahan adalah pengurangan; perkalian dengan
pembagian, pemangkatan dengan penarikan akar.
Demikian pula turunan merupakan invers atau balikan dari anti turunan dan
sebaliknya.
Definisi
Suatu fungsi F disebut suatu anti turunan dari suatu fungsi f pada interval I jika
F’(x) = f(x) untuk setiap x pada I
Ilustrasi
Jika F(x) = 3x3 + x2 – 2x – 7 , maka F’(x) = 9x2 + 2x – 2
Jika f adalah fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai
f(x) = 9x2 + 2x – 2, maka f turunan dari F and F adalah anti turunan dari f
Jika G(x) = 3x3 + x2 – 2x + 5, maka G juga anti turunan dari f karena G’(x) = 9x 2
+ 2x – 2
Secara umum, fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai 3x 3 + x2 – 2x + C, dengan C
adalah konstanta, merupakan anti turunan dari f
Secara umum, jika suatu fungsi F adalah suatu anti turunan dari f pada interval
I dan jika G didefinisikan sebagai G(x) = F(x) + C dimana C adalah konstanta
sebarang, maka G’(x) = F’(x) = f(x)
dan G juga merupakan anti turunan dari f pada interval I
Notasi untuk Anti Turunan
Ax(9x2 + 2x – 2) = 3x3 + x2 – 2x + C
Bagaimana dengan
1 3
Ax( x + 2x2 – 2 x)=?
2
Tentu bukan pekerjaan mudah menentukan suatu fungsi yang jika diturunkan
berbentuk
1 3
x + 2x2 – 2 x
2
Untuk itu diperlukan notasi dan aturan-aturan yang dapat mempermudah
menentukan anti turunan
1
f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C
2. af ( x)dx = a f ( x ) dx
3. [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx = f ( x) dx + g ( x) dx
Dengan demikian
1 3 1 3
Ax(
2
x + 2x2 – 2 x)= (
2
x + 2x2 – 2 x ) dx
1 1
= x 3dx + 2 x 2 dx - 2 x 2 dx
2
3
1 1 4 1 3
= . x
2 4
+ C1 + 2.
3
x + C2 – 2( 2 x 2 + C3 )
3
= 1 4
x + 2 3
x - 4
x x C
8 3 3
2
1
Perhatikan fungsi f ( x) pada selang [-2 , 2]
x2
merupakan fungsi tak terbatas.
f(x) = x3 + sin x
3
f(x) = 1/(x+3)
Ada M = 1 sehingga f ( x ) 1 untuk setiap x
pada [-2 , 2]
f(x) = 1/(x-1)
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -
tidak ada nilai M sehinngga f ( x) M
f(x) = tan x
f(x) = x3 + sin x
f(x) = 1/(x+3)
Ada M = 1 sehingga f ( x ) 1 untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]
f(x) = 1/(x-1)
4
f(x) = tan x
f(x) = sin(1/x)
5
x 2 jika 2 x 0
f(x) =
1 jika 0 x 2
Ada M = 4 sehingga f ( x) M
untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]
6
Teorema (hal 453)
ln 1 = 0
2 ln x
19) dx
x
Misal ln x = u
1
dx du
x
2 ln x
dx = 2 u du u 2 C (ln x) 2 C
x
1
20) dx
x (ln x ) 2
Misal ln x = u
1
dx du
x
7
1
2
dx = u 2 du
x (ln x )
1 1
= u-1 + C = +C= +C
u ln x
Hitunglah
2
)
FUNGSI BALIKAN/INVERS
Misalkan y = f(x) = x3 + 1
x = f-1(y) = 3 y 1
8
y = f(x) mempunyai invers jika y merupakan fungsi satu-satu atau fungsi monoton
Jika f memiliki invers, maka y = f(x) x = f-1(y)
y = f(x)
y = ln x x = ey
9
y = ln x
x = ey
y = ln x
x = ey
y = ex
Sifat-sifat:
ln e = 1
Contoh
10
Turunan dari ex
dy
y ex ex
dx
Contoh
11
dy x
y ex e e x dx dy
dx
x x
e dx y C e C
x x
e dx e C
Contoh
Integralkan
2 x 1
e dx
Misal 2x+1 = u
2 dx = du
1 u 1 1
e
2 x 1
dx = e du e u C e 2 x 1 C
2 2 2
dy
y ax ?
dx
dy
y a x y e x ln a e x ln a . ln a
dx
dy
a x ln a
dx
ecara Umum
Contoh
12
dy
Tentukanlah
dx
1) y = 52x+3 (2) y = 7 x 2 6 x
dy
y ax a x ln a a x ln a dx dy
dx
x
a ln a dx dy
x 1
a dx ln a dy
1
yC
ln a
1
( )a x C
ln a
Contoh
u=sin x
du = cos x dx
y log a x x a y
13
ln x
y log a x x a y ln x y ln a y
ln a
ln x ln x
y log a x
ln a ln a
ln x
log a x
ln a
dy
y log a x ?
dx
ln x dy 1
y log a x y
ln a dx x ln a
14
dy
y arc sin x ?
dx
dx
cos y 1 x 2
1 dy
x dy 1
dx 1 x2
yy y
dy 1
y arc sin x
dx 1 x2
1
dx dy
1 x2
1
dx dy
1 x2
1
dx dy
2
1 x
y C
arcsin x C
1
du arcsin u C
1 u2
15
Introduction to Differential Equation
We know that the expression F’(x) = f(x) is equivalent with dF(x) = f(x) dx,
so we can write dF(x) f(x) dx F(x) C
y= 2x dx = x2 + C
Method 2
dy
Think as dy is divided by dx, so we can write
dx
dy 2x dx
dy
The expression = 2x is called differential equation.
dx
Other examples of differential equation are
dy
= 2xy
dx
y dy = (x2 + 1) dx
16
d2y dy
2
+2 - 3xy = 0
dx dx
can be written as
y2 dy = (x + 3x2) dx
Here, x and y term are separated. To solve this equation, we use method 2
2 2
y dy = (x 3x ) dx
y3 x2
+ C1 = + x3 + C 2
3 2
3x 2
y3 = + 3x3 + 3C2 – 3C1
2
3x 2
y3 = + 3x3 + C
2
3x 2
y= 3 3x 3 C
2
3x 2
y= 3 3 x 3 216
2
Check this result by substituting it in differential equation. The left side of the
differential equation becomes
2
dy 1 3x 2
3
= 3 x 216
3 (3x + 9x2)
dx 3 2
x 3x 2
2
= 3 2 3 3
x 3 x 216
2
2
x 3x 2
x 3x 2
2 = 2 2 3 3
y x 3 x 216
3
17
Those give the same expression.
Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x – 3. Find an equation of
the curve
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve
dy
= 2x – 3
dx
dy = (2x – 3)dx
y= (2x – 3)dx = x2 – 3x + C
The point (3,2) is on a curve, so 2 = 32 – 3.3 + C C=2
Hence the equation of the curve is y = = x2 – 3x + 2
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 – 4x. Find an equation of the curve
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve
dy
dx
= (2 – 4x) dx = 2x – 2x2 + C1
2
y= (2x – 2x2 + C1) dx = x2 - x3
+ C1x + C2
3
The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve so,
2
3 = (-1)2 - 3
(-1) + C (-1) + C …………..(1)
1 2
3
2
2 3
2 = (0) - (0) + C (0) + C ……………..(2)
1 2
3
2
From (1) and (2) : C = 2 , C =
2 1
3
Hence the equation of the curve is
2 2
y = x2 - 3
x + x+2
3 3
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the
point (1,3) is y = x +2. If at any point (x,y) on the curve, D x2y = 6x, find an
equation of the curve
18
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve
dy
= 3x2 + C1
dx
y = x3 + C1x + C2
The slope of the tangent line to the curve at the
point (1,3) is1, so 3(1)2 + C1 = 1, C1 = -2
The point (1,3) is on the curve, so
3 = 13 + (-2)(1) + C2 , C2 = 4
Hence the equation of the curve is y = x3 - 2x + 4
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters
when the depth of the water is h meters . If the rate
of chane ofV with respect to h is given by
DhV = (2h+3) , find the volume of water in the tank
2
(2h+3)2 d(2h+3)
1
V=
2
. (2h+3)3 + C
1 1
=
2 3
. (2.0+3)3 + C,
1 1
When h = 0, V = 0, so 0 =
2 3
C=-
9
2
V=
1
6
(2h+3)3 -
9
2
If h = 3, V =
1
6
(2.3+3)3 -
9
2
= 117
The volume of water in the tank when the depth
is 3 m = 117 m3
Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x – 3. Find an equation of the curve
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 – 4x. Find an equation of the curve
19
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV = (2h+3)2,
find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m
Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x – 3. Find an equation of the curve
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 – 4x. Find an equation of the curve
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV = (2h+3)2,
find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m
Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x – 3. Find an equation of the curve
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 – 4x. Find an equation of the curve
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV = (2h+3)2,
find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m
Introduction to Area
Consider a region R in the plane as shown in Fig. 1. The region R is bounded by
the x axis, the lines x = a and x = b, and the curve having the equation y = f(x),
where f is a function continuous on the closed interval [a,b].
a b
20
Fig. 1
Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n subintervals
For simplicity, now we take each of these subintervals as being of equal length,
ba
for instance, x. There for x =
n
Denote the endpoints of these subintervals by x 0 , x1 , x2, . . . , xn-1 , xn
where x0 = a , x1 = a + x , xi = a + i x
xn = b
R
f(ci)
a x b
Fig. 1
Let the sum of the areas of these n rectangle be given by S n square units, then
Sn = f(c1) x + f(c2) x + . . . + f(cn) x
n
= f(ci) x …………….(*)
i 1
The summation on thr right side of (*) gives the sum of measures of vthe areas of
n inscribed rectangles. Thus however we define A, it must be such that A Sn
DEFINITION
Suppose that the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], with f(x)
0 for all x in [a,b], and that R is the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), x axis,
and the lines x = a and x = b. Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n subintervals
ba
each of length x = , and denote the ith subinterval by [x i-1,xi]. Then if f(ci)
n
is the absolute minimum function value on the ith subinterval, the measure of the
area of region R is given by
n
A = nlim
f (ci ) x
i 1
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2, the x axis, and the line
x = 3 by taking inscribed rectangle.
Solution
Devide the interval [0,3] into n subinterval, each of length x;
x0 = 0 , x1 = x, x2 = 2 x, . . . , xi = i x
xn-1= (n-1) x , xn = 3
30 3
x = =
n n
Because f is increasing on [0,3], the absolute minimum value of f on the ith
subinterval [xi-1,xi] is f(xi-1)
n
There for A = nlim
f ( xi 1 ) x
i 1
Because xi-1 = (i-1) x and f(x) = x2,
f(xi-1) = [(i-1) x]2
Therefore
21
n n
f ( xi 1 ) x = (i 1) 2 ( x)3
i 1 i 1
n 27
= (i 2 2i 1)
n3 i 1
= ………….lanjutkan
Gunakan (pilih) rumus sbb
n n(n 1) n n(n 1)( 2n 1)
2
i 2 ; i
6
i 1 i 1
n n 2 (n 1) 2 n n(n 1)(6n 3 9n 2 n 1
i3 4
; i4 30
i 1 i 1
In the preciding section the measure of the area of a region was defined as the
following limit:
n
lim f (ci ) x ……………………..(*)
n
i 1
i x
Such a sum is called a Riemann sum, named for the mathematician George
Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826 – 1866)
22
x1* xi* X
Definition
If f is a function defined on the closed interval [a,b], then the definite integral of f
from a to b, denote by
b
f ( x ) dx , is given by
a
b
f ( x ) dx = lim
n
f ( xi* ) i x if the limit exists
a
P 0 i 1
Note
That the statement “the function f is integrable on the closed interval [a,b]” is
synonymous with the statement : the definite integral of f from a to b exists
b
In the notation for the definite integral f ( x ) dx ,
a
f (x ) is called the integrand, a is called the lower limit, and b is called the
upper limit.
The symbol is called an integral sign
Definition
b a
If a > b, then f ( x ) dx = -
f ( x ) dx
a b
a
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
Theorem
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a,b], and F is an any
antiderivative of f on [a,b], then
b
f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a)
a
We should write F(b) – F(a) = F ( x ) ba
Example
2
3
Evaluate x dx
1
Solution
2 2
3 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3
x dx = x
4 1
=
4
( 2 ) -
4
(1) = 4 -
4
= 3
4
1
23
Properties of The Definite Integral
Theorem
b b
=
o kf ( x) dx k f ( x ) dx
a a
b b b
= +
o [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x ) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
b b b
= -
o [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x ) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2
Jawab
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2
24
Tentukan panjang busur
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2
25