Complex Numbers
Chapter 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6
Why!?
As one example, complex numbers can help us to analyze and design AC circuits
Using the complex plane, we can represent voltages across resistors, capacitors
and inductors.
The voltage across the resistor is regarded as a real quantity, while the voltage
across an inductor is regarded as a positive imaginary quantity, and across a
capacitor we have a negative imaginary quantity.
http://www.intmath.com/complex-numbers/8-ac-circuit-definitions.php
Outline:
12.1 Basic Definitions
• Any number squared (positive or negative) is always positive.
• Therefore, it is not possible to square any real number and have a
negative result.
• We expand our understanding of numbers to include negative roots.
j is defined as √-1
therefore
j2 = -1
j=j
j2=-1
j3=j2j = (-1)j = -j
j4=j2j2= (-1)(-1)=1
j5=j4j= (1)j=j
j6=j4j2= (1)(-1)=-1
j7=j4j3= (1)(-j)=-j
j8=j4j4= (1)(1)=1
The set of complex numbers includes the set of real numbers and all pure
imaginary numbers.
2 complex numbers are equal if the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts
are equal.
Ex.
The conjugate of the complex number a+bj is the complex number a-bj.
Ex.
12.2 Basic Operations with Complex Numbers
Addition: Add the real parts and the imaginary parts separately. Make sure
number’s are in rectangular form first.
Ex.
Subtraction: Subtract the real parts and the imaginary parts separately. Make
sure number’s are in rectangular form first.
Ex.
Multiplication:
Ex.
Division:
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. This
will result in a real denominator
Ex.
-5 + 3j 3j
Ex.
Adding (and subtracting) Complex Numbers Graphically
Steps:
1. Find the point corresponding to one of the numbers and draw a line from
the origin to this point.
2. Repeat step 1 for the second number.
3. Complete a parallelogram with the lines drawn as adjacent sides. The
resulting fourth vertex is the point representing the sum.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada
Ex.
y
and θ = tan x
−1
To get
The right side of the above equation is called the Polar Form (also called the
Trigonometric Form) of a complex number. R is called the absolute value or
modulus and θ is called the argument of the complex number.
Ex.
Another widely used notation for the polar form is r∠ θ = r(cosθ + jsinθ)
Ex.
Ex.
We will find products and quotients using polar and exponential form
Products:
In polar form (or trigonometric form) we have:
NOTE: In all forms the magnitudes are multiplied and the angles are added
Ex.
Quotients:
In polar form (or trigonometric form) we have:
r1 ( cosθ1 + j sin θ1 ) =
r1
[ cos (θ1 − θ2 ) + j sin (θ1 − θ2 ) ]
r2 ( cosθ 2 + j sin θ 2 ) r2
( r1∠θ1 ) = r1 ∠(θ − θ )
( r2∠θ 2 ) r2 1 2
NOTE: In all forms the magnitudes are divided and the angles are subtracted
Ex.
DeMoivre’s Theorem is used with the polar form to find powers and roots of
complex numbers.
(r∠ θ )n = rn ∠
nθ
Using DeMoivre’s Theorem to find the nth roots of a complex #
Steps:
1. Express the number in polar form
2. Express the root as a fractional exponent
3. Use DeMoivre’s Theorem with θ to find 1 root
4. Use it again n-1 times, adding 360˚ to θ to find the other roots
Ex.
Homework:
12.1 Pg.336 #1-53 Odd 12.4 Pg.344 #3-15, 19,21,29,31
12.2 Pg.339 #5-31 Odd 12.5 Pg.346 #5,7,9,11,17,19,21
12.3 Pg.341 #3-17 Odd 12.6 Pg.352 #7,11,21,25,27,37