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Chapter No. 7 Exposure and Risk in
International Finance
Concepts
3. Hedging:
Hedging means a transaction undertaken specifically to offset
some exposure arising out of the firm’s usual operations. In other
words, a transaction that reduces the price risk of an underlying
security or commodity position by making the appropriate offsetting
derivative transaction.
In hedging a firm tries to reduce the uncertainty of cash flows
arising out of the exchange rate fluctuations. With the help of this a
firm makes its cash flows certain by using the derivative markets.
4. Speculation
Speculation means a deliberate creation of a position for the
express purpose of generating a profit from fluctuation in that
particular market, accepting the added risk. A decision not to hedge
an exposure arising out of operations is also equivalent to
speculation.
Opposite to hedging, in speculation a firm does not take two
opposite positions in the any of the markets. They keep their
positions open.
5. Call Option:
A call option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation,
to buy the underlying instrument. Selling a call means that you have
sold the right, but not the obligation, to someone to buy something
from you.
6. Put Option:
A put option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation,
to sell the underlying instrument. Selling a put means that you have
sold the right, but not the obligation, to someone to sell something
to you.
7. Strike Price:
The predetermined price upon which the buyer and the seller
of an option have agreed is the strike price, also called the ‘exercise
price’ or the striking price. Each option on an underlying instrument
shall have multiple strike prices.
8. Currency Swaps:
In a currency swap, the two payment streams being
exchanged are denominated in two different currencies. Usually, an
exchange of principal amount at the beginning and a re-exchange at
termination are also a feature of a currency swap.
A typical fixed-to-fixed currency swaps work as follows. One
party raises a fixed rate liability in currency X say US dollars while
the other raises fixed rate funding in currency Y say DEM. The
principal amounts are equivalent at the current market rate of
exchange. At the initiation of the swap contract, the principal
amounts are exchanged with the first party getting DEM and the
second party getting dollars. Subsequently, the first party makes
periodic DEM payments to the second, computed as interest at a
fixed rate on the DEM principal while it receives from the second
party payment in dollars again computed as interest on the dollar
principal. At maturity, the dollar and DEM principals are re-
exchanged.
A floating-to-floating currency swap will have both payments at
floating rate but in different currencies. Contracts without the
exchange and re-exchange do exist. In most cases, an intermediary-
a swap bank- structures the deal and routes the payments from one
party to another.
A fixed-to-floating currency swap is a combination of a fixed-to-
fixed currency swaps and a fixed-to-floating interest rate swap.
Here, one payment stream is at a fixed rate in currency X while the
other is at a floating rate in currency Y.
9. Futures
Futures are exchanged traded contracts to sell or buy financial
instruments or physical commodities for future delivery at an agreed
price. There is an agreement to buy or sell a specified quantity of
financial instrument/commodity in a designated future month at a
price agreed upon by the buyer and seller. The contracts have
certain standardized specification.
Note that in each case, the foreign value of the item is fixed;
the uncertainty pertains to the home currency value. The important
points to be noted are (1) transaction exposures usually have short
time horizons and (2) operating cash flows are affected.
Descriptive
1. What is currency risk? Enumerate the different types of
currency risks with examples.
Ans. Currency risk arises due to exposures explained in concepts 10
to 13
♦ External Tools
A. Using hedging for forwards market:
In the normal course of business, a firm will have several
contractual exposures in various currencies maturing at various
dates. The net exposure in a given currency at a given date is
simply the difference between the total inflows and the total
outflows to be settled on that date. Thus suppose ABC Co. has the
following items outstanding:
Item Value Dates to
maturity
1.USD receivable 800,000 60
2.NLG payable 2,000,000 90
3.USD interest payable 100,000 180
4.USD payable 200,000 60
5.USD purchased forward 300,000 60
6.USD loan installment due 250,000 60
7.NLG purchased forward 1,000,000 90
4.