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DOI 10.1007/s10681-010-0308-7
Received: 17 June 2010 / Accepted: 11 November 2010 / Published online: 25 November 2010
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract The leaffolder padi (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis Plant Biotechnology Unit, Entomology Research Institute,
medinalis adalah hama penting dari beras yang Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
e-mail: entolc@hotmail.com
menyebabkan kerusakan parah di banyak wilayah di
dunia. Tanaman ditransformasikan dengan urutan S. Raveendar
e-mail: raveendars@gmail.com
kode Cry1C sintetik yang dimodifikasi penuh
(dioptimalkan kodon) serta dengan gen hpt dan gus,
masing-masing mengkode untuk hygromycin
phosphotransferase dan b-glucuronidase. Urutan
Cry1C ditempatkan di bawah kendali promotor 35S
dua kali lipat ditambah urutan pemimpin AMV, dan
gen hpt dan gus yang didorong oleh promotor virus
mosaik kembang kol 35S, digunakan dalam penelitian
ini. Kalus embriogenik setelah kokultivasi dengan
Agrobacterium dipilih pada media yang mengandung
hygromycin B. Sebanyak 67 tanaman yang tahan
hygromycin diregenerasi. Analisis PCR dan Southern
blot pada transforman primer mengungkapkan
integrasi stabil dari urutan pengkodean Cry1C ke
dalam genom padi dengan integrasi salinan tunggal
yang dominan. Tanaman turunan R1 mengungkapkan
pola monogenik (3: 1) dari segregasi transgen
sebagaimana dikonfirmasi oleh analisis molekuler.
Garis transgenik ini sangat tahan terhadap leaffolder
padi (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis seperti yang
diungkapkan oleh bioassay serangga.
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Introduction
Padi (Oryza sativa) adalah tanaman
pangan yang paling banyak dikonsumsi
dan ditanam di 152 juta hektar di seluruh
dunia (FAO 2007). Secara global lebih
dari 3 miliar orang dari Asia dan negara-
negara lain bergantung pada beras (Oryza
sativa, L.) sebagai makanan pokok
mereka, dan pada tahun 2025 sekitar
60% lebih banyak beras harus diproduksi
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan populasi
yang tumbuh (Khush 1997).
Produktivitas padi dipengaruhi oleh
berbagai faktor biotik dan abiotik.
Sekitar 52% dari produksi global beras
hilang setiap tahun karena kerusakan
yang disebabkan oleh faktor biotik, yang
hampir 21% disebabkan oleh serangan
hama serangga (Brookes dan Barfoot
2003). Kompleks hama padi di Asia
bervariasi secara substansial dengan area
geografis dan sistem produksi (Savary et
al. 2000). Keragaman besar serangga
memakan tanaman, di antaranya spesies
Hemiptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, dan
Coleoptera adalah hama yang memiliki
signifikansi regional atau lokal (Dale
1994). Sejumlah spesies Lepidoptera
yang memberi makan daun muncul
dalam beras, yang paling penting adalah
leaffolders, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
dan Marasmia spp. (Pyralidae). Analisis
empiris produksi beras di seluruh Asia
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tanpa seleksi dan kemudian dipindahkan ke media
pemilihan [(garam MS utama, garam MS kecil,
vitamin MS, 300 mg / l kasein acidhydrolysate, 500
mg / l L-prolin, 2,5 mg / l 2,4-D, 30 g / l sukrosa, agar
7 g / l, pH 5,7, ditambah 50 mg / l hygromycin dan
500 mg / l sefotaksim (CIM-CCH)] .Setelah tiga
putaran seleksi, setiap 2-3 minggu, kalus yang
resisten dipindahkan ke regenerasi sedang [garam
besar MS, garam MS kecil, vitamin MS, 300 mg / l
kasein acidhydrolysate, 500 mg / l, L-prolin, 30 g / l
sukrosa, 2 mg / l BAP dan 1 mg / l kinetin, 0,5 mg / l
l NAA, 7 g / l agar, pH 5,7 ditambah 250 mg / l
sefotaksim dan 30 mg / l higromisin (RE2-CCH)]
untuk pengembangan tunas.T tunas yang diregenerasi
selanjutnya dipindahkan ke media RE2-CCH untuk
pembentukan planlet penuh dan kemudian berakar
pada media MS.Setelah rooting, tanaman transgenik
dipindahkan ke rumah kaca dan tumbuh menjadi
dewasa.
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Gen Cry1C dan 1,1 kb masing-masing dari gen hpt. 70% kelembaban relatif. Setelah 72 jam, kematian
Analisis PCR dilakukan dalam volume reaksi 25 ll serangga dicatat dan karakteristik dan perilaku larva
yang berisi DNA genom templat (100 ng), 2,5 ll 10 9 ditentukan. Persentase kerusakan area daun dihitung
buffer amplifikasi PCR, 0,5 ll 10 mM dNTPS, 1,2 ll dengan mengukur total luas daun sebelum dan
50 mM MgCl2, 3 lM (2,5 ll) dari setiap primer, 13,6 sesudah bioassay. Setiap percobaan dilakukan tiga
ll air suling steril, 1 unit (0,20 ll polimer DNA Taq kali.
(Genei). Sampel dipanaskan hingga 94 C selama 5
menit dan kemudian mengalami 30 siklus 30 detik Data analysis
leleh pada 94 C, 30 anil pada 60 C dan 1 menit
sintesis pada 72 C dan diikuti oleh perpanjangan 10 Semua percobaan dilakukan dalam desain acak
menit terakhir pada 72 C. Produk yang diamplifikasi lengkap. Analisis statistik dilakukan oleh ANOVA.
diuji dengan elektroforesis pada 0,8% gel agarosa, Least Significant Difference (LSD) dihitung untuk
diwarnai dengan etidium bromida (EtBr; 0,5 lg / ml), menemukan signifikansi. Multiple range test (DMRT)
divisualisasikan dan difoto di bawah sinar ultraviolet. Dun-can pada P = 0,05 digunakan untuk
membandingkan rata-rata setiap perawatan.
Hibridisasi selatan
using
Results
T0 transforman menjadi sasaran analisis hibridisasi empat bagian hpt5 encoding hygromycin
cm ditempatkan phosphotrans-
di pertridih dilapisi
Southern blot menggunakan urutan pengkodean gen dengan kertas saring lembab. Empat larva instar
Cry1C. Analisis Southern blot dilakukan dengan kedua dilepaskan ke setiap lempeng. Larva kelaparan
menggunakan DNA genom dari transforman putatif selama 5 jam sebelum dilepaskan, dan larva masing-
(T0) positif untuk PCR dan tanaman kontrol yang masing dicatat panjangnya. Pelat diinkubasi pada 28 ±
tidak ditransformasi. DNA dicerna dengan HindIII; 1 C dalam kegelapan dan Gen untuk
analisis blot dilakukan menggunakan sepuluh sebelum dilepaskan, dan panjang dan berat masing-
mikrogram DNA genom. DNA yang dicerna masing larva dicatat. Pelat diinkubasi pada 28 ± 1 C
diselesaikan pada 0,8% gel agarosa. DNA dalam kegelapan dan The gene forh sebelum
dipindahkan ke membran nilon bermuatan negatif dilepaskan, dan panjang dan berat masing-masing
(sesuai instruksi pabrik) untuk analisis hibridisasi larva dicatat. Pelat diinkubasi pada 28 ± 1 C dalam
Selatan (Selatan 1975). Urutan pengkodean gen kegelapan dan
Cry1C diberi label dengan biotin-11-dUTP Gen untuk ferase memberikan resistensi terhadap
menggunakan kit pelabelan biotin decalabel DNA hygromycin. Untuk menentukan dosis mematikan
(Ilmu Fermentas Life) dan digunakan sebagai probe. hygromycin pada jaringan beras, kurva pembunuhan
Blot menjadi sasaran deteksi oleh pengembangan ditetapkan untuk kalut scutellar dengan berbagai
warna semalam menggunakan kit deteksi kromogenik konsentrasi hygromycin. Media seleksi berisi media
biotin (ilmu Fermentas Life). basal MS umum yang dilengkapi dengan 2,5 mg / l
2,4-D dan dengan berbagai konsentrasi hygromycin.
Eksplan diinokulasi pada media seleksi dan
Bioassay serangga
diinkubasi selama 1 bulan. Pengamatan dilakukan
setelah 1 bulan untuk melihat efek antibiotik pada
Larva folder daun (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)
eksplan. Perbanyakan dan status fisiologis kalus
dikumpulkan dari sawah di distrik Thiruvallur dan
secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh kadar hygromycin
dipelihara di serangga kami. Daun dari tanaman
antara 30 dan 50 mg / l. Media yang dilengkapi
berumur 40 hari dicuci di air suling, dikeringkan, dan
dengan 50 mg / l hygromycin memiliki efek yang baik
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yang menunjukkan total pembunuhan eksplan setelah
1 bulan inkubasi. Di antara berbagai konsentrasi
hygromycin yang digunakan, konsentrasi 50 mg / l
dipilih untuk pemilihan transplantasi. Konsentrasi
hygromycin yang lebih tinggi menginduksi nekrosis
eksplan dengan sangat cepat dan mengurangi tingkat
kelangsungan hidup eksplan. Gen Cry1C
diperkenalkan ke dalam kalus embriogenik yang
berasal dari eksplan skutellum dari kultivar IR64
dengan metode transfer gen yang dimediasi
Agrobacterium. Sebanyak tiga percobaan
transformasi dilakukan untuk menentukan efisiensi
transformasi. Kalut Scutellum digabungkan dengan
LBA4404
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(pCAMBIA1305.1 / Cry1C) selama 3 hari Setelah 63 hari seleksi, resistansi hygromycin dan
menghasilkan kalus yang tahan terhadap higromisin kalus positif GUS dipindahkan ke media regenerasi
setelah 42 hari dalam media pemilihan (CIM-CCH) yang mengandung 30 mg / l hygromycin dan 250 mg /
yang mengandung 50 mg / l hygromycin, 250 mg / l l sefotaksim. Kelompok tunas kecil diamati pada kalus
karboksilin, dan 500 mg / l sefotaksim (Gbr. 2a). yang ditransformasi setelah 3 minggu pertumbuhan
Setelah 42 hari seleksi, kalus yang resisten terhadap dan kalus regenerasi disubkultur dalam medium
regenerasi segar dan dipertahankan selama 3 minggu
higromisin dihilangkan dan disubkulasi dalam media
(Gbr. 2d). Dalam tiga percobaan independen, total 67
seleksi baru (Gbr. 2b). Pertumbuhan kalus yang tidak
tanaman tahan higromisin diregenerasi dari 101 kalus
terinfeksi Agrobacium secara efektif dihambat dalam (Gbr. 2e). Setelah 6 minggu pada media regenerasi,
medium yang mengandung 50 mg / l hygromycin planlet tersebut di-root pada media rooting. Planlet ini
(kontrol negatif). Kalus kontrol positif (tidak dikeraskan dan dipindahkan ke kondisi lapangan untuk
terinfeksi Agrobactium) secara efisien berkembang mengatur benih (Gbr. 2f). Kultivar ini (IR64)
biak dalam media induksi kalus tanpa adanya menunjukkan frekuensi transformasi 25,6-31,4%
hygromycin. Frekuensi tinggi kalus yang resisten (Tabel 1).
terhadap higromisin diamati dalam tiga percobaan
berbeda (Tabel 1). Dari 212 kalus yang PCR dan analisis selatan tanaman
dikolaborasikan dalam tiga percobaan, 101 kalus transgenic
yang tahan terhadap higromi diperoleh dengan
persentase keseluruhan sebesar 47,6. Sebagian besar Total DNA dari lima transforman putatif IR64
kalus yang resisten terhadap higromisin menunjukkan menjadi sasaran analisis PCR dengan hpt dan Cry1C
pewarnaan biru untuk aktivitas GUS dalam uji
histokimia (Gambar 2c).
Gambar. 2 Agrobacterium yang dimediasi transformasi beras IR64) setelah 21 hari dibiakkan dalam media seleksi. B
(Oriza sativa L. cv. IR64). Kalus yang resisten terhadap Proliferasi kalus tahan higromisin beras (Oriza sativa L. cv.
Hygromycin dari eksplan scutellum beras (Oriza sativa L. cv. IR64) setelah subkultur dalam media pilihan. C Ekspresi gen
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GUS yang stabil pada kalus yang resisten terhadap higromisin, beras (Oriza sativa L. cv. IR64) setelah kultivasi dengan
diinduksi dari eksplan skutel LBA4404 (pCAMBIA1305.1 / Cry1C). D Regenerasi eksplan
of kalus beras (Oriza sativa L. cv. IR64) setelah 21 hari kultur
dalam media seleksi. E Proliferasi pucuk padi yang tahan
higromisin (Oriza sativa L. cv. IR64) setelah subkultur dalam
media rooting. F Tanaman yang ditransformasi (Oriza sativa L.
cv. IR64) pada saat jatuh tempo
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Table 1 Summary of genetic transformation of IR64 rice calli explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 (pCAM-
BIA1305.1/Cry1C)
Rice cultivar Number of scutellum derived calli
LBA4404 (pCAMBIA1305.1/Cry1C)
Experiment Cocultivated (A) Produced Produced Produced HyR and Transformation
number HyR calli HyR plants GUS ? plants (B) efficiency (%) (B/A)
IR64 1 54 26 21 17 31.4
2 82 39 22 21 25.6
3 76 36 24 23 30.2
genes primers. All the five putative transformants 1 kb ladder; lane 1, pCAMBIA1305.1/Cry1C plasmid as
were found to be positive for the amplification of positive control; lanes 2–6, putative transgenic plants of
IR64; lane 7, non-transformed plant as negative control
1.1 kb (Fig. 3a) and 1.9 kb (Fig. 3b) of hpt and
Cry1C genes respectively. A similar band was also
observed in the positive plasmid control, while no
such band was noticed in the untransformed control.
This indicated that the tissues were completely free of
Agrobacterium.
Primarily Southern hybridization analysis was
performed to confirm T-DNA integration of trans-
gene. Primary transformants (R0) of the cultivars
IR64 (5 lines) were subjected to genomic Southern
hybridization. The coding sequences of Cry1C were
used as probes for T-DNA integration analysis
(pCAMBIA1305.1/Cry1C). Genomic DNA (10 lg)
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from GUS and PCR positive rice plants was digested DNA. Southern analysis clearly proved the
with HindIII and EcoRI enzymes, which released an integration of the transgene Cry1C gene along with
internal fragment of expected size of 2.9 kb Cry1C double 35S CaMV promoter plus AMV enhancer into
gene along with double 35S CaMV promoter plus the rice genome and the copy number of transgene
AMV enhancer. The Cry1C gene sequence was was estimated to be ranging from one to two (Fig.
detected as a fragment of expected size (2.9 kb) in 4b). The untransformed control plants did not show a
transformed plants (Fig. 4a). Cry1C probe hybridized signal at 4 kb.
to genomic DNA from transgenic plants but not to
DNA from untransformed control plants. This result Segregation analysis of the transgene
indicated that Cry1C DNA was incorporated into rice
genome. The inheritance of the Cry1C gene in selfed R1
To assess the copy number of transgene, genomic generation was analyzed. Here the selfed progenies
DNA (10 lg) from GUS and PCR positive rice plants were evaluated for resistance to hygromycin. R1 seeds
was digested with HindIII, which released a left of 3 independent transformants of IR64 cultivar were
border fragment containing Cry1C gene at one end germinated on hygromycin (30 mg/l) containing
and the other end connected with genomic DNA. medium. Seeds showing hygromycin resistance
Here all the hybridization signals from plant DNA clearly displayed segregation ratio of 3:1 in
were larger than 4 kb as the HindIII site was located inoculation analysis (Table 2). The sensitive plants
at a distance of 4 kb from the left border of T- died within
2 weeks after the treatment, while the resistant plants
positif; jalur 2, tanaman non-transformasi sebagai kontrol
negatif; jalur 3–7, DNA dicerna ganda dengan EcoRI dan
HindIII dari tanaman transgenik putatif IR64. B Analisis
Southern blot tanaman padi transgenik R0. Fragmen gen Cryot
1C 2,9 kb digunakan untuk menyelidiki DNA genom yang
diisolasi dari daun garis transgenik dan non-transgenik.
Genomik DNA dicerna dengan enzim restriksi HindIII,
difraksionasi oleh elektroforesis, ditransfer ke membran nilon,
dan dibiarkan hibridisasi dengan gen Cry1C bersama dengan
promotor, promotor 35M CaMV ganda ditambah penambah
AMV (fragmen HindIII dan EcoRI dari pCAMBIA1305.1 /
Cry1C plasmid) . Nama Garis ditampilkan di bagian atas.
Nama jalur yang disingkat adalah: M, penanda molekul
berlabel Biotin; jalur 1, pCAMBIA1305.1 / Cry1C plasmid
yang dicerna ganda dengan EcoRI dan HindIII sebagai kontrol
positif; jalur 2, tanaman non-transformasi sebagai kontrol
negatif; jalur 3–7, DNA dicerna dengan HindIII dari tanaman
transgenik putatif IR64.
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a period of 3 days. In experiments using transfor-
mants expressing a single Bt toxin, 94–100% mor-
were healthy as control plants. In Southern hybridiza- tality was observed, with 5–12% leaf damage.
tion, 2 independent transformants clearly showed two Conversely, larvae which were fed on control plants
copy number of transgene; they were not subjected to developed normally, causing massive tissue damage
further segregation analysis in the present study. during the bioassay period.
Table 2 Segregation of hygromycin resistant gene and GUS gene in R1 generation of rice plants transformed with Agrobacterium
tumefaciens LBA4404 (pCAMBIA 1305.1/Cry1C)
Transformant number Total R1 seeds tested Hygromycin GUS
2 2
Resistant Sensitive Ratio X value Positive Negative Ratio X value
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(Hiei et al. 1994; Rashid et al. 1996; Khanna and genes conferring resistance to a selective chemical
Raina 1999; Hiei and Komari 2006). Recent progress agent (Wilmink and Dons 1993), genes conferring
in rice plant molecular biology and genome research
has lead to a desire to introduce several genes into a
single transgenic plant through particle gun and
Agrobacterium mediated method. Embryogenic calli
derived from mature seeds of IR64 cultivar were used
as explants for incorporating Cry1C gene through
Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Calli
derived from mature seeds have been reported as
excellent starting material for transformation of rice
by Agro- bacterium (Hiei et al. 1994). A binary
vector system, pCAMBIA1305.1 was modified to
construct Cry1C gene expression cassette driven
under the control of doubled 35S promoter, AMV
enhancer and nos terminator. This construct was
mobilized into Agro- bacterium LBA4404 strain.
The cloning of insecticidal crystal protein genes
(Bt) and their expression in transgenic plants provide
an alternative strategy to conventional breeding for
the protection of crops against insect damage. At least
90 genes encoding protoxins from a wide range of
Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have been isolated and
sequenced (Mazier et al. 1997). In the present study, a
large number of rice plants carrying Cry1C gene has
been produced in IR64 cultivar by Agrobacterium
mediated transformation method. High transforma-
tion efficiency was achieved in this study due to the
use of super virulent LBA4404 (pCAMBIA1305.1/
Cry1C) in IR64 cultivar (He et al. 2010) and by
incubating the co-cultivated calli in hygromycin free
medium for 1 week before transferring to selection
medium.
One of the main objectives of the present study
was to express the Cry1C gene in transgenic rice
plants in order to provide resistance to the leaf folder
larvae. The transgene’s coding sequence was driven
by a doubled 35S CaMV promoter and AMV
enhancer sequences, which would direct and ensure
the expression of recombinant protein in the whole
plant. Aragao et al. (1999) transformed bean plants
with a chimeric construct containing the doubled 35S
CaMV promoter plus the AMV enhancer sequence,
assuming that its performance would be superior to
the native 35S promoter.
For transformation systems that generate substan-
tial number of non-chimeric primary transformants,
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phenotype allowing visual or physical screening showed normal agronomic performance, but also
(Bower et al. 1996) or even PCR screening to Cry1C expression in the endosperm. The results of
identify the plants containing transferred genes
(Christou et al. 1992) can all be used for the recovery
of transformants. In the present study, molecular
analysis of the R0 plants provided evidence for the
incorporation of T-DNA into rice genome. The
expression cassettes of Cry1C gene were presumed
to be incorporated in the rice genome of putative
transformants. Hence PCR amplification was per-
formed with the genomic DNA isolated from the
putative transgenic and untransformed control plants
of IR64 cultivars using gene specific primers to
amplify Cry1C gene. All five putative transgenics
were found to be positive for the amplification of
1.9 kb (Cry1C) genes equal to the size of the positive
control and there was no amplification in the
untransformed control plants.
The transgenic plants exhibited normal growth in
terms of phenotype and yield of seeds. PCR and
Southern hybridization analyses proved the integra-
tion of the transgenes into the host genome of rice
and the copy number of transgene varied from 1 to 2.
Multiple gene copies might cause unstable inheri-
tance or transgenic silencing; therefore, transgenic
plants with the single copy insertion are more
important and facilitate rice breeding; they have
stronger resistance to pests in field experiments (Ye
et al. 2009a, b). Southern blot analysis with HindIII
and EcoRI digested DNA suggested that, all the five
transgenic lines, showed expected band of 2.9 kb
size, indicating the integration of the Cry1C gene into
the genome of rice and proved that they were derived
from independent transformants. Segregation of the
Cry1C gene in the next generation was examined by
hygromycin resistance and GUS assay experiments.
Segregation analysis of these three independent R0
lines demonstrated that the transgenes were stably
inherited in R1 progeny.
Many devastating diseases of rice, viz. tungro,
yellow dwarf diseases are transmitted by insects.
Traditional breeding for leaf folder and stem borer
resistance in rice has not been successful due to
paucity of resistance source. Ye et al. (2009a, b)
observed that transgenic plants expressing Cry1C
gene, driven by the rice rbcS promoter, possessed
high resistance to leaf folders and stemborers, and
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Studi bioassay mengungkapkan mortalitas larva Almeida ERP, Gander ES, Rech EL (1999) Expression of
yang signifikan dan kerusakan jaringan pada larva a methionine-rich storage albumin from the brazil nut
(Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., Lecythidaceae) in transgenic
folder daun, yang secara tidak langsung bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae). Genet Mol
mengindikasikan keberadaan gen Cry1C. Pemberian Biol 22:445–449
larva pada tanaman kontrol berkembang secara
normal, dan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan besar
selama periode bioas. Kematian serangga yang
diamati dalam penelitian ini bertepatan dengan
penelitian sebelumnya (Maqbool et al. 2001; Tang et
al. 2006; Ye et al. 2009a, b). Tanaman Bt yang
menargetkan hama lepidopteran yang serius dan
secara signifikan mengurangi penerapan insektisida
kimia memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan peluang
untuk pengendalian biologis dan mengarah pada
program pengelolaan hama yang lebih terintegrasi
(Romeis et al. 2006). Berdasarkan hasil kami dan
penelitian sebelumnya (Chen et al. 2006),
dapat disimpulkan bahwa beras Bt memiliki
kompatibilitas yang baik dengan kontrol biologis
dalam ekosistem padi. Singkatnya, untuk
pengetahuan kami untuk pertama kalinya, dalam
penelitian ini kami telah memperkenalkan gen Cry1C
bersama dengan dua kali lipat promotor 35S CaMV
dan urutan penambah AMV ke dalam tanaman padi
dan tanaman padi transgenik diproduksi dengan biji
subur. Gen Cry1C yang diperkenalkan ditemukan
secara stabil diintegrasikan ke dalam genom padi.
Selanjutnya gen itu diwarisi oleh keturunan tanaman
transgenik. Data yang disajikan di sini
mengkonfirmasi bahwa Agrobacterium yang
dimediasi trans-formasi dalam beras kemungkinan
akan mempercepat penerapan pendekatan pemuliaan
molekuler dalam pertanian modern.
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