Materiale Piezoelectrice

Piezoelectric Materials
Lecture Outline
• Piezoelectric Phenomena
— Piezoelectric Effect
— Modes of Vibration
— Terminology
• Materials and Processing
— Perovskite Materials
— Ceramic Processing
• Piezoelectric Applications
— Design Principles
— Application Examples
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1
Piezoelectric Phenomena

2
Piezoelectric Effect
• Piezoelectric behaviour can be manifested in two distinct

ways.
• ‘direct’ piezoelectric effect
• ‘converse’ piezoelectric effect

3
Direct Piezoelectric Effect
• ‘Direct’ piezoelectric effect occurs when a piezoelectric

material becomes electrically charged when subjected to a
mechanical stress.
• These devices can be used to detect strain, movement,
force, pressure or vibration by developing appropriate
electrical responses, as in the case of force and acoustic
or ultrasonic sensors.

4
Converse Piezoelectric Effect
• ‘Converse’ piezoelectric effect occurs when the

piezoelectric material becomes strained when placed in an
electric field.
• This property can be used to generate strain, movement,
force, pressure or vibration through the application of
suitable electric field.

5
Terminology

6
Terminology

7
Piezoelectric Strain Constant d
• When an electric field is applied to a piezoelectric,

the material dimensions change in all three axes
under stress-free conditions. The d constant
also expresses the amount of charge developed
relative to the stress applied along a specific axis.

8
Piezoelectric Strain Constant d
• The d31 constant is defined as:
Strain Developed along 1 axis

d 31 =
Field applied along 3 axis
Charge per electrode area
=
Stress applied along 1 axis

9
Piezoelectric Stress Constant g
• The g constant expresses the electric field

developed under open circuit conditions relative
to the stress applied along a specific axis. It
also expresses the amount of strain induced
relative to the applied electrical charge per unit
area.

10
Piezoelectric Stress Constant g
• The g31 constant is defined as:
Filed developed along 3 axis

g31 =
Stress applied along 1 axis
Strain developed along 3 axis
=
Applied charge per electrode area

11
Hysteresis and Strain

12
Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Effect

13
Modes of Vibration

14
Crystal, Ceramics and Polymers
Type Materials
Single Crystals Quartz
Lead Magnesium Niobate
(PMN-PT and PZN-PT)
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)
Ceramics
Lead Metaniobate (LMN)
Lead Titanate (LT)
Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN)
Polymers Polyvinylenedifluoride (PVDF)
Composites Ceramic-polymer
Ceramic-glass
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15
Longitudinal Strain vs.

Field for Various
Materials

16
Structure of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics
A2+ (Pb, Ba)

B4+ (Ti, Zr)
O2-
BM400 Type I (Pb, Sr)(Zr, Ti)O3

BM500 Type II Pb(Zr,Ti,Nb)O3

17
Piezoelectric
Materials
Soft Ceramics
Type of Piezoelectric Material Typical Properties

Soft Ceramics
Normally doped with Niobium Sensors, low power projectors,
Pentoxide or Lanthanum Oxide actuators, accelerometers.
Low Mechanical Q, High dielectric
constants and high charge
sensitivity.
Examples of materials are:

BM500 (Navy type II)
BM527 (Navy type V)
BM532 (Navy type VI)
Navy type ceramics refer to DOD-DTS-1376(SHIPS).
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18
Hard Ceramics
Hard Ceramics
Normally doped with Nickel, Iron or High power transducers in sonar,

Strontium. Typical characteristics ultrasonic cleaning, high-drive
are high mechanical Q, lower actuators, biological cell
dielectric constant, lower loss disrupters
factor, higher resistance to
depoling.
Examples of material are:

BM400 (Navy type I) .
BM800 (Navy type III)
Navy type ceramics refer to DOD-DTS-1376(SHIPS).

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19
Electrostrictive Ceramics

Electrostrictive Ceramics
Normally produced from doped lead Mainly used in actuators and

magnesium niobate., Available for very high power sonar projectors.
about five years now, these
materials have almost no
hysteresis, very high dielectric
constants, very high strain
coefficients.
Materials:
BM600 (Modified Lead
Magnesium Niobate)
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20
Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

PZT (II) PZT (VI) PZT (I) PZT (III)
Material Parameter
BM500 BM532 BM400 BM800
Dielectric Constant 1750 3250 1350 1000
Dissipation Factor
2.0 2.0 0.4 0.2
%
Voltage Constant
-11.5 -7.5 -10.5 -10.5
(g31) 10-3 Vm/N
Charge Constant
-165 -250 -115 -80
(d31) 10-12 C/N
Curie Temperature 360 210 350 325
0
C
Mechanic Q Factor 80 70 500 1000

21

Application
BM500 BM532 BM400 BM800
Underwater
Sonar Projectors r r
Hydrophones r r
Depth Sounders r
Linear Arrays r r
Measurement
Level, Flow
r r r
Flaw Detection (NDE) r r r
Accelerometers r r r
Actuators r r r

22

Application
BM500 BM532 BM400 BM800
Medical
Transducers r r r
Steilizers r r
Industrial
Cleaners r r
Alarms r
Welders r

23
Piezoelect ric M aterials
Processing of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Weigh out Powder evaluation
raw material
Forming process:
(dry or isostatic press etc.)
Ball mill
Sinter firing
Spray dry
Calcine Grinding or lapping

up to 1200oC
Electroding
Ball mill to desired
particle size
Polarizing
Spray dry
Testing

24
Polarization of Ceramics
Polarization in a Piezoelectric ceramic - Piezoelectric ceramic -

single crystal of before polarization after polarization
piezoelectric
ceramics.

25

26
Standard Ceramic Configurations
Frequency discs Thickness discs
Tubes
Washers
Plates and bars

27
Piezoelectric Tube Actuator
W
A
V
∆L = • L • d31
W L

28
Electrode Configurations for Tube Actuators
Outer/Inner Outer Outer/Inner Outer Outer/Inner

Electrodes Electrode Electrodes Electrode Full
Segmented Segmented Segmented Segmented Face
180 Deg 180 Deg 90 Deg 90 Deg Electrodes
Option 001 Option 002 Option 003 Option 004 Option 005
No Segmentation One Horizontal Line Horizontal/

Vertical Segments
Option 005 Option 006 Option 007

29
Piezoelectric Stack Actuator
∆L = V • N • d 33 A
V
= • L • d33
tE
L
V d
F= • A • 33E
tE s 33

30
Actuator Displacement and Force Working Equations
Assumption: Same Electric Field in Ceramics AS

LS
DS  d 33   LS   hB 
∝   •  •  
DB  d31   LB   LB 
LB
FS  d 33   s11E   AS   L B  hB
∝ • E • • 
FB  d 31   s33   AB   hB 
AB

31
Displacement and Force for Stack Actuator
For Field = 1000 V/mm Electric Field Constraints
∆L ! Coercive Field
≈ 0.0006
L (~ 500V/mm)
∴would need 17mm stack ! Flashover Limit in Air
for 10µm displacement.
(~ 1000V/mm)
F ≈ 30 × Area
Note: Exceeding coercive
(F in Newtons, Area in mm2 ) field limit requires DC bias to
For 15mm OD & 5mm ID: avoid depoling.
F ≈ 4600 N

32
Bending Mode Actuator
LB
V
hB
DB
L2B 3 d WB hB
DB = 6 • V • d 31 • 2 FB = • V • 31 •
hB 2 s11E LB

33
Electrostrictive Actuator
12
Di spla ce m e n t (m i cr ons).
10
6
25 x 25 mm2 Parallel to Field
4
0
20 mm -2
0.5 mm -4
Perpendicular to Field
-6
-20 0 -10 0 0 10 0 20 0
V o l tag e (V )
A piezoelectric actuator of the same geometry and having the same

displacements at 200V would require:
d33 = 1250pC/N; d31 = -460pC/N

34
Piezoelectric Composites
Piezoelectric composites consist of a

ceramic material embedded in a polymer
matrix with a certain connectivity known
as 1-3 connectivity pattern. These
elements offer several advantages over
single-phase (monolithic) piezoelectric
materials for such applications as
hydrophones and transducers. While not a flexible element, they can
be cut to very thin dimensions.

35
Piezoelectric Composites
Property 1-3 composite BM532
Dielectric Constant 525±10% 3250±10%

K33T 0.03 0.03
Dissipation Factor 1475 ±5% 1850±5%
N3 0.62 0.58
Ke 5 70
Q (unloaded) 25-30% 100
Ceramic Volume 150kHz - 150kHz -
Frequency 1.5MHz 2MHz

36
Langevin Transducers
Langevin-type transducers feature compactness, high
energy efficiency and a wide range of operating
temperatures. These transducers use Lead Zirconate
Titanate ceramic elements in a sandwich-type
construction (two to four discs), providing a rugged
unit capable of high efficiency and continuous operation
at elevated temperatures.
Applications:
Langevin transducers can be • Ultrasonic cleaning
built from 18kHz to 70kHz for Characteristic features: • Ultrasonic degreasers
various end-user applications. • Large amplitude • Cell disrupters
• Low heat generation • Ultrasonic machining
A booster horn can be used to • Stability and durability • Plastics welding
generate greater displacement • High efficiency • Underwater acoustics
from the transducer. • Non-destructive evaluation
• High output
• Atomizers
• Ultrasonic scalpel

37
Piezoelectric Relations
The electrical condition of an unstressed medium under

the influence of an electric field is defined by two
quantities - the field strength E and their dielectric
displacement D. These two are related by the equation:
D=εE
where ε is the permittivity of the medium.

38
The mechanical condition of the same medium at zero

electric field strength can be defined by two mechanical
quantities - applied stress T and strain S.
S = sT
where s is the compliance of the medium.

39
Piezoelectricity involves the interaction between the

electrical and mechanical behaviour of the medium, and
the interaction can be described by linear relationships
between these two.
S = sE T + dE
D = dT + εT E

40
Principles of Application
1. Energy Conversion Mechanism

An externally applied electric field causes a change in the
dielectric polarization in the material which in turn causes
an elastic strain. The generating action takes place when
an elastic strain causes a change in the polarization that
induces a charge on the electrodes.

41
2. Transducer Operating Environment

The acoustic properties of the medium (air, water or ice)
are very important in the design of transducers.
Transducers must also withstand the severe effects of
sea water, biological activity, hydrostatic pressure, and
extreme temperature conditions.

42
3. Conversion Criteria
The following are the general performance criteria for the transducers.
• Linearity. The output of the transducer is a linear function of the
input.
• Reversibility. The transducer must convert energy in either direction.
• Passivity. All the output energy from the transducer is obtained from
the input energy - electrical or acoustical.

43
Applications
Mechanical to ! Phonograph cartridges

Electrical ! Microphones
Conversion ! Vibration sensors
! Accelerometers
! Photoflash actuators
! Gas igniters
! Fuses

44
Applications - Piezoelectric Igniters

45
Applications - Piezoelectric Igniters
NTK Ceramics, Japan, 1986.

46
Hydrophones

47
Applications - Diver Communication Systems
Ocean technology Systems, 1990

48
Applications - Marine Mammal Listening Systems

49
Applications - Consumer Products

50
Applications
Electrical to ! Valves
Mechanical ! Micropumps
Conversion ! Earphones and speakers
! Ultrasonic cleaners
! Emulsifiers
! Sonic transducers

51
Applications - Piezoelectric Audiotone Transducers
Figure A. Layered structure with ceramic bonded to metal diaphragm. Radial

mode of vibration produces a bending effect.
Figure B. Alternating voltage produces convex and concave distortions in the
diaphragm. Displacement of the diaphragm is in the order of microns.

52
Applications - Liquid Atomization Devices
1 2 3
1. Vibration; 2. Cavitation; 3. Misting

4. Ultrasonic Humidifier.

53
Liquid Atomizing Nozzle from Sono-Tek Corporation. Fine

liquid sprays are used in material processing industry such
as the manufacture of solar cells to provide thin uniform
coatings.

54
Data from Sono-Tek

55
Misting
(at increased power levels)
Cavitation
(at lower power levels)

56
Applications - Depth Sounders
Sensor Technology Limited NTK Technical Ceramics, 1986.
57
Applications - Sonar Applications

58
Applications - Low Frequency Sonar
Sonar Dome

59
Applications - Low Frequency Sonar
Detail of the Sonar Transducer

and the components of the
system.
Raytheon, 1984.

60
Applications - Ultrasonic Motor
Shinsei, 1996
61
Applications
Electrical- ! Surface acoustic wave devices

Mechanical- ! Delay lines
Electrical ! Filters
Conversion ! Oscillators
! Transformers

62
Applications - Flash Blindness Goggles
Aura
63
Power Lithium
Transducer Depth Matching Power Signal Distribution Battery
SX100 Compensator Network Shield Amplifier Processor Board Pack
Anodized
Aluminum
Housing
Underwater Communications
64
Cable &
Battery Reel
Control
Box
Transducer
Communication with Marine Mammals

65
Transmitter Receiver/Monitor
Marine Mammal Communications

66
Conclusions
NTK Technical Ceramics, 1986.

67
Conclusions
• Reviewed Piezoelectric Phenomena

— Piezoelectric Effect, Modes of Vibration, Terminology
• Materials and Processing
• Piezoelectric Applications
— Application examples using mechanical to electrical conversion, electrical
to mechanical conversion, and electrical-mechanical-electrical conversion
have been discussed.

68

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Piezoelectric Materials

Sensor Technology Limited

Sensor Technology Limited

• Piezoelectric behaviour can be manifested in two distinct

Sensor Technology Limited

Direct Piezoelectric Effect

• ‘Direct’ piezoelectric effect occurs when a piezoelectric

Sensor Technology Limited

Converse Piezoelectric Effect

• ‘Converse’ piezoelectric effect occurs when the

Sensor Technology Limited

Sensor Technology Limited

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric Strain Constant d

• When an electric field is applied to a piezoelectric,

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric Strain Constant d

• The d31 constant is defined as:

Strain Developed along 1 axis

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric Stress Constant g

• The g constant expresses the electric field

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric Stress Constant g

• The g31 constant is defined as:

Filed developed along 3 axis

Sensor Technology Limited

Hysteresis and Strain

Sensor Technology Limited

Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Effect

Sensor Technology Limited

Sensor Technology Limited

Longitudinal Strain vs.

Sensor Technology Limited

Structure of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

A2+ (Pb, Ba)

BM400 Type I (Pb, Sr)(Zr, Ti)O3

Sensor Technology Limited

Type of Piezoelectric Material Typical Properties

Examples of materials are:

Normally doped with Nickel, Iron or High power transducers in sonar,

Examples of material are:

Navy type ceramics refer to DOD-DTS-1376(SHIPS).

Type of Piezoelectric Material Typical Properties

Normally produced from doped lead Mainly used in actuators and

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Dielectric Constant 1750 3250 1350 1000

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

PZT (II) PZT (VI) PZT (I) PZT (III)

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

PZT (II) PZT (VI) PZT (I) PZT (III)

Sensor Technology Limited

Processing of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Calcine Grinding or lapping

Sensor Technology Limited

Polarization in a Piezoelectric ceramic - Piezoelectric ceramic -

Sensor Technology Limited

Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Sensor Technology Limited

Standard Ceramic Configurations