Syaifudin Zuhri
Abstrak
Abstract
Catatan Akhir:
www.islamonline.net dan situs pribadi
1
Penulis tidak banyak mengulas Muslim www.qaradwi.net (al-Qaradaqi, Qatar),
di Australia, namun literatur penting mengenai www.fikr.com/bouti (Said Ramadhan al-Buti);
tema ini bisa dibaca dalam Abdullah Saeed dan Abdallah el-Tahawy, “the Internet is the New
Shahram Akbarzadeh (eds.), Muslim Communities Mosque,” http://www.arabinsight.org, diakses 3
in Australia (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2001); April 2011.
8
Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane I. Smith, Anke Bentzin, “Islamic TV
“Introduction” in Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Programmes as a Forum of a Religious
Jane Idelman-Smith (eds.), Muslim Minorities in Discourse,” Stefano Allievi dan Jørgen Nielsen
the West Visible and Invisible (Walnut Creek, (eds.), Muslim Networks and Transnational
California: Atamira Press , 2002), hlm. vi; Ahmad Communities in and across Europe (Leiden &
al-Rawi, “Islam, Muslims and Islamic Activity in Boston: Brill, 2003), hlm. 170-193.
9
Europe: Reality, Obstacles and Hopes,” Tariq Ramadan, To be a European
http://www.islam-online.net. Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1999),
2
Untuk diskusi mengenai status mudejar 142.
10
melalui fatwa baca Kathryn A. Miller, “Muslim Abdullah Saeed, Muslims Australians,
Minorities and the Obligation to Emigrate to Their Beliefs, Practices and Institutions
Islamic Territory: Two Fatwas from Fifteenth- (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2004),
Century Granada,” Islamic Law and Society, Vol. hlm. 11.
11
7, No. 2, 2000, hlm. 256-288. Yusuf Talal DeLorenzo, “Fiqh and the
3
Brigite Maréchal, “Introduction: From Fiqh Council of North America,” Journal of
Past to Present,” Brigite Maréchal, at al. (eds.), Islamic Law and Society, 1998, hlm. 193.
12
Muslims in the Enlarged Europe : Religion and Contoh fatwa yang tidak aplikatif
Society (Leiden: Brill, 2003), hlm. xxi. untuk Muslim di Barat adalah dilontarkan oleh
4
Yvonne Y. Haddad, “A Century of dua Syaikh Wahhabi, Ibn Baz dan Utaimin, yang
Islam in America,” Hamdard Islamicus, Vol. melarang umat Islam untuk mengucapkan selamat
XXI, No. 4, 1997. natal kepada non-muslim dan larangan
5
Mathias Rohe, “On the Applicability of meregistrasikan pernikahan mereka kepada
Islamic Rules in Germany and Europe,” pemerintahan non-muslim. Shaykh Ibn Baz dan
European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Vol. 3, Shaykh Uthaymeen, Muslim Minorities, Fatawa
No. 4, 2003, hlm. 181. Regarding Muslims Living as Minorities
6
W. Shadid dan P. S. van Koningsveld, (Hounslow: Massage of Islam, 1998).
13
“Religious Authorities of Muslim in the West: Dr. Taha Jabir al-Alwani adalah
Their Views on Political Participation, dalam presiden direktur kajian Islam dan ilmu sosial
“Intercultural Relations and Religious pada Universitas Cordoba di Virginia dan
Authorities: Muslim in the European Union sekaligus sebagai direktur serta pendiri the Fiqh
(Leuven: Peeters, 2002), hlm. 149-170. Council of North America. Alwani dilahirkan di
7
Abdallah el-Tahawy menyebut internet Irak pada tahun 1935. Gelar doktornya diraih dari
sebagai ‘masjid baru’ dalam tradisi iftā’ dalam universitas Al-Azhar, Mesir, pada tahun 1973,
Islam, menggantikan imam-imam masjid. dengan disertasi dalam bidang usul al-fiqh. Pada
Beberapa situs internet yang menyediakan tahun 1975-1985 dia bertugas sebagai dosen pada
layanan konsultasi hukum Islam, misalnya Al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud di Saudi. Namun,
www.fatwa-online.com (bin Baz, Saudi), dia perlahan-lahan meninggalkan doktrin wahabi
yang sebelumnya dia anut dan mulai terbuka non-Muslim Rule,” dalam Timmerman,
terhadap Barat dan, ketika pindah ke Amerika, Christiane, et al, (eds.), In-Between Spaces
melontarkan gagasan agar umat Islam di Amerika Christian and Muslim Minorities in Transition in
mau menerima sisi positif masyarakat Amerika. Europe and the Middle East (Brussels: P.I.E.
Dia adalah yang pertama kali mempergunakan Peter Lang, 2009), 239-270; Wael B. Hallaq, A
istilah ‘fiqh al-aqalliyat’ ketika menjabat sebagai History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge
direktur the Fiqh Council of North America University Press, 1997), hlm. 213-214.
25
(FCNA) pada tahun 1994 melalui sebuah fatwa Shamai Fishman, Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat: a
yang memperkenankan umat Islam di Amerika Legal Theory for Muslim Minorities (Washington:
untuk mengikuti pemilu. Hudson Institute, 2006), hlm. 7.
14 26
Yusuf al-Qardawi dilahirkan di Saft- “Maslaha” (Madjid Khadduri),
Turab, Mesir, pada tahun 1926. Dia lulus program Encyclopedia of Islam, CD-Room edition
doktor dari universitas al-Azhar pada tahun 1973. (Leiden: Brill).
27
Pada tahun 1961, Qaradawi pindah ke Qatar dan Najmu al-Din al-T}uf> i>, Risa>lah fi
mendirikan the European Council of Fatwa and Ri’a>yah al-Mas}lah}ah (Kairo: Dar al-Misriyah al-
Research (ECFR) pada tahun 1997. Sejak itu, Bananiyah, 1993), hlm. 44-45.
28
Qaradawi menjadi ulama penting yang menjadi Dudoignon, S.A., 'Echoes to Al-Manâr
rujukan umat Islam di Barat, bahkan dia among the Muslims of the Russian Empire,” S.A.
menyiarkan fatwa-fatwanya melalui stasiun TV Dudoignon et al (eds.), Intellectuals in the
al-Jazeera melalui program ‘al-Shari’a wa al- Modern Islamic World: Transmission,
Hayat,’ serta website pribadi Transformation, Communication (London/New
(www.qaradawi.net). York: Routledge, 2006), hlm. 85-116.
15 29
Taha Jabir al-Alwani, “Fiqh for Khaled Abou El Fadl, “Striking a
Minorities,” dalam http://www.isna.net,diakses 4 Balance: Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslim
April 2011. Minorities,” dalam Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and
16
Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Fi Fiqh al- John L. Esposito, Muslims on the Americanization
‘Aqalliyyat al-Muslima—Hayat al-Muslimin Path? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000),
Wasat al-Muitama’at al-Ukhra (Cairo: Dar al- hlm. 49-50.
30
Suruq, 2001), hlm. 23. Hallaq, Shari’a: Theory, hlm. 506-507.
17 31
Wael B. Hallaq, Shari’a: Theory, Ibid., hlm. 508-510.
32
Practice and Transformation (Cambridge: Joseph Schacht, an Introduction to
Cambridge University Press, 2009), hlm. 511- Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964),
512. hlm. 69-75.
18 33
Asif K. Khan, The Fiqh of Minorities: Wael B. Hallaq, “Was the Gate of
the New Fiqh to Subvert Islam (London: Khilafah Ijtihad Closed?,” International Journal of Middle
Publication, 2004), 42. Buku ini kemudian East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984, hlm. 3-41.
34
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley
judul Fikih Minoritas; Upaya Menikam Islam, Messick, and David S. Powers, eds., Islamic
terj. M. Ramdhan Adhi (Bogor: Pustaka Thariqul Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas
Izzah, 2004). (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996)
19 35
Muhammad Khalid Masud, “Islamic Alexandre Caeiro, “an-Anti Riot
Law and Muslim Minorities,” ISIM Review, Vol. Fatwa,” ISIM Review, 17/Spring 2006, hlm. 32.
36
11, No. 2, Desember 2002, hlm. 17. M. B. Hooker, Indonesia Islam: Social
20
Maleiha Malik, “Accommodating Change through Contemporary Fatawa
Muslim in Europe,” ISIM Review, 13, December (Honolulu: Allen & Unwin and University of
2003, hlm. 10-11. Hawai’i Press, 2003), hlm. viii.
21 37
Tariq Ramadan, To be a European Pergeseran mengenai ijtihad pada
Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1999). masa klasik dan moderen di Indonesia
22
Stefano Allievi, “Islam in the Public didiskusikan dalam Nico J. G. Kaptein, “the
Space: Social Networks, Media and Neo- Voice of Ulama’: Fatwas and Religious Authority
Communities,” dalam Stefano Allievi dan Jørgen in Indonesia,” Archives de sciences sociales des
Nielsen (eds.), Muslim Networks and religions, 49e Année, No. 125, Authorités
Transnational Communities in an Across Europe Religieuses en Islam (Jan. - Mar., 2004), hlm.
(Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2003), hlm. 24. 115-130
23 38
Madjid Khadduri, “Maslaha,” Taha Jabir al-Alwani, Towards a Fiqh
Encyclopedia of Islam, CD-Room edition for Minorities (London & Washington: the
(Leiden: Brill). International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2003),
24
Umar Ryad, “a Prelude to Fiqh al- hlm. 3.
Aqalliyat: Rashid Rida’s Fatwas to Muslim under
39 48
Yusuf Talal Delorenzo, “The Fiqh Ada dua kondisi aktual yang
Councilor in North America” in Yvonne Yazbeck mendukung asumsi saya tersebut, yaitu jaminan
Haddad and John L. Esposito. Muslims on the kebebasan berpikir yang bisa ditemukan di Barat
Americanization Path? (Oxford: Oxford dan pusat-pusat studi Islam di Barat jauh lebih
University Press, 2000), 65-86. maju ketimbang di dunia Islam.
40
Teks asli fatwa bisa dilihat di
http://www.unc.edu.
41
Jika dua orang Muslim saling
berhadap-hadapan dengan pedang mereka,
kemudian berkelahi dan salah satu terbunuh, DAFTAR PUSTAKA
maka keduanya (pembunuh dan yang terbunuh)
sama-sama masuk neraka. Seseorang kemudian Al-Alwani, Taha Jabir. “Fiqh for
bertanya kepada Nabi: kami mengerti mengapa si Minorities,” dalam
pembunuh dimasukkan dalam neraka, tetapi http://www.isna.net.
kenapa yang terbunuh juga masuk neraka? Nabi
menjawab: karena dia (yang terbunuh) ingin ________. Towards a Fiqh for
membunuh saudaranya" (HR. Bukhari dan Minorities. London &
Muslim). Washington: the International
42
W. Shadid dan P. S. van Koningsveld, Institute of Islamic Thought,
“Religious Authorities of Muslim”, hlm. 149-170.
43
Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. 2003.
Esposito. Muslims on the Americanization Path? Allievi, Stefano. “Islam in the Public
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), hlm. Space: Social Networks, Media
65-86.
44 and Neo-Communities,” dalam
Masud, “Islamic Law and Muslim”.
45
Mathias Rohe, “Application of Shari’a Stefano Allievi dan Jørgen
Rules in Europe-Scope and Limit,” Die Welt des Nielsen (eds.), Muslim Networks
Islams, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2004, hlm. 323-350. and Transnational Communities
46
Saya hanya bisa menyebutkan in and across Europe. Leiden &
beberapa studi mengenai masyarakat Indonesia –
Boston: Brill, 2003.
dengan satu catatan bahwa Jawa-Suriname
menjadi bagian salah satunya- misalnya kajian Ba>z, Shaykh Ibn dan Shaykh Uthaymeen.
sosial-antropologi oleh Nur Ichwan Moch dan Muslim Minorities, Fatawa
Moh. Khusen; keduanya mengenai Jawa- Regarding Muslims Living as
Suriname di Belanda, dan Sujadi mengenai
sejarah Persatuan Pemuda Muslim Eropa (PPME)
Minorities. Hounslow: Massage
Nur Ichwan, “Prayer in the Surinam-Javanese of Islam, 1998.
Diaporic Experience,” ISIM Newsletter 3/99, hlm. Bentzin, Anke. “Islamic TV Programmes
36 & 43; Moh. Khusen, “Contending Identity in as a Forum of a Religious
the Islamic Ritual: the Slametan among
Surinamese Javanese Muslims in the Discourse,” Stefano Allievi dan
Netherlands,” Al-Jami’ah, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, Jørgen Nielsen (eds.), Muslim
283-308; Sujadi, “Persatuan Muslim se-Eropa Networks and Transnational
(PPME): its Qualified Founders, Progression, and Communities in and across
Nature,” Al-Jami’ah, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2010, hlm. Europe. Leiden & Boston: Brill,
239-280.
47
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dengan sangat mendalam seperti Yudian Fatwa”, ISIM Review, 17/Spring
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