Management

Submitted: 11/11/2010

Management Theory
06/10/10

Ciaran Henderson
DT413-Event Management Group (A) Mary ORawe

Management Theory

Contents
Contents ........................................................................................................................ 1 Foreword ....................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 Planning ..................................................................................................................... 3 Aims............................................................................................................................ 3 Historical Development of Theories ........................................................................... 4 Historic Theorists....................................................................................................... 4 Classical Theorists ..................................................................................................... 4 Scientific Theorists ..................................................................................................... 5 Management, a Science or an Art? ............................................................................ 6 Science ....................................................................................................................... 6 Art .............................................................................................................................. 6 Innovation ..................................................................................................................... 8 Googles 20 Percent Time ........................................................................................... 8 Innovation in the Events Industry .............................................................................. 9 Disruptive Innovation ................................................................................................ 11 IBM .......................................................................................................................... 11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 13 Books ........................................................................................................................ 14 Blogs ........................................................................................................................ 14 Journals.................................................................................................................... 14 Images ...................................................................................................................... 15 Websites ................................................................................................................... 15

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Management Theory

Foreword
This document has been compiled by Ciaran Henderson and this is whom the author, mentioned in-text, refers to. There is also a supplementary presentation. If you would like to find out more about Ciaran; His LinkedIn Profile:

His O-Desk Profile:

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Management Theory

Introduction
Drucker (1974, p12) defines management as the specific organ of every institution.

Planning
This investigation into this organ has been undertaken as part of the authors Event Management module and in it he plans to: Give a brief Historic Development of management theory. Discuss whether Management is a Science or an Art. Examine Innovation and see how valuable it is in successful management in the event sector. Investigate a recent Management Theory known as Disruptive Innovation.

Aims
By the end of the investigation the author hopes to have demonstrated his interest and personal thoughts on the subject areas stated above while demonstrating his broad amount of research work. He also hopes to learn about the recent management theory Disruptive Innovation. He hopes to have communicated clearly and effectively in order for the reader to understand the information he presents and the way he interpreted it along with his own thoughts.

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Management Theory

Historical Development of Theories

There are many arguments as to when management theory actually originated and there are many different famous theorists through the years who have gained fame and fortune from their publications and writings. However there are 3 main headings we can class them under:

Historic Theorists
The earliest writing that could be considered a plausible theory, written by Chinese general Sun Tzu, was The Art of War in the 6th Century BC. Its a military strategy book, that suggests for managerial uses, being aware and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a managers organization and a foes. (Gomez-Mejia et Al. 2008)

Classical Theorists
A Scottish philosopher named Adam Smith wrote the wealth of nations in 1776. It aspires towards resourceful organization of work using the specialization of labour. Smith demonstrates this in changing processes that boost productivity in the manufacture of pins. While one employee could produce 200 pins a day, Smith altered the steps and, with 10 specialists, could produce 48,000 pins per day. (GomezMejia et Al. 2008)

Mary Parker Follett who was a forerunner in the areas of organizational theory & organizational behaviour. Who also wrote a number of books, articles, speeches on democracy, human relations, psychology, organizational behaviour & conflict resolution. Her ideas on negotiation, power, and employee participation were extremely influential in the development of the fields of organizational studies, alternative dispute resolution, and the Human Relations Movement.She described management as "the art of getting things done through people" (Richard Barrett 2003)

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Management Theory

Scientific Theorists
While in the Frenchman Henri Fayols Administration industrielle et gnrale (1917) proposed that any industrial undertaking had six functions: technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, and managerial. He then breaks it down further and considers management to consist of six functions: forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling. He was one of the most significant contributors to the concepts of management and we still use many of his theories in modern management today.

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Management Theory

Management, a Science or an Art?

Initially the author established what the definitions are for Science and Art.

Science
According to CRHM Global (2008): Science has 3 specific characteristics: 1. It is a systematic and organized knowledge and based on scientific methods of observation. 2. Inferences are arrived after continuous observation and experiemtns; 3. It has logical principals which are well defined and are Universally applicable without any limitations.

From this the author deduces that management is indeed a science as there is a huge aspect in management of measuring performance with regards to planning, organising, controlling, co-ordinating and book-keeping. All of these have very clear objectives and rules which must be followed, there are no grey areas. In this way all of these things are easily measured and compared to precious results to determine progress and performance.

Art
According to oxforddictionaries.com (2010) Art is- subjects of study primarily concerned with human creativity and social life , such as languages, literature, and history (as contrasted with scientific or technical subjects) From this the author can deduce many areas of management which is not easily measured or dealt with and must be approached in a skilful and sensitive manner, such as- Human resources, hiring & firing, business ethics, motivation, moral and contentedness within an organization.

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Management Theory These are in contrast to the scientific side of management as this aspect of the business can be altered in different circumstances depending on who the people are, what their personalities and individual traits are, their attitudes, emotions and many other factors that must be taken into consideration and approached with caution taking all possible outcomes into mind and choosing the most appropriate course of action. There is a certain art in knowing how to deal with people, mastering the art of conversation & communication.

The author found CRHM Global (2008) to describe the relationship beautifullyManagement has got two faces like a coin; on one side it is art and on the other it is scienceScience and Art are not mutually exclusive but complementary to each other. Therefore management is both a science and an art.

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Management Theory

Innovation
According to Joseph Schumpter, who is often thought of as the first economist to draw on the importance of innovation, defined five types of innovation in the 1930s(OECD, 1997, p28):
Introduction of a new product or a qualitative change in an existing product

Process innovation new to an industry The opening of a new market Development of new sources of supply for raw materials or other inputs Changes in industrial organisation

Googles 20 Percent Time

One excellent example of innovation at its most productive is Googles 20 percent time, as Alex K. (2006) tells us in Googles official blogThe 20 percent time is a well-known part of our philosophy here, enabling engineers to spend one day a week working on projects that arent necessarily in our job descriptions. You can use the time to develop something new, or if you see something thats broken, you can use the time to fix it. The author thinks this is such a beneficial idea as it gives employees the opportunity to use their own initiative & creativity to come up with ideas that can then be implemented into the business giving the employees an immense sense of pride & importance in their work and company. This kind of scheme will also act as a huge source of motivation encouraging them to work harder. Another blogger Steve Safran (2010) tells us that incentives are wonderful things He tells us he knows of a TV station that offered $500 dollars to anyone who could come up with a cost saving initiative The employee gets $500, the company saves far more, and everyone wins. If more businesses were to operate in this manner then the businesses would not only generate loyal staff & customers but may also end up with some ground-breaking ideas, which may give them the edge in their particular market or even save a failing business from the brink of bankruptcy in these uncertain times.

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Management Theory The author believes that all areas of industry should invest in these kinds of initiatives, as realistically as possible. They will definitely pay back in the long run, generate a community of budding intrepreneurs and will be by and large priceless. As a Chinese proverb (n.d) once said
Tell me and I'll forget; show me and I may remember; involve me and I'll understand.

Awards held by the Business & Finance journal (2009) were held in UCD. The main focus tended to be on innovative businesses and how they coped in the recession. One of the shortlisted businesss was Paddy Power (2010) Irelands biggest and most successful bookmaker. According to the Business & Finance journal (2009) one of the unique selling points of their business model is that ittakes an unconventional approach to betting and gaming, believing them to be firmly rooted in the leisure and entertainment spaceThrough this strategy, the company has developed a strong reputation as the punter friendly bookmaker and has become renowned for its unique money back specials These innovations have meant that In 2009, turnover was over 2.75 billion, up 31% on 2008. (Paddy Power 2010)

Innovation in the Events Industry

The author believes innovation links directly with the events industry as competition becomes stronger and in the current economy events need to be exciting, new and a little bit quirky in order to stand out from the crowd and develop their own image and attract people to their events. The author thinks that the value companies put into innovation. The author found a selection of events which really caught his attention:

Wife Carrying World ChampionshipsCreated in 1994 The Wife Carrying World Championships are held in Sonkajrvi, Finland every year. The men carry their wives on their backs over 250m of obstacles, including a water jump. The winner is awarded his spouse's weight in beer. (whatsonwhen.com 2010)

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Management Theory Burning Man Started in 1986 with a few hundred people, it has now grown to a bustling city of some 48,000+ people Held in Black Rock Desert, 120 miles north of Reno, Nevada for one week every year. Burning Man is an annual experiment in temporary community dedicated to radical self-expression and radical self-reliance (BurningMan.com 2010)

Alternative Miss Ireland This is a fund-raising event for HIV/AIDS which started controversially in 1987. It is a tumescent celebration of alternative beauty and performance, of concentrated othernessAMI looks for the broadest range of entrants - men, women and anything else. It is now held in the Olympia annually, on the 17th of March, with an audience of 1300. (AlternativeMissIreland.com 2010)

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Management Theory

Disruptive Innovation
This term first appeared in the 1997 Best-seller The Innovators Dilemma, According to Clayton Christensen (2009), Disruptive innovation is: a process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves up market, eventually displacing established competitors. The author had never previously had thought that innovation could be disruptive until doing research and discovering Christensens theory. To support the theory, the author has used blogger Daniel Scoccos (10/04/2006) article as he explains using the example of the disk drive industry:

IBM
IBM developed the first disk drives around 1954, they were as large as refrigerators and could only store 5mb of data. By 1976 $1 billion worth of disk drives were being produced annually between many different producers. By 1996 the market was worth $18 million and the only company still operating in the market was IBM.

The reason IBM was so disruptive was thanks to their innovative 8-inch disks which were much smaller than the rest of the market who dominated with 14-inch drives, however at first the cost-per-megabyte was much higher than that of the larger drives, and unfortunately their main customers were not interested in this new technology at all as the size of the drive wasnt important as all they cared about was the capacity of the drives and the cost-per-megabyte.

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Management Theory Eventually however the smaller drives became both cheaper, smaller and were out-performing the larger models. While customer demand was increasing by 25% each year, the producers of 8inch drives were able to increase capacity by 40% each year- nearly twice the speed.

Customers Demand Difference

Thanks to these disruptive innovations, according to Yahoo Finance (2010) IBM now has a market cap of $181.96 billion dollars and ranks second in the worlds top 100 best global brands (2009)

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Conclusion
In conclusion the author has Given a Historic Development of management theory in 3 classifications ofHistoric, Classical and Scientific. Concluded that management is a carful combination of both science and art. Demonstrated the importance & impact of innovation on the success of management in the event sector. Presented his investigation into the theory of disruptive innovation

The author believes he has clearly and effectively communicated throughout his investigation and is optimistic that the reader has understood the different areas explored throughout.

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Management Theory

Bibliography
Books
Barrett. R. (2003) Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Drucker, P.F. (1974) Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practises Oxford, Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. Fayol, H. (1917) (in French), Administration industrielle et gnrale; prvoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle, Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat. Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. B. and Robert L. C. (2008). Management: People, Performance, Change, 3rd edition. New York, New York USA. : McGraw-Hill. OECD 1997. The Oslo Manual: Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data Paris, OECD.

Blogs
K. Alex (2006), Googles 20percent time in action, The Official Google Blog [Blog] 5/18/2006. Available at:

<http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/05/googles-20-percent-time-inaction.html> [Date Accessed: 07/10/2010] Safran. S. (2010), 20percent time: the way to innovate [Blog] 14/7/2010 available at: <http://www.lostremote.com/2010/07/14/20-percent-time-the-

way-to-innovate/> [Date Accessed: 07/10/2010] Scocco. D. (2006), Disruptive Innovation [Blog] 04/10/2010 available at: <http://innovationzen.com/blog/2006/10/04/disruptive-innovation/> [Date Accessed: 08/11/2010]

Journals
The Business & Finance Journal (2009) Business & Finance awards shortlist, Fantastic Four Business & Finance, 45 (20) Pg. 49.

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Images
Cypruslocal, Handshake.jpg, [Online] available at: <http://www.cypruslocal.co.uk/Portals/32/advert%20images/handshake.jpg> Date Accessed: 14/10/10 Scocco. D. (2006), Disruptive [Online] available at: <http://innovationzen.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/disruptive.jpg> [Date Accessed: 08/11/2010]

Websites
Alternativemissireland.com (2010) All Aspiring Queen Cailns! [website] available at: <http://www.alternativemissireland.com/enter/index.php> [Date Accessed 10/11/2010] BurningMan.com (2010) What is burning man? Frequently Asked Questions [website] available at: <http://www.burningman.com/whatisburningman/about_burningman/faq_wha t_is.html> [Date Accessed: 10/11/2010] Business week (2009) 100 Best Global Brands [website] available at: <http://www.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/best_global_brands_2009. html> [Date Accessed: 08/11/2010] Chinese Proverb (n.d) Chinese proverb quotes [website] available at: <http://thinkexist.com/quotation/a_single_conversation_across_the_table_with _a/157842.html> [Date Accessed: 09/11/2010] Christensen C. (2009), Key concepts- Disruptive innovation [website] available at: <http://www.claytonchristensen.com/disruptive_innovation.html> [Date Accessed: 08/11/2010] CHRMGlobal (2008) Management: Art or Science? [website] available at: <http://www.chrmglobal.com/Articles/180/1/Management--Art-or-Science.html> [Date Accessed: 09/11/2010] Oxford University Press (2010) Art [website] available at:

<http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/art?rskey=qteBSd&result=1#m_en_ gb0041510> [Date Accessed: 09/11/2010] Paddy Power (2010) about us [website] available at:

<http://www.paddypower.com/bet/about-us> [Date Accessed: 09/11/2010]

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Management Theory Whatsonwhen.com (2010) wife carrying world championships [website] available at: <http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/?fx=event&event_id=26295> [Date Accessed: 10/11/2010] Yahoo Finance (2010), International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) [website] available at: < http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=ibm> [Date Accessed: 08/11/2010]

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