24 M Span Pre Stressed Bridge

Prestressed Concrete
Since concrete is weak in tension in normal reinforced concrete construction cracks develop in the tension z
Prestressing involves inducing compressive stresses in the zone which will tend to become tensile under ext
The prestressing force also reduces the magnitude of the principal tensile stress in the web so that thin-web
The prestressing force has to be produced by a high tensile steel, and it is necessary to use high quality con
There are two methods of prestressing concrete :
1) Pre-cast Pre-tensioned
2) Pre-cast Post-tensioned
Both methods involve tensioning cables inside a concrete beam and then anchoring the stressed cables to t
1) Pre-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Tendons and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould.
Stage 2
Tendons are stressed to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 3
Concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed to cure to the required initial strength.
Stage 4
When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released and the tendons anchor themselves in the conc
2) Post-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the
Stage 2
Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is
Loss of Prestress
When the tensioning force is released and the tendons are anchored to the concrete a series of effects resu
a. relaxation of the steel tendons

b. elastic deformation of the concrete
c. shrinkage and creep of the concrete
d. slip or movement of the tendons at the anchorages during anchoring
e. other causes in special circumstances , such as when steam curing is used with pre-tensioning.
Total losses in prestress can amount to about 30% of the initial tensioning stress.
Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4
Problem:
Design a simply supported prestressed concrete Y beam which carries a 150mm thick concrete slab and 100mm of s
γconc. = 24kN/mm3
25 units of HB to be considered at SLS for load combination 1 only (BS 5400 Pt4 Cl. 4.2.2)
Loading per beam (at 1.0m c/c)
Nominal Dead Loads : slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0 = 3.6 kN/m
beam = say Y5 beam = 10.78 kN/m
surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x=1.0

2.4 kN/m
Nominal Live Load : HA = 10 x 1.0 + 33.0 = 10 kN/m + 33kN
25 units HB = 25 x 10=/62.5
4 perkN
wheel
per wheel
Load factors for serviceability and ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 (or BD 37/01) Table 1:
SLS
Comb.1 Comb.3
Dead Load γfL concrete1.0

1.0 1.15 1.15
Superimposed Dead Load γfL surfacing1.2

1.2 1.75 1.75
Live Load γfL HA 1.2 1.0 1.5
γfL HB 1.1 -
Temperature Difference γfL - 0.8 - 1.0
Concrete Grades
Beam fcu = 50 N/mm2,
fci = 40 N/mm2
Slab fcu = 40 N/mm2
BS 5400 Pt. 4
Section Properties
cl.7.4.1 Modular ratio effect for different concrete strengths between beam and slab may be ig
Property Beam Section Composite Section

Area(mm2) 4.49E+05 5.99E+05
Centroid(mm) 456 623
2nd Moment of Area(mm4) 5.29E+10 1.04E+11
Modulus @ Level 1(mm3) 1.16E+08 1.66E+08
Modulus @ Level 2(mm3) 8.91E+07 2.42E+08
Modulus @ Level 3(mm3) - 1.79E+08
Temperature Difference Effects
Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4)to a simplified beam section.
Cl. 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6 per ºC.
From BS 5400 Pt4 Table 3 : Ec = 34 kN/mm2 for fcu = 50N/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per °C = 34 x 103 x 12 x 10-6 = 0.408 N/mm2

a) Positive temperature difference
Force F to restrain temperature strain :

0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 + 5.25 ) ] x 10-3 +
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 + 750 x 200 x 1.25 ) x 10-3 = 504.9 + 122.4 = 627.3 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :

0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 x 502 + 5.25 x 527 ) ] x 10-6 +
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 x 344 - 750 x 200 x 1.25 x 556 ) x 10-6 = 261.5 - 26.7 = 234.8 kNm
b) Reverse temperature difference

- 0.408 x [ 1000 x 150 x ( 3.6 + 2.3 ) + 300 x 90 x ( 0.9 + 1.35 ) ] x 10-3
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 + 150 x 0.45 ) x 10-3
- 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 + 0.15 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 + 2.6 ) ] x 10-3 = - 385.9 - 19.3 - 295.1 = - 700.3 kN

- 0.408 x [ 150000 x ( 3.6 x 502 + 2.3 x 527 ) + 27000 x ( 0.9 x 382 + 1.35 x 397 ) ] x 10-6
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 x 270 - 150 x 0.45 x 283 ) x 10-6
+ 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 x 358 + 0.15 x 366 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 x 503 + 2.6 x 543 ) ] x 10-6
= - 194.5 - 0.6 + 153.8 = - 41.3 kNm
Differential Shrinkage Effects
BS 5400 Pt.4 Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :
cl.7.4.3.4 Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6
Assume that 2/3 of the total shrinkage of the precast concrete takes place before the de
hence the differential shrinkage is 200 x 10-6
BS 5400 Pt.4 Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - εdiff x Ecf x Acf x φ
cl.7.4.3.5 F = -200 x 10-6 x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN
Eccentricity acent = 502mm

Restraint moment Mcs = -439 x 0.502 = -220.4 kNm
Self weight of beam and weight of deck slab is supported by the beam. When the deck slab concrete has cured then
Dead Loading (beam and slab)
Total load for serviceability limit state = (1.0 x 3.6)+(1.0 x 10.78) = 14.4kN/m
Design serviceability moment = 14.4 x 242 / 8 = 1037 kNm
Combination 1 Loading
Super. & HA live load for SLS

= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.2 x 10)]udl & [(1.2 x 33)]kel
= (2.88 + 12.0)udl & 39.6kel

= 14.9 kN/m & 39.6kN
Super. & HB live load for SLS

= 2.88 & 4 wheels @ 1.1 x 62.5
= 2.9 kN/m & 4 wheels @ 68.75 kN
Total load for ultimate limit =state

[(1.15 x 3.6)+(1.15 x 10.78)+(1.75 x 2.4)+(1.5 x 10)]udl & [(1.5 x 33)]kel
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 15.0)udl & 49.5kel

= 35.7 kN/m & 49.5kN
HA Design serviceability moment
= 14.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 39.6 x 24 / 4
=1310 kNm
25 units HB Design SLS moment

= 2.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 982.3(from grillage analysis)
= 1191.1 kNm
Design ultimate moment = 35.7 x 24.02 / 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4
= 2867 kNm

= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.0 x 10)]udl & [(1.0 x 33)]kel
= (2.88 + 10.0)udl & 33kel

= 12.9 kN/m & 33kN

[(1.15 x 3.6)+(1.15 x 10.78)+(1.75 x 2.4)+(1.25 x 10)]udl & [(1.25 x 33)]kel
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 12.5)udl & 41.3kel

= 33.2 kN/m & 41.3kN
Design serviceability moment= 12.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 33 x 24 / 4
= 1127 kNm
Allowable stresses in precast concrete
At transfer :
cl.6.3.2.2 b) Compression ( Table 23 )

0.5fci (<=0.4fcu) = 20 N/mm2 max.
cl.6.3.2.4 b) Tension = 1.0 N/mm2
At serviceability limit state :
cl.7.4.3.2 Compression (1.25 x Table 22)

1.25 x 0.4fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Tension = 0 N/mm2 (class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2 (class 2 - Table 24)

Stresses at Level 1 due to SLS loads (N/mm2) :
Comb.1 Comb.1 Comb.3

(H
Dead Load M / Z = (1037 x -10

8.94 - 8.94 - 8.94
Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

- 7.88
/ (166.156 x 10 - 7.17 - 6.78
Reverse Temperature = γfL x--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69 - -1.35
Differential shrinkage -0.60 -0.60
Total Stress at Level 1 = -17.42 -16.71
Hence Combination 3 is critical
Prestressing Force and Eccentricity
Using straight, fully bonded tendons (constant force and eccentricity).

Allow for 20% loss of prestress after transfer.
Initial prestress at Level 1 to satisfy class 2 requirement for SLS (Comb. 3).
Stress at transfer = ( 17.67 - 3.2 ) / 0.8 = 18.1 N/mm2 (use allowable stress of 20 N/mm2)
The critical section at transfer occurs at the end of the transmission zone. The moment due to the self weight at th
P/A + Pe/Zlevel 1 = 20
P/A - Pe/Zlevel 2 >= - 1.0
(eqn. 1) x Zlevel 1 + (eqn. 2) x Zlevel 2 gives :
P >= A x (20 x Zlevel 1 - 1.0 x Zlevel 2) / (Zlevel 1 + Zlevel 2)
P = 449.22 x 103 x ( 20 x 116.02 - 89.066) / ( 116.02 + 89.066) x 10-3 = 4888 kN
Allow 10% for loss of force before and during transfer, then the initial force Po = 4888 / 0.9 = 5431kN
Using 15.2mm class 2 relaxation standard strand at maximum initial force of 174kN (0.75 x Pu)
Area of tendon = 139mm2
Nominal tensile strength = fpu =1670 N/mm2
Hence 32 tendons required.
Initial force Po = 32 x 174 = 5568 kN
P = 0.9 x 5568 = 5011 kN
Substituting P = 5011 kN in (eqn. 2)
e <= Zlevel 2 / A + Zlevel 2 / P = (89.066 x 106 / 449.22 x 103) + (89.066 x 106 / 5011 x 103)
e = 198 + 18 = 216 mm
Arrange 32 tendons symmetrically about the Y-Y axis to achieve an eccentricity of about 216mm.
Taking moments about bottom of beam :
2 @ 1000 = 2000
2 @ 900 = 1800
4 @ 260 = 1040
8 @ 160 = 1280
10 @ 110 = 1100
6 @ 60 = 360
32 7580
e = 456 - 7580 / 32 = 456 - 237 =219mm
Allowing for 1% relaxation loss in steel before transfer and elastic deformation of concrete at transfer :
cl. 6.7.2.3 P = 0.99 Po / [ 1 + Es x (Aps / A) x (1 + A x e2 / I) / Eci ]
P = 0.99 x Po / [ 1 + 196 x ( 32 x 139 / 449220) x (1 + 449220 x 2192 / 52.905 x 109) / 31
P = 0.91 Po = 0.91 x 5568 = 5067 kN
Initial stresses due to prestress at end of transmission zone :
Level 1 : P / A x ( 1 + A x e / Zlevel 1 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 + 219 / 258 ) = 20.89 N/mm2
Level 2 : P / A x ( 1 - A x e / Zlevel 2 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 - 219 / 198 ) = - 1.20 N/mm2
Moment due to self weight of beam at mid span = 10.78 x 242 / 8 = 776.2 kNm
Stress due to self weight of beam at mid span :

@ Level 1 = - 776.2 / 116.02 = - 6.69 N/mm2
@ Level 2 = 776.2 / 89.066 = 8.71 N/mm2
Initial stresses at mid span :
cl. 6.7.2.5 Allowing for 2% relaxation loss in steel after transfer, concrete shrinkage εcs
and concrete specific creep ct = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 per N/mm2
Loss of force after transfer due to :
cl. 6.7.2.2 Steel relaxation = 0.02 x 5568 = 111
cl. 6.7.2.4 Concrete shrinkage = (εcs x Es x Aps ) = 300 x 10-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
cl. 6.7.2.5 Concrete creep = ( ct x fco x Es x Aps ) = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32
Total Loss = 111 + 262 + 550 = 923 kN
Final force after all loss of prestress = Pe = 5067 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.
Final stresses due to prestress after all loss of prestress at :
Level 1 f1,0.82P = 0.82 x 20.89 = 17.08 N/mm2
Level 2 f2,0.82P = 0.82 x - 1.20 = - 0.98 N/mm2
Combined stresses in final condition for worst effects of design loads, differential shrinka
Level 1, combination 1 HB : f = 17.08 - 16.71 = 0.37 N/mm2 (> 0 hence O.K.)
Level 1, combination 3 : f = 17.08 - 17.67 = - 0.59 N/mm2 (> - 3.2 hence O.K.)
Level 2, combination 1 : f = - 0.98 + 1037 / 89.066 + 1310 / 242.424 + 1.64 = 17.71 (< 25 O.K.)
Level 3. combination 3 : f = (1127 / 179.402) + (0.8 x 3.15) = 8.8 N/mm2 (< 25 O.K.)
Ultimate Capacity of Beam and Deck Slab

(Composite Section)
Ultimate Design Moment = γf3 x M = 1.1 x 2867 = 3154 kNm
cl. 6.3.3 Only steel in the tension zone is to be considered :

Centroid of tendons in tension zone = (6x60 + 10x110 + 8x160 + 4x260) / 28 = 135mm
Effective depth from Level 3 = 1200 - 135 = 1065mm
Assume that the maximum design stress is developed in the tendons, then :
Tensile force in tendons Fp = 0.87 x 28 x 139 x 1670 x 10-3 = 5655 kN
Compressive force in concrete flange :

Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3 = 2400 kN
Let X = depth to neutral axis.

Compressive force in concrete web :
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x [393 - (393 - 200) x (X - 150) / (671 x 2)] x (X - 150) x 10-3
Fw = ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
Equating forces to obtain X :
5655 = 2400 + ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
X = 659 mm
Stress in tendon after losses = fpe = 4144 x 103 / (32 x 139) = 932 N/mm2
Prestrain εpe = fpe / Es = 932 / 200 x 103 = 0.0047
Determine depth to neutral axis by an iterative strain compatibility analysis

Try X = 659 mm as an initial estimate
Width of web at this depth = 247mm
εpb6 = ε6 + εpe = -459 x 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0022
εpb5 = ε5 + εpe = -359 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0028
εpb4 = ε4 + εpe = 281 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0062
εpb3 = ε3 + εpe = 381 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0067
εpb2 = ε2 + εpe = 431 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0069
εpb1 = ε1 + εpe = 481 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0072
fpb6 = 0.0022 x 200 x 103 = 444 N/mm2
fpb5 = 0.0028 x 200 x 103 = 551 N/mm2
fpb4 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0062 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1178 N/mm2
fpb3 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0067 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1201 N/mm2
fpb2 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0069 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1213 N/mm2
fpb1 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0072 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1225 N/mm2

Tensile force in tendons :
Fp6 = 2 x 139 x 444 x 10-3 = 124
Fp5 = 2 x 139 x 551 x 10-3 = 153
Fp4 = 4 x 139 x 1178 x 10-3 = 655
Fp3 = 8 x 139 x 1201 x 10-3 = 1336
Fp2 = 10 x 139 x 1213 x 10-3= 1686
Fp1 = 6 x 139 x 1225 x 10-3 = 1022
4976 kN
Compressive force in concrete :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3= 2400
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x 0.5 x (393 + 247) x (659 - 150) x 10-3= 3258
5658 kN
Fc > Ft therefore reduce depth to neutral axis and repeat the calculations.
Using a depth of 565mm will achieve equilibrium.
The following forces are obtained :
Fp6 = 134 Ff = 2400
Fp5 = 168 Fw = 2765
Fp4 = 675 Fc = 5165
Fp3 = 1382
Fp2 = 1746
Fp1 = 1060
Ft = 5165
Taking Moments about the neutral axis :
Fp6 = 134 x -0.365 =-49
Fp5 = 168 x -0.265 = -45

Fp4 = 675 x 0.375 = 253
Fp3 = 1382 x 0.475 = 656
Fp2 = 1746 x 0.525 =917
Fp1 = 1060 x 0.575 = 610
Ff = 2400 x 0.49 = 1176
Fw = 3258 x 0.207 = 674
Mu = 4192 kNm > 3154 kNm hence O.K.
cl. 6.3.3.1 Mu / M = 4192 / 3154 = 1.33 ( > 1.15 ) hence strain in outermost tendon O.K.
Abutment Design Example to BD 30
Design the fixed and free end cantilever abutments to the 20m span deck shown to carry HA and 45 units o
The ground investigation report shows suitable founding strata about 9.5m below the proposed road level. T
Backfill material will be Class 6N with an effective angle of internal friction (ϕ') = 35o and density (γ) = 19k
The proposed deck consists of 11No. Y4 prestressed concrete beams and concrete deck slab as shown.
Loading From the Deck

A grillage analysis gave the following reactions for the various load cases:
Critical Reaction Under One Beam Total Reaction on Each Abutment
Nominal Reaction( Ultimate Reaction

Nominal Reaction
Ultimate Reaction(kN)
Concrete Deck 180 230 1900
Surfacing 30 60 320
HA udl+kel 160 265 1140
45 units HB 350 500 1940
Nominal loading on 1m length of abutment:

Deck Dead Load = (1900 + 320) / 11.6 = 191kN/m
HA live Load on Deck = 1140 / 11.6 = 98kN/m
HB live Load on Deck = 1940 / 11.6 = 167kN/m
From BS 5400 Part 2 Figures 7 and 8 the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures are -19 and +37
For a Group 4 type strucutre (see fig. 9) the corresponding minimum and maximum effective bridge tempe
Hence the temperature range = 11 + 36 = 47oC.
From Clause 5.4.6 the range of movement at the free end of the 20m span deck = 47 x 12 x 10-6 x 20 x 10
The ultimate thermal movement in the deck will be ± [(11.3 / 2) γf3 γfL] = ±[11.3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = ± 8mm
Option 1 - Elastomeric Bearing:

With a maximum ultimate reaction = 230 + 60 + 500 = 790kN then a suitable elastomeric bearing would b
• Maximum Load = 1053kN
• Shear Deflection = 13.3mm
• Shear Stiffness = 12.14kN/mm
• Bearing Thickness = 19mm
Note: the required shear deflection (8mm) should be limited to between 30% to 50% of the thickness of th
A tolerance is also required for setting the bearing if the ambient temperature is not at the mid range temp
Horizontal load at bearing for 10mm contraction = 12.14 x 10 = 121kN.
This is an ultimate load hence the nominal horizontal load = 121 / 1.1 / 1.3 = 85kN at each bearing.
Total horizontal load on each abutment = 11 x 85 = 935 kN ≡ 935 / 11.6 = 81kN/m.
Alternatively using BS 5400 Part 9.1 Clause 5.14.2.6:

H = AGδr/tq
Using the Ekspan bearing EKR35
• Area = 610 x 420 = 256200mm2
• Nominl hardness = 60 IRHD
Shear modulus G from Table 8 = 0.9N/mm2
H = 256200 x 0.9 x 10-3 x 10 / 19 = 121kN
This correllates with the value obtained above using the shear stiffness from the manufacturer's data sheet
Option 2 - Sliding Bearing:

With a maximum ultimate reaction of 790kN and longitudinal movement of ± 8mm then a suitable bearing from the Ekspan
• Base Plate A dimension = 210mm
• Base Plate B dimension = 365mm
• Movement ± X = 12.5mm
BS 5400 Part 2 - Clause 5.4.7.3:
Average nominal dead load reaction = (1900 + 320) / 11 = 2220 / 11 = 200kN
Contact pressure under base plate = 200000 / (210 x 365) = 3N/mm2
As the mating surface between the stainless steel and PTFE is smaller than the base plate then the pressure
From Table3 of BS 5400 Part 9.1 the Coefficient of friction = 0.08 for a bearing stress of 5N/mm2
Hence total horizontal load on each abutment when the deck expands or contracts = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN
Traction and Braking Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.10:

Nominal Load for HA = 8kN/m x 20m + 250kN = 410kN
Nominal Load for HB = 25% of 45units x 10kN x 4axles = 450kN
450 > 410kN hence HB braking is critical.
Braking load on 1m width of abutment = 450 / 11.6 = 39kN/m.
When this load is applied on the deck it will act on the fixed abutment only.
Skidding Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.11:

Nominal Load = 300kN
300 < 450kN hence braking load is critical in the longitudinal direction.
Loading at Rear of Abutment
Backfill
For Stability calculations use active earth pressures = Ka γ h
Ka for Class 6N material = (1-Sin35) / (1+Sin35) = 0.27
Density of Class 6N material = 19kN/m3
Active Pressure at depth h = 0.27 x 19 x h = 5.13h kN/m2
Hence Fb = 5.13h2/2 = 2.57h2kN/m
Surcharge - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.2:

For HA loading surcharge = 10 kN/m2
For HB loading surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Assume a surchage loading for the compaction plant to be equivalent to 30 units of HB
Hence Compaction Plant surcharge = 12 kN/m2.
For surcharge of w kN/m2 :
Fs = Ka w h = 0.27wh kN/m
1) Stability Check
Initial Sizing for Base Dimensions

There are a number of publications that will give guidance on base sizes for free standing cantilever walls, Reynolds's Rein
Alternatively a simple spreadsheet will achieve a result by trial and error.
Load Combinations
Backfill + Construction Backfill + Sackfill + Backfill + Backfill + Backfill +

surcharge Construc HA HA HB HA
tion surcharg surcharg surcharg surcharg
surcharg e + Deck e + e + Deck e + Deck
e dead Braking dead dead
load + behind load load +
Deck abutmen HB on
contracti t + Deck deck
on dead
load
Fixed Abutment Only
Backfill + HA surcharge + Deck dead load + HA on deck + Braking on deck
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment
Density of reinforced concrete = 25kN/m3.
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 = 163kN/m
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 = 52kN/m
Backfill Force Fb = 0.27 x 19 x 7.52 / 2 = 144kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.27 x 12 x 7.5 = 24 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight Lever Arm Moment About A
Stem 163 1.6 261
Base 160 3.2 512
Backfill 531 4.25 2257
Surcharge 52 4.25 221
∑= 906 ∑ =3251
Overturning Effects:
F Lever Arm Moment About A
Backfill 144 2.5 361
∑ =168 ∑ =452
Factor of Safety Against Overturning = 3251 / 452 = 7.2 > 2.0 ∴ OK.
For sliding effects:
Active Force = Fb + Fs = 168kN/m
Frictional force on underside of base resisting movement = W tan(φ) = 906 x tan(30o) = 523kN/m
Factor of Safety Against Sliding = 523 / 168 = 3.1 > 2.0 ∴ OK.
Bearing Pressure:
Check bearing pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) ± (P x e / Z) where P x e is the moment abou
P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 452 = 2799kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of P about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2799 / 906) = 0.111m
Pressure under base = (906 / 6.4) ± (906 x 0.111 / 6.827)
Pressure under toe = 142 + 15 = 157kN/m2 < 400kN/m2 ∴ OK.
Pressure under heel = 142 - 15 = 127kN/m2
Hence the abutment will be stable for Case 1.
Analysing the fixed abutment with Load Cases 1 to 6 and the free abutment with Load Cases 1 to 5 using a
Fixed Abutment:
F of S Overturning F of S Sliding
Bearing Pressure
Bearingat
Pressure
Toe at Heel
Case 1 7.16 3.09 156
Case 2 2.87 2.13 386
Case 2a 4.31 2.64 315
Case 3 3.43 2.43 351
Case 4 4.48 2.63 322
Case 5 5.22 3.17 362
Case 6 3.8 2.62 378
Free Abutment:
Bearing Pressure
Bearingat
Pressure
Toe at Heel
Case 1 7.15 3.09 168
Case 2 2.91 2.14 388
Case 2a 4.33 2.64 318
Case 3 3.46 2.44 354
Case 4 4.5 2.64 325
Case 5 5.22 3.16 365
It can be seen that the use of elastomeric bearings (Case 2) will govern the critical design load cases on the
2) Wall and Base Design
Loads on the back of the wall are calculated using 'at rest' earth pressures. Serviceability and Ultimate load
Using the Fixed Abutment Load Case 1 again as an example of the calculations:
Wall Design
Ko = 1 - Sin(ϕ') = 1 - Sin(35o) = 0.426
γfL for horizontal loads due to surcharge and backfill from BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.1.2:
Serviceability = 1.0
Ultimate = 1.5
γf3 = 1.0 for serviceability and 1.1 for ultimate (from BS 5400 Part 4 Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3)
Backfill Force Fb on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 19 x 6.52 / 2 = 171kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 12 x 6.5 = 33kN/m
At the base of the Wall:
Serviceability moment = (171 x 6.5 / 3) + (33 x 6.5 / 2) = 371 + 107 = 478kNm/m
Ultimate moment = 1.1 x 1.5 x 478 = 789kNm/m
Ultimate shear = 1.1 x 1.5 x (171 + 33) = 337kN/m
Fixed Abutment:
Moment Moment Moment Shear

SLS Dead SLS Live ULS ULS
Case 1 371 108 790 337
Case 2a 829 258 1771 566
Case 3 829 486 2097 596
Case 4 829 308 1877 602
Case 5 829 154 1622 543
Case 6 829 408 1985 599
Free Abutment:
Moment Moment Moment Shear
SLS Dead SLS Live ULS ULS
Case 1 394 112 835 350
Case 2a 868 265 1846 581
Case 3 868 495 2175 612
Case 4 868 318 1956 619
Case 5 868 159 1694 559
Concrete to BS 8500:2006
Use strength class C32/40 with water-cement ratio 0.5 and minimum cement content of 340kg/m3 for expo
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 60mm (45mm minimum cover plus a tolerance Δc of 15mm).Reinforceme
Design for critical moments and shear in Free Abutment:

Reinforced concrete walls are designed to BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.6.
Check classification to clause 5.6.1.1:
Ultimate axial load in wall from deck reactions = 2400 + 600 + 2770 = 5770 kN
0.1fcuAc = 0.1 x 40 x 103 x 11.6 x 1 = 46400 kN > 5770
∴ design as a slab in accordance with clause 5.4
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.4.2 → for reisitance moments in slabs design to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B40 @ 150 c/c:
As = 8378mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 20 = 920mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 8378) / (40 x 1000 x 920) ]} d = 0.875d < 0.95d ∴ OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 8378 x 0.875 x 920 x 10-6 = 2934kNm/m > 2175kNn/m ∴ OK
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.2mm < 0.25mm.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3
Shear
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause 5.4.4:

v = V / (bd) = 619 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.673 N/mm2
No shear reinforcement is required when v < ξsvc
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 920)1/4 = 0.86
vc = (0.27/γm)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3 = (0.27 / 1.25) x ({100 x 8378} / {1000 x 920})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.72
ξsvc = 0.86 x 0.72 = 0.62 N/mms < 0.673 hence shear reinforcement should be provided, however check sh
ULS shear at Section 7H/8 for load case 4 = 487 kN
v = V / (bd) = 487 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.53 N/mm2 < 0.62
Hence height requiring strengthening = 1.073 x (0.673 - 0.62) / (0.673 - 0.53) = 0.4m < d.
Provide a 500 x 500 splay at the base of the wall with B32 @ 150c/c bars in sloping face.
Early Thermal Cracking
Considering the effects of casting the wall stem onto the base slab by complying with the early thermal cracking of concret
Minimum area of secondary reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.2 = 0.12% of bad = 0.0012 x 1000 x 920 = 110
Base Design
Maximum bending and shear effects in the base slab will occur at sections near the front and back of the wa
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Serviceability Limit State

γfL = 1.0 γf3 = 1.0
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 x 1.0 = 163kN/m
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 x 1.0 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 x 1.0 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 x 1.0 = 52kN/m
B/fill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.0 / 2 = 228kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.426 x 12 x 7.5 x 1.0 = 38 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight Lever ArmMoment About A

Stem 163 1.6 261
Base 160 3.2 512
Backfill 531 4.25 2257
∑= 906 ∑= 3251
F Lever ArmMoment About A
∑= 266 ∑= 713
Bearing Pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) ± (P x e / Z)

P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 713 = 2538kNm/m
Pressure under toe = 142 + 53 = 195kN/m2
Pressure at front face of wall = 89 + {(195 - 89) x 5.3 / 6.4} = 177kN/m2
Pressure at rear face of wall = 89 + {(195 - 89) x 4.3 / 6.4} = 160kN/m2
SLS Moment at a-a = (177 x 1.12 / 2) + ([195 - 177] x 1.12 / 3) - (25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2) = 99kNm/m (tensio
SLS Moment at b-b = (89 x 4.32 / 2) + ([160 - 89] x 4.32 / 6) - (25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Ultimate Limit State

γfL for concrete = 1.15
γfL for fill and surcharge(vetical) = 1.2
γfL for fill and surcharge(horizontal) = 1.5
Backfill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.5 / 2 = 341kN/m
Restoring Effects:

Stem 187 1.6 299
Base 184 3.2 589
Backfill 637 4.25 2707
∑= 1070 ∑= 3859
∑= 399 ∑= 1071

P = 1070kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3859 - 1071 = 2788kNm/m
γf3 = 1.1
ULS Shear at a-a = 1.1 x {[(260 + 228) x 1.1 / 2] - (1.15 x 1.1 x 25)} = 260kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 1.1 x {[(199 + 74) x 4.3 / 2] - (1.15 x 4.3 x 25) - 637 - 62} = 259kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = 1.1 x {(228 x 1.12 / 2) + ([260 - 228] x 1.12 / 3) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 14
SLS Moment at b-b = 1.1 x {(74 x 4.32 / 2) + ([199 -

74] x 4.32 / 6) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (637 x 4.3
/ 2) - (62 x 4.3 / 2)} = -769kNm/m (tension in top face).
Fixed Abutment Base:
Section a-a Section b-b
ULSShear SLSMoment
ULSMoment ULS ShearSLS Moment
ULS Moment
Case 1 261 99 147 259 447
Case 2a 528 205 302 458 980
Case 3 593 235 340 553 1178
Case 4 550 208 314 495 1003
Case 5 610 241 348 327 853
Case 6 637 255 365 470 1098
Free Abutment Base:

ULSShear SLSMoment
ULSMoment ULSShear SLSMoment ULSMoment
Case 1 267 101 151 266 475
Case 2a 534 207 305 466 1029
Case 3 598 236 342 559 1233
Case 4 557 211 317 504 1055
Case 5 616 243 351 335 901
Design for shear and bending effects at sections a-a and b-b for the Free Abutment:
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.7.3 → design as a slab for reisitance moments to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B32 @ 150 c/c:
As = 5362mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 16 = 924mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 5362) / (40 x 1000 x 924) ]} d = 0.92d < 0.95d ∴ OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 5362 x 0.92 x 924 x 10-6 = 1983kNm/m > 1922kNm/m ∴ OK
(1983kNm/m also > 1834kNm/m ∴ B32 @ 150 c/c suitable for fixed abutment.
For the Serviceability check for Case 3 an approximation of the dead load moment can be obtained by remo
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.27mm > 0.25mm
This could be corrected by reducing the bar spacing, but increase the bar size to B40@150 c/c as this is req
Using B40@150c/c the crack control calculation gives a crack width of 0.17mm < 0.25mm ∴ OK.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3
Shear
Shear on Toe - Use Fixed Abutment Load Case 6:
By inspection B32@150c/c will be adequate for the
bending effects in the toe (Muls = 365kNm < 1983kNm)
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause
5.7.3.2(a) checking shear at d away from the front face
of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
ULS Shear on toe = 1.1 x {(620 + 599) x 0.5 x 0.176 -
1.15 x 1 x 0.176 x 25} = 112kN
v = V / (bd) = 112 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.121 N/mm2

Reinforcement in tension = B32 @ 150 c/c
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
ξsvc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms > 0.121N/mms ∴ OK
Shear on Heel - Use Free Abutment Load Case 3:

Shear requirements are designed at the back face of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
Length of heel = (6.5 - 1.1 - 1.0) = 4.4m
ULS Shear on heel = 1.1 x {348 x 0.5 x (5.185 - 2.1) - 1.15 x 1 x 4.4 x 25 - 1.2 x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)}
Using B32@150 c/c then:

v = V / (bd) = 559 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.605 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
ξsvc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms < 0.605N/mms ∴ Fail
Rather than provide shear reinforcement try increasing bars to B40 @ 150 c/c (also required for crack con
Considering the effects of casting the base slab onto the blinding concrete by complying with the early thermal cracking of
Minimum area of main reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.1 = 0.15% of bad = 0.0015 x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm
Local Effects
Curtain Wall
This wall is designed to be cast onto the top of the abutment after the deck has been built. Loading will be a
HB braking load to BS 5400 clause 6.10 = 25% x 45units x 10kN on each axle = 112.5kN per axle.
Assume a 45o dispersal to the curtain wall and a maximum dispersal of the width of the abutment (11.6m)
1st axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 3.0 = 37.5kN/m
2nd axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 6.6 = 17.0kN/m
3rd & 4th axle loads on back of abutment = 2 x 112.5 / 11.6 = 19.4kN/m
Maximum load on back of abutment = 37.5 + 17.0 + 19.4 = = 73.9kN/m

Bending and Shear at Base of 3m High Curtain Wall
Horizontal load due to HB surcharge = 0.426 x 20 x 3.0 = 25.6 kN/m
Horizontal load due to backfill = 0.426 x 19 x 3.02 / 2 = 36.4 kN/m
SLS Moment = (73.9 x 3.0) + (25.6 x 1.5) + (36.4 x 1.0) = 297 kNm/m (36 dead + 261 live)
ULS Moment = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9 x 3.0) + (1.5 x 25.6 x 1.5) + (1.5 x 36.4 x 1.0)} = 392 kNm/m
ULS Shear = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9) + (1.5 x 25.6) + (1.5 x 36.4)} = 192kN/m
400 thick curtain wall with B32 @ 150 c/c :

Mult = 584 kNm/m > 392 kNm/m ∴ OK
SLS Moment produces crack width of 0.21mm < 0.25 ∴ OK
ξsvc = 0.97 N/mm2 > v = 0.59 N/mm2 ∴ Shear OK
ack to Abutment Tutorial | Back to Tutorial Index
Last Updated : 05/09/09

For more information :
Email: david@childs-ceng.demon.co.uk
develop in the tension zone at working loads and therefore all concrete in tension is ignored in design.
ecome tensile under external loads. This compressive stress neutralizes the tensile stress so that no resultant tension e
he web so that thin-webbed I - sections may be used without the risk of diagonal tension failures and with further savin
to use high quality concrete to resist the higher compressive stresses that are developed.
the stressed cables to the concrete.
themselves in the concrete.
ally raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of the stressing force.
ultimate strength.
ns is released. Grout is then pumped into the ducts to protect the tendons.
a series of effects result in a loss of stress in the tendons. The effects are:
pre-tensioning.
rete slab and 100mm of surfacing, together with a nominal live load udl of 10.0 kN/m2 and kel of 33kN/m . The span of the beam
= 10.78 kN/m
ULS
Comb.1 Comb.3
1.25
- -
n beam and slab may be ignored.

takes place before the deck slab is cast and that the residual shrinkage is 100 x 10-6 ,
Ecf x Acf x φ
concrete has cured then any further loading (superimposed and live loads) is supported by the composite section of the beam a
(HB)
-0.60
-17.67*
e to the self weight at this section is near zero and initial stress conditions are:
.....................(eqn. 1)
.....................(eqn. 2)
.9 = 5431kN
e at transfer :
192 / 52.905 x 109) / 31 ]

e shrinkage εcs = 300 x 10-6
x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 550
923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
oads, differential shrinkage and temperature difference :
= 17.71 (< 25 O.K.)

tendon O.K.
carry HA and 45 units of HB loading. Analyse the abutments using a unit strip method. The bridge site is located south
e proposed road level. Test results show the founding strata to be a cohesionless soil having an angle of shearing resis
and density (γ) = 19kN/m3.
eck slab as shown.
2400
600
1880
2770
atures are -19 and +37oC respectively.

effective bridge temperatures are -11 and +36oC from tables 10 and 11.
47 x 12 x 10-6 x 20 x 103 = 11.3mm.

1.1 x 1.3 /2] = ± 8mm.
omeric bearing would be Ekspan's Elastomeric Pad Bearing EKR35:

% of the thickness of the bearing. The figure quoted in the catalogue for the maximum shear deflection is 70% of the th
at the mid range temperature. The design shade air temperature range will be -19 to +37oC which would require the b
at each bearing.
nufacturer's data sheet.
e bearing from the Ekspan EA Series would be /80/210/25/25:
plate then the pressure between the sliding faces will be in the order of 5N/mm2.
ss of 5N/mm2
2220 x 0.08 = 180kN ≡ 180 / 11.6 = 16kN/m.
ever walls, Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook being one such book.
0o) = 523kN/m
x e is the moment about the centre of the base.
ad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
127
5
76
39
83
81
43
120
7
78
42
84
82
design load cases on the abutments. We shall assume that there are no specific requirements for using elastomeric bea
bility and Ultimate load effects need to be calculated for the load cases 1 to 6 shown above. Again, these are best carri
ad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained for the design moments and shear at th
nt of 340kg/m3 for exposure condition XD2.

of 15mm).Reinforcement to BS 4449:2005 Grade B500B: fy = 500N/mm2
kNn/m ∴ OK
lause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceability requirements are satisfied.
1/3
x (40)1/3 = 0.72
vided, however check shear at distance H/8 (8.63 / 8 = 1.079m) up the wall.
hermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 horizontal lacer bars @ 150 c/c will be required in both faces in the bottom half of the wa
12 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm2/m (use B16 @ 150c/c - As = 1340mm2/m)
ront and back of the wall. Different load factors are used for serviceability and ultimate limit states so the calculations
2) = 99kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
- (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4.3 / 2) = -443kNm/m (tension in top face).

x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
ad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
768
1596
1834
1700
1402
1717
ULSMoment
816
1678
1922
1786
1480
Nm/m ∴ OK
an be obtained by removing the surcharge and braking loads. The spreadsheet result gives the dead load SLS moment
27mm > 0.25mm ∴ Fail.
0@150 c/c as this is required to avoid the use of links (see below).
lause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceability requirements are satisfied.

1/3
x (40)1/3 = 0.62
4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 559kN
1/3
x (40)1/3 = 0.62
o required for crack control as shown above).

1/3
x (40)1/3 = 0.716
e early thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 distribution bars @ 250 c/c will be required.
1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m (use B20 @ 200c/c - As = 1570mm2/m).
n built. Loading will be applied from the backfill, surcharge and braking loads on top of the wall.
2.5kN per axle.
the abutment (11.6m) then:
= 392 kNm/m
116.020 166.156
89.066 242.424
179.402
ed in design.
so that no resultant tension exists, (or only very small values, within the tensile strength of the concrete). Cracking is
failures and with further savings in self-weight.
33kN/m . The span of the beam is 24.0m centre to centre of bearings and the beams are spaced at 1.0m intervals.
omposite section of the beam and slab.
e bridge site is located south east of Oxford (to establish the range of shade air temperatures).
ng an angle of shearing resistance (φ) = 30o and a safe bearing capacity of 400kN/m2.
ear deflection is 70% of the thickness.
7oC which would require the bearings to be installed at a shade air temperature of 9oC to achieve the ± 8mm movemen
nts for using elastomeric bearings and design the abutments for the lesser load effects by using sliding bearings.
ve. Again, these are best carried out using a simple spreadsheet.
sign moments and shear at the base of the wall:
faces in the bottom half of the wall.
mit states so the calculations need to be carried out for each limit state using 'at rest pressures'
s the dead load SLS moment for Case 3 as 723kNm, thus the live load moment = 1233 - 723 = 510kNm.
of the concrete). Cracking is therefore eliminated under working load and all of the concrete may be assumed effective
at 1.0m intervals.
achieve the ± 8mm movement. If the bearings are set at a maximum shade air temperature of 16oC then, by proportio
y using sliding bearings.
723 = 510kNm.
ete may be assumed effective in carrying load. Therefore lighter sections may be used to carry a given bending momen
ure of 16oC then, by proportion the deck will expand 6mm and contract 10mm. Let us assume that this maximum shad
carry a given bending moment, and prestressed concrete may be used over much longer spans than reinforced concre
ume that this maximum shade air temperature of 16oC for fixing the bearings is specified in the Contract and design th
spans than reinforced concrete.
in the Contract and design the abutments accordingly.
Prestressed Concrete
Since concrete is weak in tension in normal reinforced concrete construction cracks develop in the tension zone
Prestressing involves inducing compressive stresses in the zone which will tend to become tensile under externa
The prestressing force also reduces the magnitude of the principal tensile stress in the web so that thin-webbed
The prestressing force has to be produced by a high tensile steel, and it is necessary to use high quality concret
There are two methods of prestressing concrete :
1) Pre-cast Pre-tensioned
2) Pre-cast Post-tensioned
Both methods involve tensioning cables inside a concrete beam and then anchoring the stressed cables to the c
1) Pre-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Tendons and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould.
Stage 2
Tendons are stressed to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 3
Stage 4
When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released and the tendons anchor themselves in the concrete
2) Post-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the neut
Stage 2
Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is then
Loss of Prestress
When the tensioning force is released and the tendons are anchored to the concrete a series of effects result in
a. relaxation of the steel tendons

b. elastic deformation of the concrete
c. shrinkage and creep of the concrete
d. slip or movement of the tendons at the anchorages during anchoring
e. other causes in special circumstances , such as when steam curing is used with pre-tensioning.
Total losses in prestress can amount to about 30% of the initial tensioning stress.
Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4
Problem:
Design a simply supported prestressed concrete Y beam which carries a 150mm thick concrete slab and 100mm of surfa
γconc. = 24kN/mm3
25 units of HB to be considered at SLS for load combination 1 only (BS 5400 Pt4 Cl. 4.2.2)
Loading per beam (at 1.0m c/c)
Nominal Dead Loads : slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0 = 3.6 kN/m
beam = say Y5 beam = 10.78 kN/m
surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x 1.0 = 2.4 kN/m
Nominal Live Load : HA = 10 x 1.0 + 33.0 = 10 kN/m + 33kN
25 units HB = 25 x 10 / 4 per wheel = 62.5 kN per wheel
Load factors for serviceability and ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 (or BD 37/01) Table 1:
Comb.1
Dead Load γfL concrete1.0
Superimposed Dead Load γfL surfacing1.2
Live Load γfL HA 1.2
γfL HB 1.1
Temperature Difference γfL -
Concrete Grades
Beam fcu = 50 N/mm2,
fci = 40 N/mm2
Slab fcu = 40 N/mm2
BS 5400 Pt. 4
Section Properties
cl.7.4.1 Modular ratio effect for different concrete strengths between beam and slab may be ignore
Property Beam Section Composite Section
Area(mm2) 4.49E+05
Centroid(mm) 456
2nd Moment of Area(mm4) 5.29E+10
Modulus @ Level 1(mm3) 1.16E+08
Modulus @ Level 2(mm3) 8.91E+07

Modulus @ Level 3(mm3) -
Temperature Difference Effects
Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4)to a simplified beam section.
Cl. 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6 per ºC.
From BS 5400 Pt4 Table 3 : Ec = 34 kN/mm2 for fcu = 50N/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per °C = 34 x 103 x 12 x 10-6 = 0.408 N/mm2

a) Positive temperature difference

0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 + 5.25 ) ] x 10-3 +
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 + 750 x 200 x 1.25 ) x 10-3 = 504.9 + 122.4 = 627.3 kN

0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 x 502 + 5.25 x 527 ) ] x 10-6 +
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 x 344 - 750 x 200 x 1.25 x 556 ) x 10-6 = 261.5 - 26.7 = 234.8 kNm
b) Reverse temperature difference

- 0.408 x [ 1000 x 150 x ( 3.6 + 2.3 ) + 300 x 90 x ( 0.9 + 1.35 ) ] x 10-3
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 + 150 x 0.45 ) x 10-3
- 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 + 0.15 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 + 2.6 ) ] x 10-3 = - 385.9 - 19.3 - 295.1 = - 700.3 kN

- 0.408 x [ 150000 x ( 3.6 x 502 + 2.3 x 527 ) + 27000 x ( 0.9 x 382 + 1.35 x 397 ) ] x 10-6
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 x 270 - 150 x 0.45 x 283 ) x 10-6
+ 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 x 358 + 0.15 x 366 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 x 503 + 2.6 x 543 ) ] x 10-6
= - 194.5 - 0.6 + 153.8 = - 41.3 kNm
Differential Shrinkage Effects
BS 5400 Pt.4 Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :
cl.7.4.3.4 Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6
Assume that 2/3 of the total shrinkage of the precast concrete takes place before the deck slab is cast and that the re
hence the differential shrinkage is 200 x 10-6
BS 5400 Pt.4 Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - εdiff x Ecf x Acf x φ
cl.7.4.3.5 F = -200 x 10-6 x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN

Eccentricity acent = 502mm
Restraint moment Mcs = -439 x 0.502 = -220.4 kNm
Self weight of beam and weight of deck slab is supported by the beam. When the deck slab concrete has cured then any
Dead Loading (beam and slab)
Total load for serviceability limit state = (1.0 x 3.6)+(1.0 x 10.78) = 14.4kN/m
Design serviceability moment = 14.4 x 242 / 8 = 1037 kNm

= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.2 x 10)]udl & [(1.2 x 33)]kel
= (2.88 + 12.0)udl & 39.6kel

= 14.9 kN/m & 39.6kN
Super. & HB live load for SLS

= 2.88 & 4 wheels @ 1.1 x 62.5
= 2.9 kN/m & 4 wheels @ 68.75 kN

[(1.15 x 3.6)+(1.15 x 10.78)+(1.75 x 2.4)+(1.5 x 10)]udl & [(1.5 x 33)]kel
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 15.0)udl & 49.5kel

= 35.7 kN/m & 49.5kN
HA Design serviceability moment

= 14.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 39.6 x 24 / 4
=1310 kNm
25 units HB Design SLS moment

= 2.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 982.3(from grillage analysis)
= 1191.1 kNm
Design ultimate moment = 35.7 x 24.02 / 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4
= 2867 kNm

= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.0 x 10)]udl & [(1.0 x 33)]kel
= (2.88 + 10.0)udl & 33kel

= 12.9 kN/m & 33kN

[(1.15 x 3.6)+(1.15 x 10.78)+(1.75 x 2.4)+(1.25 x 10)]udl & [(1.25 x 33)]kel
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 12.5)udl & 41.3kel

= 33.2 kN/m & 41.3kN
Design serviceability moment= 12.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 33 x 24 / 4
= 1127 kNm
Allowable stresses in precast concrete
At transfer :
cl.6.3.2.2 b) Compression ( Table 23 )

0.5fci (<=0.4fcu) = 20 N/mm2 max.
cl.6.3.2.4 b) Tension = 1.0 N/mm2
At serviceability limit state :

cl.7.4.3.2 Compression (1.25 x Table 22)
1.25 x 0.4fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Tension = 0 N/mm2 (class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2 (class 2 - Table 24)
Stresses at Level 1 due to SLS loads (N/mm2) :
Dead Load M / Z = (1037 x -10

8.94
6
) / (116.020 x 106) - 8.94 - 8.94
Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

- 7.88
/ (166.156 x 106) - 7.17 - 6.78
Reverse Temperature = γfL x--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69 - -1.35
Differential shrinkage -0.60
Total Stress at Level 1 = -17.42
Hence Combination 3 is critical
Prestressing Force and Eccentricity
Using straight, fully bonded tendons (constant force and eccentricity).

Allow for 20% loss of prestress after transfer.
Initial prestress at Level 1 to satisfy class 2 requirement for SLS (Comb. 3).
Stress at transfer = ( 17.67 - 3.2 ) / 0.8 = 18.1 N/mm2 (use allowable stress of 20 N/mm2)
The critical section at transfer occurs at the end of the transmission zone. The moment due to the self weight at this s
P/A + Pe/Zlevel 1 = 20
P/A - Pe/Zlevel 2 >= - 1.0

(eqn. 1) x Zlevel 1 + (eqn. 2) x Zlevel 2 gives :
P >= A x (20 x Zlevel 1 - 1.0 x Zlevel 2) / (Zlevel 1 + Zlevel 2)
P = 449.22 x 103 x ( 20 x 116.02 - 89.066) / ( 116.02 + 89.066) x 10-3 = 4888 kN
Allow 10% for loss of force before and during transfer, then the initial force Po = 4888 / 0.9 = 5431kN
Using 15.2mm class 2 relaxation standard strand at maximum initial force of 174kN (0.75 x Pu)
Area of tendon = 139mm2
Nominal tensile strength = fpu =1670 N/mm2
Hence 32 tendons required.
Initial force Po = 32 x 174 = 5568 kN
P = 0.9 x 5568 = 5011 kN
Substituting P = 5011 kN in (eqn. 2)
e <= Zlevel 2 / A + Zlevel 2 / P = (89.066 x 106 / 449.22 x 103) + (89.066 x 106 / 5011 x 103)
e = 198 + 18 = 216 mm
Arrange 32 tendons symmetrically about the Y-Y axis to achieve an eccentricity of about 216mm.
Taking moments about bottom of beam :
2 @ 1000 = 2000
2 @ 900 = 1800
4 @ 260 = 1040
8 @ 160 = 1280
10 @ 110 = 1100
6 @ 60 = 360
32 7580
e = 456 - 7580 / 32 = 456 - 237 =219mm
Allowing for 1% relaxation loss in steel before transfer and elastic deformation of concrete at transfer :
cl. 6.7.2.3 P = 0.99 Po / [ 1 + Es x (Aps / A) x (1 + A x e2 / I) / Eci ]
P = 0.99 x Po / [ 1 + 196 x ( 32 x 139 / 449220) x (1 + 449220 x 2192 / 52.905 x 109) / 31 ]
P = 0.91 Po = 0.91 x 5568 = 5067 kN
Initial stresses due to prestress at end of transmission zone :
Level 1 : P / A x ( 1 + A x e / Zlevel 1 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 + 219 / 258 ) = 20.89 N/mm2
Level 2 : P / A x ( 1 - A x e / Zlevel 2 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 - 219 / 198 ) = - 1.20 N/mm2
Moment due to self weight of beam at mid span = 10.78 x 242 / 8 = 776.2 kNm
Stress due to self weight of beam at mid span :

@ Level 1 = - 776.2 / 116.02 = - 6.69 N/mm2
@ Level 2 = 776.2 / 89.066 = 8.71 N/mm2
Initial stresses at mid span :
cl. 6.7.2.5 Allowing for 2% relaxation loss in steel after transfer, concrete shrinkage εcs = 300 x 10-6
and concrete specific creep ct = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 per N/mm2
Loss of force after transfer due to :
cl. 6.7.2.2 Steel relaxation = 0.02 x 5568 = 111

cl. 6.7.2.4 Concrete shrinkage = (εcs x Es x Aps ) = 300 x 10-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
cl. 6.7.2.5 Concrete creep = ( ct x fco x Es x Aps ) = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 1
Total Loss = 111 + 262 + 550 = 923 kN
Final force after all loss of prestress = Pe = 5067 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
Final stresses due to prestress after all loss of prestress at :
Level 1 f1,0.82P = 0.82 x 20.89 = 17.08 N/mm2
Level 2 f2,0.82P = 0.82 x - 1.20 = - 0.98 N/mm2
Combined stresses in final condition for worst effects of design loads, differential shrinkage and temperature differenc
Level 1, combination 1 HB : f = 17.08 - 16.71 = 0.37 N/mm2 (> 0 hence O.K.)
Level 1, combination 3 : f = 17.08 - 17.67 = - 0.59 N/mm2 (> - 3.2 hence O.K.)
Level 2, combination 1 : f = - 0.98 + 1037 / 89.066 + 1310 / 242.424 + 1.64 = 17.71 (< 25 O.K.)
Level 3. combination 3 : f = (1127 / 179.402) + (0.8 x 3.15) = 8.8 N/mm2 (< 25 O.K.)
Ultimate Capacity of Beam and Deck Slab

(Composite Section)
Ultimate Design Moment = γf3 x M = 1.1 x 2867 = 3154 kNm
cl. 6.3.3 Only steel in the tension zone is to be considered :

Centroid of tendons in tension zone = (6x60 + 10x110 + 8x160 + 4x260) / 28 = 135mm
Effective depth from Level 3 = 1200 - 135 = 1065mm
Assume that the maximum design stress is developed in the tendons, then :
Tensile force in tendons Fp = 0.87 x 28 x 139 x 1670 x 10-3 = 5655 kN
Compressive force in concrete flange :

Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3 = 2400 kN
Let X = depth to neutral axis.

Compressive force in concrete web :
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x [393 - (393 - 200) x (X - 150) / (671 x 2)] x (X - 150) x 10-3
Fw = ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
Equating forces to obtain X :
5655 = 2400 + ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
X = 659 mm
Stress in tendon after losses = fpe = 4144 x 103 / (32 x 139) = 932 N/mm2
Prestrain εpe = fpe / Es = 932 / 200 x 103 = 0.0047
Determine depth to neutral axis by an iterative strain compatibility analysis

Try X = 659 mm as an initial estimate
Width of web at this depth = 247mm
εpb6 = ε6 + εpe = -459 x 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0022
εpb5 = ε5 + εpe = -359 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0028
εpb4 = ε4 + εpe = 281 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0062
εpb3 = ε3 + εpe = 381 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0067
εpb2 = ε2 + εpe = 431 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0069
εpb1 = ε1 + εpe = 481 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0072
fpb6 = 0.0022 x 200 x 103 = 444 N/mm2
fpb5 = 0.0028 x 200 x 103 = 551 N/mm2

fpb4 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0062 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1178 N/mm2
fpb3 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0067 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1201 N/mm2
fpb2 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0069 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1213 N/mm2
fpb1 = 1162 + 290 x (0.0072 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1225 N/mm2
Tensile force in tendons :
Fp6 = 2 x 139 x 444 x 10-3 = 124
Fp5 = 2 x 139 x 551 x 10-3 = 153
Fp4 = 4 x 139 x 1178 x 10-3 = 655
Fp3 = 8 x 139 x 1201 x 10-3 = 1336
Fp2 = 10 x 139 x 1213 x 10-3= 1686
Fp1 = 6 x 139 x 1225 x 10-3 = 1022
4976 kN
Compressive force in concrete :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3= 2400
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x 0.5 x (393 + 247) x (659 - 150) x 10-3= 3258
5658 kN
Fc > Ft therefore reduce depth to neutral axis and repeat the calculations.
Using a depth of 565mm will achieve equilibrium.
The following forces are obtained :
Fp6 = 134 Ff = 2400

Fp5 = 168 Fw = 2765
Fp4 = 675 Fc = 5165
Fp3 = 1382
Fp2 = 1746
Fp1 = 1060
Ft = 5165
Taking Moments about the neutral axis :
Fp6 = 134 x -0.365 =-49
Fp5 = 168 x -0.265 = -45
Fp4 = 675 x 0.375 = 253
Fp3 = 1382 x 0.475 = 656
Fp2 = 1746 x 0.525 =917
Fp1 = 1060 x 0.575 = 610
Ff = 2400 x 0.49 = 1176
Fw = 3258 x 0.207 = 674
Mu = 4192 kNm > 3154 kNm hence O.K.
cl. 6.3.3.1 Mu / M = 4192 / 3154 = 1.33 ( > 1.15 ) hence strain in outermost tendon O.K.
Abutment Design Example to BD 30
Design the fixed and free end cantilever abutments to the 20m span deck shown to carry HA and 45 units of HB
The ground investigation report shows suitable founding strata about 9.5m below the proposed road level. Test
Backfill material will be Class 6N with an effective angle of internal friction (ϕ') = 35o and density (γ) = 19kN/m
Nominal Reaction(kN) Ultimate Reaction(kN)

Nominal Reaction(kN) Ultimate Reaction(kN)
Concrete Deck 180 230 1900 2400
Surfacing 30 60 320 600
HA udl+kel 160 265 1140 1880
45 units HB 350 500 1940 2770
Nominal loading on 1m length of abutment:

Deck Dead Load = (1900 + 320) / 11.6 = 191kN/m
HA live Load on Deck = 1140 / 11.6 = 98kN/m
HB live Load on Deck = 1940 / 11.6 = 167kN/m
From BS 5400 Part 2 Figures 7 and 8 the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures are -19 and +37oC re
For a Group 4 type strucutre (see fig. 9) the corresponding minimum and maximum effective bridge temperatur
Hence the temperature range = 11 + 36 = 47oC.
From Clause 5.4.6 the range of movement at the free end of the 20m span deck = 47 x 12 x 10-6 x 20 x 103 =
The ultimate thermal movement in the deck will be ± [(11.3 / 2) γf3 γfL] = ±[11.3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = ± 8mm.
Option 1 - Elastomeric Bearing:
With a maximum ultimate reaction = 230 + 60 + 500 = 790kN then a suitable elastomeric bearing would be Ek
• Shear Deflection = 13.3mm
• Shear Stiffness = 12.14kN/mm
Note: the required shear deflection (8mm) should be limited to between 30% to 50% of the thickness of the be
A tolerance is also required for setting the bearing if the ambient temperature is not at the mid range temperat
Horizontal load at bearing for 10mm contraction = 12.14 x 10 = 121kN.
This is an ultimate load hence the nominal horizontal load = 121 / 1.1 / 1.3 = 85kN at each bearing.
Total horizontal load on each abutment = 11 x 85 = 935 kN ≡ 935 / 11.6 = 81kN/m.
Alternatively using BS 5400 Part 9.1 Clause 5.14.2.6:

H = AGδr/tq
Using the Ekspan bearing EKR35
• Area = 610 x 420 = 256200mm2
• Nominl hardness = 60 IRHD
Shear modulus G from Table 8 = 0.9N/mm2
H = 256200 x 0.9 x 10-3 x 10 / 19 = 121kN
This correllates with the value obtained above using the shear stiffness from the manufacturer's data sheet.
Option 2 - Sliding Bearing:

With a maximum ultimate reaction of 790kN and longitudinal movement of ± 8mm then a suitable bearing from the Ekspan EA S
• Base Plate A dimension = 210mm
• Base Plate B dimension = 365mm
• Movement ± X = 12.5mm
BS 5400 Part 2 - Clause 5.4.7.3:
Average nominal dead load reaction = (1900 + 320) / 11 = 2220 / 11 = 200kN
Contact pressure under base plate = 200000 / (210 x 365) = 3N/mm2
As the mating surface between the stainless steel and PTFE is smaller than the base plate then the pressure bet
From Table3 of BS 5400 Part 9.1 the Coefficient of friction = 0.08 for a bearing stress of 5N/mm2
Hence total horizontal load on each abutment when the deck expands or contracts = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN ≡ 18
Traction and Braking Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.10:

Nominal Load for HA = 8kN/m x 20m + 250kN = 410kN
Nominal Load for HB = 25% of 45units x 10kN x 4axles = 450kN
450 > 410kN hence HB braking is critical.
Braking load on 1m width of abutment = 450 / 11.6 = 39kN/m.
Skidding Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.11:

Nominal Load = 300kN
300 < 450kN hence braking load is critical in the longitudinal direction.
Loading at Rear of Abutment
Backfill
For Stability calculations use active earth pressures = Ka γ h
Ka for Class 6N material = (1-Sin35) / (1+Sin35) = 0.27
Density of Class 6N material = 19kN/m3
Active Pressure at depth h = 0.27 x 19 x h = 5.13h kN/m2
Hence Fb = 5.13h2/2 = 2.57h2kN/m
Surcharge - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.2:

For HA loading surcharge = 10 kN/m2
For HB loading surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Assume a surchage loading for the compaction plant to be equivalent to 30 units of HB
Hence Compaction Plant surcharge = 12 kN/m2.
For surcharge of w kN/m2 :
Fs = Ka w h = 0.27wh kN/m
1) Stability Check
Initial Sizing for Base Dimensions

There are a number of publications that will give guidance on base sizes for free standing cantilever walls, Reynolds's Reinforc
Alternatively a simple spreadsheet will achieve a result by trial and error.
Load Combinations
Backfill + Construction Backfill + Sackfill + HA surcharge Backfill + Backfill + Backfill +
surcharge Construct + Deck dead load + HA HB HA
ion Deck contraction surcharg surcharg surcharg
Fixed Abutment Only surcharg e+ e + Deck e + Deck
e Braking dead dead
Backfill + HA surcharge + Deck dead load + HA on deck + Braking on deck
behind load load +
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment abutment HB on
Density of reinforced concrete = 25kN/m .3 + Deck deck
dead
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 = 163kN/m load
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 = 52kN/m
Backfill Force Fb = 0.27 x 19 x 7.52 / 2 = 144kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.27 x 12 x 7.5 = 24 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Stem 163 1.6
Base 160 3.2
Backfill 531 4.25
Surcharge 52 4.25
∑= 906 ∑ =3251
Backfill 144 2.5
Surcharge 24 3.75
∑ =168 ∑ =452
Factor of Safety Against Overturning = 3251 / 452 = 7.2 > 2.0 ∴ OK.
For sliding effects:
Active Force = Fb + Fs = 168kN/m
Frictional force on underside of base resisting movement = W tan(φ) = 906 x tan(30o) = 523kN/m
Factor of Safety Against Sliding = 523 / 168 = 3.1 > 2.0 ∴ OK.
Bearing Pressure:
Check bearing pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) ± (P x e / Z) where P x e is the moment about th
P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 452 = 2799kNm/m
Pressure under toe = 142 + 15 = 157kN/m2 < 400kN/m2 ∴ OK.
Hence the abutment will be stable for Case 1.
Analysing the fixed abutment with Load Cases 1 to 6 and the free abutment with Load Cases 1 to 5 using a sim
Fixed Abutment:
F of S Overturning F of S Sliding Bearing Pressure at Toe

Case 1 7.16 3.09
Case 2 2.87 2.13
Case 2a 4.31 2.64
Case 3 3.43 2.43
Case 4 4.48 2.63
Case 5 5.22 3.17
Case 6 3.8 2.62
Free Abutment:
Case 1 7.15 3.09
Case 2 2.91 2.14
Case 2a 4.33 2.64
Case 3 3.46 2.44
Case 4 4.5 2.64
Case 5 5.22 3.16
It can be seen that the use of elastomeric bearings (Case 2) will govern the critical design load cases on the abu
2) Wall and Base Design
Loads on the back of the wall are calculated using 'at rest' earth pressures. Serviceability and Ultimate load effe
Wall Design
Ko = 1 - Sin(ϕ') = 1 - Sin(35o) = 0.426
γfL for horizontal loads due to surcharge and backfill from BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.1.2:
Serviceability = 1.0
Ultimate = 1.5
γf3 = 1.0 for serviceability and 1.1 for ultimate (from BS 5400 Part 4 Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3)
Backfill Force Fb on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 19 x 6.52 / 2 = 171kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 12 x 6.5 = 33kN/m
At the base of the Wall:
Serviceability moment = (171 x 6.5 / 3) + (33 x 6.5 / 2) = 371 + 107 = 478kNm/m
Ultimate moment = 1.1 x 1.5 x 478 = 789kNm/m
Ultimate shear = 1.1 x 1.5 x (171 + 33) = 337kN/m
Fixed Abutment:
Moment Moment Moment

SLS Dead SLS Live ULS
Case 1 371 108 790
Case 2a 829 258 1771
Case 3 829 486 2097
Case 4 829 308 1877
Case 5 829 154 1622
Case 6 829 408 1985
Free Abutment:
Moment Moment Moment
SLS Dead SLS Live ULS
Case 1 394 112 835
Case 2a 868 265 1846
Case 3 868 495 2175
Case 4 868 318 1956
Case 5 868 159 1694
Concrete to BS 8500:2006
Use strength class C32/40 with water-cement ratio 0.5 and minimum cement content of 340kg/m3 for exposure
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 60mm (45mm minimum cover plus a tolerance Δc of 15mm).Reinforcement t
Design for critical moments and shear in Free Abutment:

Reinforced concrete walls are designed to BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.6.
Check classification to clause 5.6.1.1:
Ultimate axial load in wall from deck reactions = 2400 + 600 + 2770 = 5770 kN
0.1fcuAc = 0.1 x 40 x 103 x 11.6 x 1 = 46400 kN > 5770
∴ design as a slab in accordance with clause 5.4
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.4.2 → for reisitance moments in slabs design to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B40 @ 150 c/c:
As = 8378mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 20 = 920mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 8378) / (40 x 1000 x 920) ]} d = 0.875d < 0.95d ∴ OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 8378 x 0.875 x 920 x 10-6 = 2934kNm/m > 2175kNn/m ∴ OK
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.2mm < 0.25mm.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceabilit
Shear
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause 5.4.4:

v = V / (bd) = 619 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.673 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 920)1/4 = 0.86
ξsvc = 0.86 x 0.72 = 0.62 N/mms < 0.673 hence shear reinforcement should be provided, however check shear
ULS shear at Section 7H/8 for load case 4 = 487 kN
v = V / (bd) = 487 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.53 N/mm2 < 0.62
Hence height requiring strengthening = 1.073 x (0.673 - 0.62) / (0.673 - 0.53) = 0.4m < d.
Provide a 500 x 500 splay at the base of the wall with B32 @ 150c/c bars in sloping face.
Considering the effects of casting the wall stem onto the base slab by complying with the early thermal cracking of concrete to B
Minimum area of secondary reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.2 = 0.12% of bad = 0.0012 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm
Base Design
Maximum bending and shear effects in the base slab will occur at sections near the front and back of the wall. D
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Serviceability Limit State

γfL = 1.0 γf3 = 1.0
B/fill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.0 / 2 = 228kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight Lever ArmMoment About A

Stem 163 1.6 261
Base 160 3.2 512
Backfill 531 4.25 2257
∑= 906 ∑= 3251
F Lever ArmMoment About A
∑= 266 ∑= 713

P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 713 = 2538kNm/m
SLS Moment at a-a = (177 x 1.12 / 2) + ([195 - 177] x 1.12 / 3) - (25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2) = 99kNm/m (tension in
SLS Moment at b-b = (89 x 4.32 / 2) + ([160 - 89] x 4.32 / 6) - (25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Ultimate Limit State
γfL for concrete = 1.15
γfL for fill and surcharge(vetical) = 1.2
γfL for fill and surcharge(horizontal) = 1.5
Backfill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.5 / 2 = 341kN/m
Restoring Effects:

Stem 187 1.6
Base 184 3.2
Backfill 637 4.25
Surcharge 62 4.25
∑= 1070 ∑=
Backfill 341 2.5
Surcharge 58 3.75
∑= 399 ∑=
P = 1070kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3859 - 1071 = 2788kNm/m
γf3 = 1.1
ULS Shear at a-a = 1.1 x {[(260 + 228) x 1.1 / 2] - (1.15 x 1.1 x 25)} = 260kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 1.1 x {[(199 + 74) x 4.3 / 2] - (1.15 x 4.3 x 25) - 637 - 62} = 259kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = 1.1 x {(228 x 1.12 / 2) + ([260 - 228] x 1.12 / 3) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kN
SLS Moment at b-b = 1.1 x {(74 x 4.32 / 2) + ([199 -

74] x 4.32 / 6) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (637 x 4.3
/ 2) - (62 x 4.3 / 2)} = -769kNm/m (tension in top face).
Fixed Abutment Base:

ULSShear SLSMoment ULSMoment

ULS Shear
Case 1 261 99 147 259
Case 2a 528 205 302 458
Case 3 593 235 340 553
Case 4 550 208 314 495
Case 5 610 241 348 327
Case 6 637 255 365 470
Free Abutment Base:

ULSShear SLSMoment ULSMoment ULSShear
Case 1 267 101 151 266
Case 2a 534 207 305 466
Case 3 598 236 342 559
Case 4 557 211 317 504
Case 5 616 243 351 335
Design for shear and bending effects at sections a-a and b-b for the Free Abutment:
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.7.3 → design as a slab for reisitance moments to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B32 @ 150 c/c:
As = 5362mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 16 = 924mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 5362) / (40 x 1000 x 924) ]} d = 0.92d < 0.95d ∴ OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 5362 x 0.92 x 924 x 10-6 = 1983kNm/m > 1922kNm/m ∴ OK
(1983kNm/m also > 1834kNm/m ∴ B32 @ 150 c/c suitable for fixed abutment.
For the Serviceability check for Case 3 an approximation of the dead load moment can be obtained by removing
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.27mm > 0.25mm ∴ Fail.
This could be corrected by reducing the bar spacing, but increase the bar size to B40@150 c/c as this is require
Using B40@150c/c the crack control calculation gives a crack width of 0.17mm < 0.25mm ∴ OK.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceabilit
Shear
Shear on Toe - Use Fixed Abutment Load Case 6:
By inspection B32@150c/c will be adequate for the
bending effects in the toe (Muls = 365kNm < 1983kNm)
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause
5.7.3.2(a) checking shear at d away from the front face
of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
ULS Shear on toe = 1.1 x {(620 + 599) x 0.5 x 0.176 -
1.15 x 1 x 0.176 x 25} = 112kN
v = V / (bd) = 112 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.121 N/mm2

Reinforcement in tension = B32 @ 150 c/c
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
Shear on Heel - Use Free Abutment Load Case 3:

Shear requirements are designed at the back face of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
Length of heel = (6.5 - 1.1 - 1.0) = 4.4m
ULS Shear on heel = 1.1 x {348 x 0.5 x (5.185 - 2.1) - 1.15 x 1 x 4.4 x 25 - 1.2 x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 5
Using B32@150 c/c then:
v = V / (bd) = 559 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.605 N/mm2
ξs = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
ξsvc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms < 0.605N/mms ∴ Fail
Rather than provide shear reinforcement try increasing bars to B40 @ 150 c/c (also required for crack control
Considering the effects of casting the base slab onto the blinding concrete by complying with the early thermal cracking of conc
Minimum area of main reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.1 = 0.15% of bad = 0.0015 x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m
Local Effects
Curtain Wall
This wall is designed to be cast onto the top of the abutment after the deck has been built. Loading will be appli
HB braking load to BS 5400 clause 6.10 = 25% x 45units x 10kN on each axle = 112.5kN per axle.
Assume a 45o dispersal to the curtain wall and a maximum dispersal of the width of the abutment (11.6m) then
1st axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 3.0 = 37.5kN/m
2nd axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 6.6 = 17.0kN/m
3rd & 4th axle loads on back of abutment = 2 x 112.5 / 11.6 = 19.4kN/m
Maximum load on back of abutment = 37.5 + 17.0 + 19.4 = = 73.9kN/m

Bending and Shear at Base of 3m High Curtain Wall
Horizontal load due to HB surcharge = 0.426 x 20 x 3.0 = 25.6 kN/m
Horizontal load due to backfill = 0.426 x 19 x 3.02 / 2 = 36.4 kN/m
SLS Moment = (73.9 x 3.0) + (25.6 x 1.5) + (36.4 x 1.0) = 297 kNm/m (36 dead + 261 live)
ULS Moment = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9 x 3.0) + (1.5 x 25.6 x 1.5) + (1.5 x 36.4 x 1.0)} = 392 kNm/m
ULS Shear = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9) + (1.5 x 25.6) + (1.5 x 36.4)} = 192kN/m
400 thick curtain wall with B32 @ 150 c/c :

Mult = 584 kNm/m > 392 kNm/m ∴ OK
SLS Moment produces crack width of 0.21mm < 0.25 ∴ OK
ξsvc = 0.97 N/mm2 > v = 0.59 N/mm2 ∴ Shear OK
ks develop in the tension zone at working loads and therefore all concrete in tension is ignored in design.
o become tensile under external loads. This compressive stress neutralizes the tensile stress so that no resultant tension e
n the web so that thin-webbed I - sections may be used without the risk of diagonal tension failures and with further savin
ary to use high quality concrete to resist the higher compressive stresses that are developed.
ng the stressed cables to the concrete.
hor themselves in the concrete.
usually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of the stressing force.
eir ultimate strength.
dons is released. Grout is then pumped into the ducts to protect the tendons.
ete a series of effects result in a loss of stress in the tendons. The effects are:
h pre-tensioning.
oncrete slab and 100mm of surfacing, together with a nominal live load udl of 10.0 kN/m2 and kel of 33kN/m . The span of the beam
= 3.6 kN/m
= 10.78 kN/m
= 2.4 kN/m
= 10 kN/m + 33kN
= 62.5 kN per wheel
01) Table 1:
SLS ULS
1.0 1.15 1.15
1.2 1.75 1.75
1.0 1.5 1.25
- - -
0.8 - 1.0
ween beam and slab may be ignored.
Composite Section
5.99E+05
623
1.04E+11
1.66E+08
2.42E+08
1.79E+08
- 700.3 kN
deck slab is cast and that the residual shrinkage is 100 x 10-6 ,
x Ecf x Acf x φ
iff
slab concrete has cured then any further loading (superimposed and live loads) is supported by the composite section of the beam an
1.5 x 33)]kel
(1.25 x 33)]kel
(HA) (HB)
-0.60 -0.60
-16.71 -17.67*
t due to the self weight at this section is near zero and initial stress conditions are:
.....................(eqn. 1)
.....................(eqn. 2)
/ 0.9 = 5431kN
rete at transfer :
568 = 5067 kN
rete shrinkage εcs = 300 x 10-6

-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 550
7 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
prestress at :
nkage and temperature difference :

most tendon O.K.
to carry HA and 45 units of HB loading. Analyse the abutments using a unit strip method. The bridge site is located south
the proposed road level. Test results show the founding strata to be a cohesionless soil having an angle of shearing resist
35o and density (γ) = 19kN/m3.
peratures are -19 and +37oC respectively.

um effective bridge temperatures are -11 and +36oC from tables 10 and 11.
= 47 x 12 x 10-6 x 20 x 103 = 11.3mm.

3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = ± 8mm.
astomeric bearing would be Ekspan's Elastomeric Pad Bearing EKR35:
50% of the thickness of the bearing. The figure quoted in the catalogue for the maximum shear deflection is 70% of the th
not at the mid range temperature. The design shade air temperature range will be -19 to +37oC which would require the b
kN at each bearing.
manufacturer's data sheet.
able bearing from the Ekspan EA Series would be /80/210/25/25:
ase plate then the pressure between the sliding faces will be in the order of 5N/mm2.
tress of 5N/mm2
s = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN ≡ 180 / 11.6 = 16kN/m.
ntilever walls, Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook being one such book.
261
512
2257
221
361
91
(30o) = 523kN/m
e P x e is the moment about the centre of the base.
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
Bearing Pressure at Toe Bearing Pressure at Heel

156 127
386 5
315 76
351 39
322 83
362 81
378 43
Bearing Pressure at Bearing

Toe Pressure at Heel
168 120
388 7
318 78
354 42
325 84
365 82
al design load cases on the abutments. We shall assume that there are no specific requirements for using elastomeric bea
ceability and Ultimate load effects need to be calculated for the load cases 1 to 6 shown above. Again, these are best carri
2 and 4.2.3)
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained for the design moments and shear at th
Shear
ULS
337
566
596
602
543
599
Shear
ULS
350
581
612
619
559
tent of 340kg/m3 for exposure condition XD2.

e Δc of 15mm).Reinforcement to BS 4449:2005 Grade B500B: fy = 500N/mm2
175kNn/m ∴ OK
n clause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceability requirements are satisfied.

0})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.72
rovided, however check shear at distance H/8 (8.63 / 8 = 1.079m) up the wall.
= 0.4m < d.
ly thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 horizontal lacer bars @ 150 c/c will be required in both faces in the bottom half of the wa
0012 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm2/m (use B16 @ 150c/c - As = 1340mm2/m)
he front and back of the wall. Different load factors are used for serviceability and ultimate limit states so the calculations n
12 / 2) = 99kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
/ 2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4.3 / 2) = -443kNm/m (tension in top face).

299
589
2707
264
3859
853
218
1071
= 259kN/m
25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
SLS Moment
ULS Moment
447 768
980 1596
1178 1834
1003 1700
853 1402
1098 1717
SLSMoment ULSMoment
475 816
1029 1678
1233 1922
1055 1786
901 1480
22kNm/m ∴ OK
t can be obtained by removing the surcharge and braking loads. The spreadsheet result gives the dead load SLS moment
0.27mm > 0.25mm ∴ Fail.
B40@150 c/c as this is required to avoid the use of links (see below).
n clause 4.1.1.3 ∴ serviceability requirements are satisfied.
4})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 559kN

4})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
also required for crack control as shown above).

0})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.716
the early thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 distribution bars @ 250 c/c will be required.
x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m (use B20 @ 200c/c - As = 1570mm2/m).
een built. Loading will be applied from the backfill, surcharge and braking loads on top of the wall.
112.5kN per axle.
of the abutment (11.6m) then:
d + 261 live)
)} = 392 kNm/m
116.020 166.156
89.066 242.424
179.402
no resultant tension exists, (or only very small values, within the tensile strength of the concrete). Cracking is therefore el
and with further savings in self-weight.
. The span of the beam is 24.0m centre to centre of bearings and the beams are spaced at 1.0m intervals.
e section of the beam and slab.
e site is located south east of Oxford (to establish the range of shade air temperatures).
ngle of shearing resistance (φ) = 30o and a safe bearing capacity of 400kN/m2.
ection is 70% of the thickness.
ch would require the bearings to be installed at a shade air temperature of 9oC to achieve the ± 8mm movement. If the be
using elastomeric bearings and design the abutments for the lesser load effects by using sliding bearings.
n, these are best carried out using a simple spreadsheet.
ments and shear at the base of the wall:

the bottom half of the wall.
es so the calculations need to be carried out for each limit state using 'at rest pressures'
ead load SLS moment for Case 3 as 723kNm, thus the live load moment = 1233 - 723 = 510kNm.
racking is therefore eliminated under working load and all of the concrete may be assumed effective in carrying load. Ther
m movement. If the bearings are set at a maximum shade air temperature of 16oC then, by proportion the deck will expan
in carrying load. Therefore lighter sections may be used to carry a given bending moment, and prestressed concrete may
on the deck will expand 6mm and contract 10mm. Let us assume that this maximum shade air temperature of 16oC for fixi
stressed concrete may be used over much longer spans than reinforced concrete.
erature of 16oC for fixing the bearings is specified in the Contract and design the abutments accordingly.

24 M Span Pre Stressed Bridge

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Prestressed Concrete

a. relaxation of the steel tendons

Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4

Loading per beam (at 1.0m c/c)

Nominal Dead Loads : slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0 = 3.6 kN/m

beam = say Y5 beam = 10.78 kN/m

surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x=1.0

Nominal Live Load : HA = 10 x 1.0 + 33.0 = 10 kN/m + 33kN

Dead Load γfL concrete1.0

Superimposed Dead Load γfL surfacing1.2

Live Load γfL HA 1.2 1.0 1.5

Temperature Difference γfL - 0.8 - 1.0

Property Beam Section Composite Section

Centroid(mm) 456 623

2nd Moment of Area(mm4) 5.29E+10 1.04E+11

Modulus @ Level 1(mm3) 1.16E+08 1.66E+08

Modulus @ Level 2(mm3) 8.91E+07 2.42E+08

Modulus @ Level 3(mm3) - 1.79E+08

Temperature Difference Effects

a) Positive temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :

Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :

b) Reverse temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :

Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :

BS 5400 Pt.4 Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :

cl.7.4.3.4 Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6

BS 5400 Pt.4 Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - εdiff x Ecf x Acf x φ

cl.7.4.3.5 F = -200 x 10-6 x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN

Eccentricity acent = 502mm

Dead Loading (beam and slab)

Design serviceability moment = 14.4 x 242 / 8 = 1037 kNm

Super. & HA live load for SLS

= (2.88 + 12.0)udl & 39.6kel

Super. & HB live load for SLS

= 2.9 kN/m & 4 wheels @ 68.75 kN

Total load for ultimate limit =state

= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 15.0)udl & 49.5kel

25 units HB Design SLS moment

Design ultimate moment = 35.7 x 24.02 / 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4

Super. & HA live load for SLS

= (2.88 + 10.0)udl & 33kel

Total load for ultimate limit =state

= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 12.5)udl & 41.3kel

Design serviceability moment= 12.9 x 24.02 / 8 + 33 x 24 / 4

Allowable stresses in precast concrete

cl.6.3.2.2 b) Compression ( Table 23 )

cl.6.3.2.4 b) Tension = 1.0 N/mm2

At serviceability limit state :

cl.7.4.3.2 Compression (1.25 x Table 22)

Tension = 0 N/mm2 (class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2 (class 2 - Table 24)

Comb.1 Comb.1 Comb.3

Dead Load M / Z = (1037 x -10

Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

Reverse Temperature = γfL x--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69 - -1.35

Differential shrinkage -0.60 -0.60

Total Stress at Level 1 = -17.42 -16.71

Hence Combination 3 is critical

Prestressing Force and Eccentricity

Using straight, fully bonded tendons (constant force and eccentricity).

P/A + Pe/Zlevel 1 = 20

P/A - Pe/Zlevel 2 >= - 1.0