H H
H H
Bonding No Enzyme
Free energy
C Ea
C + Enzyme
Reactants
H H H H
ΔG
4 hydrogen and Methane
1 carbon atoms Molecule
Products
Vestibular System
Thick Filament
45°
Pi
ADP
1 2
Thin Filament
Thin filament
18: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance 20: Energy Balance and Metabolism
• Osmolality: is a measure of the osmoles of solute per • Calorie: nutritional unit of energy listed on food labels,
kilogram of solvent. An osmole is the unit of measure that scientific unit of energy; amount of heat required to raise
defines the number of moles of a molecule that the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius.
contributes to a solution’s osmotic pressure. In other • Catabolism: is the breakdown of substances, which leads
words, for body fluids, it reflects the number of moles of to the release of energy stored in chemical bonds.
Na+, K+ etc. which contribute to the osmotic pressure of • Anabolism: is the process of building of substances; it
the body fluid. requires energy. Catabolic and anabolic processes are
• Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure: Hydrostatic linked. In some cases, the energy required for an
pressure is caused by the blood pressure generated by the unfavorable anabolic reaction is provided by the energy
heart beating. Osmotic pressure is caused by Na+ and released from catabolism.
other electrolytes. • Urea cycle: is an essential component of protein
• Body Acidity: There a number of factors that can metabolism. Amino acids have nitrogen groups that can
increase the acidity of the body and blood such as: (1) form ammonia. In the liver, the urea cycle minimizes the
increased intake or decreased excretion of acidic toxic ammonia by metabolizing amino acids into urea.
compounds (2) inadequate breathing (3) impairment of • Gluconeogenesis: process of converting amino acids into
normal metabolism, etc. glucose.
• Metabolic Acidosis: is caused by a decrease in the
ability of the kidneys to excrete acid or the addition of acid
to the body, such as in diabetic ketoacidosis.
• Metabolic Alkalosis: is caused by the addition of alkali
to the body, i.e- ingestion of antacids, or by the loss of
acids such as during vomiting.
• Graded contraction: The ability of the muscle fiber to
vary the amount of force it generates.
Cell Membrane
80-90% MHR
Anaerobic
70-80% MHR
Aerobic
60-70% MHR
Weight Loss