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Question –
Figure 14.1
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Types of open channel flows –
Steady flow – when discharge (Q) does not change with time.
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Figure 14.3
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Hydraulic radius of open channel flow
R = A/ WP
Figure 14.1
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Kinds (types) of open channel flow
vD
NR =
υ
vR
NR =
υ
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Another “number” for channel flow!
v
NF =
gyh
yh = A/T
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Uniform steady flow and Manning’s Equation
When discharge remains the same and depth does not change
then we have uniform steady flow.
In this condition –
Or S = Sw
- An angle = 1 degrees
- As percent = 1%
- Or as fraction = 0.01 or 1 in 100
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Velocity of flow (v) in a channel can be computed numerous
empirical equations –
1 .0 2 / 3 1 / 2
v = R S
n
This the SI units form of the equation with v (meters/sec) and R
(meters).
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In English units the Manning’s equation form is –
1.49 2 / 3 1/ 2
v = R S
n
Where v is in feet/sec and the R value is in feet.
Q = A*v
1 .0
Q = 2 / 3 1/ 2
AR S
n
Where Q is in m3/s
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The above equation can also be re-arranged such that –
nQ
AR 2/3
= 1/ 2
S
The left hand term is simply based on channel geometry.
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Problem 14.2
S = 1/1000 = 0.001
R = 0.05 m
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1 .0
Q = AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n
And we get
1.0
Q = * 0.0157 * (0.05) 2 / 3 (0.001)1/ 2
0.013
Q = 5.18 x 10-3 m3/s
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Problem 14.3
Q = 50 ft3/s
1 .0
Q = AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n
Or
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Qn
S 1/ 2 =
1.49 AR 2 / 3
Compute A = 12 ft2
WP = 9.66 ft
Substitute
And S = 0.00169
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Problem 14.4
Q = 5.75 m3/s
S = 1.2%
nQ
AR 2 / 3 =
S 1/ 2
RHS is known.
A = by = b2/2
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WP = b+ 2y = 2b
R = A/WP = b/4
Therefore,
B = 1.76 m
y = 1.76/2 m
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Problem 14.5
In the problem above the final width was set at = 2m and the
maximum Q = 12 m3/s; find the normal depth for this maximum
discharge.
OK again,
nQ
AR 2/3
= 1/ 2
S
RHS = 0.017*12/(0.012)1/2 = 1.86
B = 2m
A = 2y
WP = 2+2y
R = 2y/(2+2y)
Therefore LHS =
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2/3
⎛ 2y ⎞
2 y ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.86
⎝ 2 + 2y ⎠
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Conveyance and most efficient channel shapes
1 .0
Q = AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n
Other than the S term, all other terms are related to channel
cross section and its features.
1 .0
K = AR 2/3
n
OR
Q = K S 1/ 2
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K is maximum when WP is the least for a give area
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Compound Sections
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Cazenovia Creek in Buffalo during “normal” flow conditions
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Cazenovia Creek during flood!
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Problem 14.21E
S = 0.00015
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Assignment # 9
- 14.3E
- 14.9M
- 14.10M
- 14.14M
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Compound section –
In that case
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2/3
1.49 ⎛ Ai ⎞
vi = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ S 1/ 2
ni ⎝ Pi ⎠
n
Q = ∑V A
i =1
i i
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Example Problem –
A1 = 80*4 = 320
A2 = 50*8 = 400
A3 = 100*5 = 500
P1 = 80+4 = 84
P2 = 4+50+3 = 57
P3 = 100+5 = 105
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2/3
1.49 ⎛ Ai ⎞
vi = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ S 1/ 2
ni ⎝ Pi ⎠
n
Q = ∑V A
i =1
i i
Q = 9010 cfs.
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Energy Principles for Open Channel flow
v2
E =y+
2g
Where y is the depth of flow and v is the velocity
v2
E = y +z+
2g
Where z is the height of the channel bottom from the datum
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Q2
E =y+
2gA2
Where Q is the discharge and A is the cross-sectional flow area
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Example Problem
A = by = 2.0*1.0 = 2 m2
Specific energy =
Q2
E =y+
2gA2
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E =1 +
2 * 9.81* 2 2
E = 1.20 m
Total energy =
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Specific Energy Diagram
Q2
E =y+
2gA2
E = Es + Ek
Es = y (static energy)
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Combining the two relationships – specific energy diagram
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3. the total energy curve approaches the static energy curve
for high depths and the kinetic energy curve for small
depths
9. The two depths associated with the same energy values are
referred to as – Alternate depths
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Additional Equations
Q2
E =y+
2gA2
Taking a derivative and equating it to zero (critical flow
conditions when energy is minimum)
Q2B
3
=1
gA
q2
3
=1
gyc
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Or
q2
yc = 3
g
Critical depth can be determined explicitly
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Emin = yc
2
Explicit equations that can quickly give you the critical depth
and minimum specific energy for a rectangular channel – no
need to interpolate from graph
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Example Problem:
• Rectangular channel
• Width = 4 m
• Q = 12.0 m3/s
• Depth of flow = 2.5 m
Q2
E =y+
2gA2
q2
E =y+
2gy 2
Specific discharge – discharge per unit width = q = Q/B
q = 12/4 = 3m2/s
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Set up a table and compute the specific energy for every 0.2m
depth increment.
q2
E =y+
2gy 2
y KE total E
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5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
y
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
E
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
y
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
E
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Explicit computation –
q2
3
=1
gyc
Or
q2
yc = 3
g
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yc = 3 = 0.971
9.81
3
Emin = yc
2
3
Emin = * 0.971 = 1.457
2
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Since given depth 2.5 m > 0.971 – the given depth is
subcritical and the other depth should be supercritical
Energy at 2.5 m =
q2
E =y+
2gy 2
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E = 2.5 + 2
= 2.57
2 * 9.81* 2.5
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2.57 = y +
2 * 9.81* y 2
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Solve equation by trail and error
yÆE
0.40 3.27
0.41 3.14
0.42 3.02
0.43 2.91
0.44 2.81
0.45 2.72
0.46 2.63
0.47 2.55
0.48 2.47
0.49 2.40
0.50 2.33
0.51 2.27
0.52 2.22
0.53 2.16
0.54 2.11
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Problem 14.41E from text
GIVEN –
• Q = 0.68 ft3/s
CALCULATE –
a. critical depth
b. Emin
c. Plot specific energy curve
d. Determine energy for 0.25 ft and alternate depth
e. Velocity of flow and Froude number
f. Calculate required slopes if depths from d are to be normal
depths for given flow
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Solution –
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y, A = zy2, v = Q/A, T =2zy, yh=A/T ,
v
NF =
gyh
Q2
E =y+
2gA2
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Assignment # 10 - Specific Energy of Channel Flow
• 14.39M
• 14.42E
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