Mamalia

Cladogram of Tetrapods:
Amniotes

Sauropsids (“reptile-like appearance” - Greek)

Diapsids (“two arches” - Greek)

Lepidosaurs Archosaurs

Squamates
 Lizards & snakes Mammals &
Crocodiles reptile-like mammals
Turtles Dinosaurs & birds

Anapsida Diapsida

Amphibians

Saurapsida Synapsida -ca. 320 mya

Amniota -evolution of cleidoic (shelled) egg;

ca. 350 mya (late Paleozoic)
Cladogram of Synapsids:

Mammal-like Reptiles Mammals

Therapsids
Karakteristik
 Rambut
 Endoterm/homoiterm
 4 ruang jantung
 Diafragma(otot yang membantu pernapasan)
 Terdapat kelenjar susu/mamae
 Gestasi- lama waktu di dalam uterus
 Weaning/sapih- waktu ketika anak mamalia
berhenti menyusui
Rambut
Rambut mamalia:
invaginasi Bulu aves: evaginasi
 Struktur Rambut

cortex: pigment

medulla: sel mati berisi udara

cuticle
Horns, Antlers, & Tusks
Horns (tanduk)– ditemukan pada
antelope, jerapah, & badak
• Tidak bercabang
• Struktur permanen

Antlers – ditemukan pada rusa

• Bercabang
• Dapat terlepas

Tusks/gading
Fungsi rambut: sensor peraba (vibrissae)
Fungsi rambut: pertahanan
Karakteristik
 Rambut
 Endoterm/homoiterm
 4 ruang jantung
 Diafragma(otot yang membantu pernapasan)
 Terdapat kelenjar susu/mamae
 Gestasi- lama waktu di dalam uterus
 Weaning/sapih- waktu ketika anak mamalia
berhenti menyusui
4 ruang jantung

Mamalia

Reptilia
 4 ruang jantung

Mouse Human Elephant

500 70 detak/min 28 detak/min
detak/min
Heart Rates in Various
Mammals
Species Resting bpm Active bpm

Great Whale 7

Elephant 28

Lion 40

Human 70 120

Rabbit 200

Mouse 500-600

Shrew 800 1320

Karakteristik
 Rambut
 Endoterm/homoiterm
 4 ruang jantung
 Diafragma(otot yang membantu pernapasan)
 Terdapat kelenjar susu/mamae
 Gestasi- lama waktu di dalam uterus
 Weaning/sapih- waktu ketika anak mamalia
berhenti menyusui
 Diafragma
• Otot yang digunakan untuk mengubah tekanan udara
di dalam tubuh untuk menggerakkan udara
• Tekanan rendah= udara masuk
• Tekanan tinggi= udara keluar
Karakteristik
 Rambut
 Endoterm/homoiterm
 4 ruang jantung
 Diafragma(otot yang membantu pernapasan)
 Terdapat kelenjar susu/mamae
 Gestasi- lama waktu di dalam uterus
 Weaning/sapih- waktu ketika anak mamalia
berhenti menyusui
Kelenjar mamae

• Modifikasi kelenjar
apokrin
• Karakteristik kunci
mamalia
• surface opening:
nipple or teat
Table: Relationship between No. of teats and species-specific litter size

Group No. of teats No. of young per litter

primitive opossums 19-25 12
kangaroos 4 1
Tenrec 10-12 12 (max. 32)
Mastomys (African rat) 12-20 8-19

wolves (dogs) 4-6 4-6

pigs 10-14 6-12
many artiodactyls 4 1
pangolins 2 1
bats 2 (4) 1 (4)
whales, horses, manatees 2 1
elephants 2 1
primates 2 1
Karakteristik
 Kulit dengan kelenjar keringat, kelenjar minyak, kelenjar
bau dan kelenjar susu
 3 tulang pendengaran ; malleus, incus, & stapes yang
merupakan derivat dari rahang
 Gigi pada umumnya thecodont, ada deciduous (gigi susu)
dan gigi permanen sehingga disebut diphyodont
 Berdasarkan bentuknya, gigi mamalia adalah heterodont (incicivus,
caninus, premolar, molar)
 Pada beberapa jenis hewan yang tidak mempunyai caninus (ada
celah) disebut diastema
 Rahang bawah/mandibula fusi menjadi satu tulang
Kulit dan kelenjar kulit
Hyena scent gland
Panda scent gland
Dik Dik
Scent Gland
Llama Scent Glands
Lemur Scent Glands on Arms
Scent glands and spraying
Spraying patterns of two mice
Karakteristik
 Kulit dengan kelenjar keringat, kelenjar minyak, kelenjar
bau dan kelenjar susu
 3 tulang pendengaran ; malleus, incus, & stapes yang
merupakan derivat dari rahang
 Gigi pada umumnya thecodont, ada deciduous (gigi susu)
dan gigi permanen sehingga disebut diphyodont
 Berdasarkan bentuknya, gigi mamalia adalah heterodont (incicivus,
caninus, premolar, molar)
 Pada beberapa jenis hewan yang tidak mempunyai caninus (ada
celah) disebut diastema
 Rahang bawah/mandibula fusi menjadi satu tulang
3 Middle Ear Ossicles
Otic hair cells
Karakteristik
 Kulit dengan kelenjar keringat, kelenjar minyak, kelenjar
bau dan kelenjar susu
 3 tulang pendengaran ; malleus, incus, & stapes yang
merupakan derivat dari rahang
 Gigi pada umumnya thecodont, ada deciduous (gigi susu)
dan gigi permanen sehingga disebut diphyodont
 Berdasarkan bentuknya, gigi mamalia adalah heterodont (incicivus,
caninus, premolar, molar)
 Pada beberapa jenis hewan yang tidak mempunyai caninus (ada
celah) disebut diastema
 Rahang bawah/mandibula fusi menjadi satu tulang
Heterodont dentition
Single fused mandible
Mandible Comparison
Beaver
Squirrel
Prairie Dog
Rabbit
Lion
Sea Lion
Wolverine
Skunk
Shrew
Smilodon
Black Bear
Killer Whale
Elephant
Rhino
Hippopotamus
White-tailed Deer
Cow
Pig
Horse
Giraffe
Gorilla
Orangutan
Karakteristik
 Kelopak mata dapat digerakkan
 Terdapat cuping telinga
 Sel darah merah bikonkaf, tidak berinti, kecuali pada
unta dan ilama
 Vivipar kecuali kelompok monotremata
 Pergerakan pada mammalian adalah secara:
plantigrade (=palmigrade); digitigrade; unguligrade;
brachiasi; quadrupedal; bipedal; terbang; meluncur
dan berenang
3 subkelas pada mamalia:
• Prototheria atau Monotremes (3 species)

• Metatheria atau Marsupials (275 species)

• Eutheria atau mamalia berplasenta (3982 species)

Mammalian Orders
• Monotremata – Echidnas & platypus
• Marsupiala – Opossum, kangaroo, koala
• Insectivora – Shrew, mole, hedgehog
• Chiroptera - Bats
• Primates – Apes, lemur, monkey, human
• Rodentia – Beaver, squirrel, mice, mole, gerbil
• Lagomorpha- rabbit
• Carnivora - Bear, dog, cat, skunk, weasel
• Pinnipedia –Seal, walrus, sea lion
• Cetacea – Whale, dolphin, porpoise
Mammalian Orders
• Sirenia - Manatee
• Proboscidea - Elephant
• Perissodactyla – Rhino, horse
• Artiodactyla – Deer, Giraffe, Hippopotamus,
 Mammals
Cladogram of Synapsids:

Mammal-like Reptiles Mammals

Therapsids Therians

“One Hole”
Reproductive / urinary / digestive
systems all exit via single opening
(cloaca)
 Mammals

Monotremata:
Memiliki karakteristik reptil:
1) Oviparous – bertelur
• Small; rubbery (nutrient material absorbed through egg) 10 day incubation period
2) Retain reptile-like gait (legs on side rather than underneath)
3) Reduced operational body temperature (Mean body temp ~ 32 ºC (~ 89.5 ºF))
• Endothermic (homeotherms)
• May enter periods of hibernation (cool weather)
• Testes located abdominally (unusual for mammals)
Mammalian Features:
1) Females lactate
(do not have nipples)
• Milk secreted onto skin; lapped up by young
2) Fur present
Other Features:
Intraspecific fighting /
1) Lack teeth as adults predator defense
2) Spurs present on ankle

Contain venom (Platypus)

 Mammals

Geographically restricted
to Australia / New Guinea

Fossil evidence from

South America

Ornithorhynchidae (“bird beak”) Tachyglossidae (“rapid tongue”)

Duck-billed platypus
• Habitat / Description:
• Primarily aquatic (freshwater – Australia)
• Stream-lined body; webbed feet
• Horizontally flattened tail
• Dense fur (inner insulation layer)
• Diet / Foraging:
Spiny Anteaters (2 species)
• Habitat / Description:
• Primarily terrestrial (Australia / New Guinea)
• Coat = course hair w/ spines (modified hairs)
Defensive Behavior
Curl into ball with spines extended
Dig vertically; cover body with loose soil

• Benthic invertebrates; frogs (1/2 BW / night) • Diet / Foraging:

• Rubbery bill (grind food via gum plates)
• Electrosensitive pores present
• Reproduction:
• Seasonal breeder (Mature = 2 years of age)
• Incubate eggs (1 – 3) between tail / body
• Young suckle ~ 4 months (fur = 6 weeks)
• Termites / ants / earthworms
• Strong diggers / sticky tongue
• Reproduction:
• Seasonal breeder (Mature = 1 year of age)
• Incubate egg (1) in pouch
• Young suckle ~ 2 months (lifespan = 40 yrs)
 Monotremes
• Most primitive mammals

• Only 3 species: duck-billed platypus and two spiny anteaters, or

echidnas

• Oviparous; eggs with a leathery shell; mothers nourish their young with
milk after young hatch

• Lack nipples

• Live only in Australia & New Guinea

• The name monotreme means one-holed (i.e.cloaca)

Echidna & Duck-billed Platypus
 Mammals
Cladogram of Synapsids:

Mammal-like Reptiles Mammals

Therapsids Therians

Placenta:
Complex of embryonic and maternal tissues
1) Anchors fetus to uterus
2) Transports nutrients from mother to fetus
3) Excretes metabolites from fetus to mother
4) Produces hormones (regulate reproduction)
 Mammals
Opossum
Placental Development: newborn
(~ 0.13 g)
Marsupials – Limited Placenta:
• Developing embryo forms shallow depression in endometrium of uterus
• Surface area for adhesion / absorption limited (slight wrinkling)
• Primary nutrient source = yolk sac
• Short gestation (Bandicoot = 12.5 days); long lactation
• Finish development in pouch / skin fold
• Nipples utilized for lactation (swell to hold young)

At birth: < 1%
Placentals – Advanced Placenta: maternal body mass
• Developing embryo embeds deeply into endometrium
• Chorionic villi (finger-like projections) enhance adhesion / absorption
• Primary nutrient source = Maternal blood (does not mix with fetus)
• Long gestation (African elephant = 22 months); short lactation
• At birth: 5% - 50% maternal body mass
 By the time young are weaned, the parental investment between
marsupicals and placentals is similar Precocial compared
to marsupials…
 Mammals

Reproductive Variations:
1) Delayed Fertilization:
• Copulation (fall) dissociated from fertilization of egg (spring)
• Sperm stored in uterus / vagina
New / Old world bats
• Benefit = Efficient use of seasonal resources
2) Delayed Development:
• Embryo implants in endometrium; development continues very slowly
Armadillo
• Benefit = Synchronize young with unpredictable food resources (obligate)

3) Delayed Implantation:
• Development of embryo arrested following early cleavage
• Embryo free-floating in reproductive tract
• Obligate (build into system) or facultative (environmentally induced)
• Benefit = ??? (Dissimilarity in closely related species in same area…)
4) Embryonic Diapause:
• Development of embryo arrested following late cleavage
Roe Deer
(facultative)
 Mammals
Marsupials (“little bag” – BUT only ~ 50% have permanent pouch):
1) Ameridelphians (New World Marsupials)
• Didelphimorphia (Opossums; ~ 77 species)
• Neotropical region / temperate North America
“Play Dead”
• “…the opossum will fall on its side, curl its body,
open its drooling mouth, and excrete droppings…”
• Nervous “shock”
 Mammals
Marsupials (“little bag” – BUT only ~ 50% have permanent pouch):
1) Ameridelphians (New World Marsupials)
• Didelphimorphia (Opossums; ~ 77 species)
• Neotropical region / temperate North America
• Paucituberculata (Rat Opossums; ~ 5 species)
• Neotropical region Paired sperm:
Sperm coupled at
2) Australidelphians (Australian Marsupials) the head region…

Dasyuromorphia
(Carnivorous Marsupials)
e.g., Tasmanian Devil

Tasmanian Wolf – 1930’s

 Mammals
Marsupials (“little bag” – BUT only ~ 50% have permanent pouch):
1) Ameridelphians (New World Marsupials)
• Didelphimorphia (Opossums; ~ 77 species)
• Neotropical region / temperate North America
• Paucituberculata (Rat Opossums; ~ 5 species)
• Neotropical region Paired sperm:
Sperm coupled at
2) Australidelphians (Australian Marsupials) the head region…

Peramelemorphia
Insectivores
Syndactyly (hindfeet)
e.g., Bilby

Diprotodontia
Dasyuromorphia
Rodent-like incisors
(Carnivorous Marsupials)
herbivores / omnivores
e.g., Tasmanian Devil
Syndactyly (hindfeet)
e.g., Koala / Kangaroo
Marsupials

• Viviparous
• Immature young are
incubated in the
pouch

• Tasmanian wolf
Flying Squirrel
Tasmanian Devil
Marsupial Mouse
Koala (Aboriginal for no drink
…They sleep for 19 hrs/day)
Wombat
Kangaroo
Wallaby
Marsupial Pouch
Opossum
The only time you see an
opossum…
 Mammals
Placentals:

Insectivora Chiroptera Primates

• pemakan serangga • mamalia terbang • korteks serebral berkembang baik
• (e.g., mole, shrew, colugo) • Echolocation • ibu jari berhadapan, mata ke depan
(bats) (e.g., look in a mirror)

Xenarthra
• Low metabolic rates
(e.g., armadillo, anteater)

Pholidota
• Overlapping scales
(scaly anteaters)
 Mammals
Placentals:

Carnivora Cetacea Rodentia

• predator • tubuh termodifikasi untuk hidup akuatik • Anggota ordo paling banyak
• gigi carnassial • mamalia terbesar •Incisors besar yang tumbuh terus
(e.g., wolf, lion, weasel) (e.g., whales, dolphins) (e.g., capybara, squirrel, mouse)

Tubulindentata
• Smallest mammalian order
(aardvark)

Hyracoidea
• closest relative = elephant
(Hyrax)
 Mammals
Placentals:

Lagomorpha Perissodactyla Artiodactyla

• gigi seri seperti pahat berjumlah 4 • “jml kuku ganjil” • “jumlah kuku genap, herbivora”
• gerak saltatory (e.g., horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses) • Ruminansia
(e.g., rabbits, hares, pikas) (e.g., pigs, deer, hippopotamuses)

Proboscidea
• mamalia terestrial terbesar
(elephants)

Sirenia
• herbivora akuatik
(e.g., manatee, dugong)