SURROUNDING
BOUNDARY
SYSTEM
SURROUNDING
18. What is mean by quasi – static process (or) quasi equilibrium process?
When the process is carried out in such a way that at every instant the system deviation from
the thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal then the process is known as quasi static (or) quasi –
equilibrium process.
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23. What is mean by internal energy?
It is the energy possessed by a body (or) a system due to molecular arrangement and motion
of the molecules.
29. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a steel forging of mass
180kg from 300k to 1265k the specific heat of steel 0.49 kJ/kg.k
Given
Mass (m) = 180kg
Initial temp (T1 ) = 300.k
Final temp (T2 ) = 1265.k
Specific heat C = 0.49kJ/kg.k
To find: Amount (quantity) of heat required?
Solution:
Q = m.c.dt = 180 X .49 X (1265 – 180)
Q = 85113kJ
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34. State the zeroth law of thermos dynamics?
This law states when tow systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system then
the two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with one another.
The heat flow from the high temperature block to the low temperature block till the
temperatures of the both block are equal from the experience the reverse process of the heat flow is
impossible the heat flow the low tempereature block high temperature block is impossible.
The funning automobile can be stopped using the brake where the kinetic energy of
automobile is converted in heat which increases the energy of the brake drum.
But this energy is not possible to accelerate the automobile by the cooling of the hot broke
drum.
52. Sketch isothermal expansion on p-v diagram and state the properties that remain constant
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UNIT – II
POWER CYCLES AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION
6. What is the causes for irreversible cycle (or) process takes place?
1. Mechanical and fluid friction
2. Unrestricted expansion
3. Heat transfer with a finite temperature difference. Moreover friction converts the mechanical
work into heat this heat cannot supply back the same amount of mechanical work which was
consumed for its production.
6
The volume swept by the piston (TDC and BDC) is known as stroke volume (or) swept
volume is represented by Vs
Vs = piston area X stroke length
Vs = π /4 X d2 X L
1. Burning of fuel (combustion) the takes Burning of fuel (combustion) takes place outside
place inside the cylinder. Example: Cylinder. Example: gas turbine cycle or joules
Petrol Engine,(Otto Cycle) Diesel cycle or Diesel.
Engine (diesel cycle) Brayton cycle.
18. What are the types of thermodynamics cycles?
1. Carnot cycle 2. Starling cycle 3. Ericson cycle 4. Joule cycle
5. Otto cycle 6. Diesel cycle 7. Dual combustion.
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3-4 Isothermal Compression
4-1 Isotropic Compression
23. Draw the p-v and T-s diagram for Otto cycle?
1-2 isentropic expansion
2-3 content volume heat rejection
3-4 Isentropic compression
4-1 constant volume heat supply
25. What is the effect of compression ratio on air standard efficiency of Otto-cycle?
Air standard efficiency increases with compression ratio.
27. The efficiency of diesel cycle is Less than that of Otto cycle for the same compression ratio.
29. Draw the p-v and T-s diagram for diesel cycle? And name the process?
1-2 constant pressure heat supply
2-3 isentropic expansion
3-4 constant volume heat rejection
4-1 isentropic compression.
30. The diesel cycle efficiency increases with decrease in cut off ratio and approaches maximum
(equal to Otto cycle efficiency)
31. What is the effect of cut-off ratio on the efficiency of diesel cycle when the compression ratio
is kept constant?
The efficiency of the ideal diesel cycle is lower than that of Otto cycle, for the same
compression ratio. This is due to the fact that the cut-off ratio (p) is always greater than unity.
Diesel cycle efficiency increases with decreases in cut-off ratio and approaches maximum
equal to Otto cycle efficiency.
32. What is mean by dual combustion cycle (or) semi diesel cycle?
This cycle is combination of Otto and diesel cycles. It is some times called semi-diesel engine
work on this cycle, in this cycle heat is absorbed partly at a constant volume and partly at a constant
pressure.
33. Draw the P-v and T-s diagram for dual cycle?
8
1-2 constant pressure heat supply
2-3 isentropic expansion
3-4 constant volume heat rejection
4-5 isentropic compression
5-1 constant volume heat supply.
35. What is mean by brayton cycle (or) joule cycle (or) gas turbine cycle? External combustion
engine cycle?
Brayton cycle is the air standard cycle for gas turbine plant. It consists of two constant
pressure and two reversible adiabatic process this cycle is also called external combustion engine
cycle since the burning takes place outside the cylinder.
36. Draw the P-v and T-s diagram for brayton cycle?
1-2 constant pressure heat supply
2-3 isentropic expansion
3-4 constant pressure heat rejection
4-1 isotropic compression
39. What are the mernogs are used to the increases the efficiency of brayton cycle?
1. Regeneration
2. Rehearing
3. Inter cooling
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According to be type of fuel used
1. Petrol engine, diesel engine, (or) oil engine,
2. Gas engine
According to the method of ignition of the fuel.
1. Spank ignition engine (SI engine)
2. Compression ignition engine (C.I engine)
3. Hot spot ignition engine.
According to number of stroke / cycle.
1. Otto cycle, (constant volume cycle)
2. Diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)
3. Dual combustion cycle (semi – diesel cycle)
According to the speed of the engine
1. Low speed engine
2. Medium speed engine
3. High speed engine
According to the cooling system.
1. Air-cooled engines
2. Water – cooled engines
3. Evaporative cooling engines
According to the method of fuel injection.
1. Carburetor engine
2. Air injection engines
3. Air less (or) solid injection engine.
According to the arrangement of cylner
1. Vertical engine
2. Horizondal engines
3. redial engines
4. In – line multicylinder – engine
5. V – type multicylinder engine
6. Opposite – cylinder engines
7. Opposite – piston engine
According to valce mechanism
1. Over head value engine
2. Side value engine
According to method of governing
1. Hit and miss governed engine
2. Quantitatively governed engines.
44. Write the component of I.C engines?
Crank case, crank shaft crank connecting rod, crank pin cam, gudgeon pin, piston, piston
rings, cylinder inter and exhaust valves, rocker arm, inlet and exhaust port, water jacket, spark plug or
fuel injector.
46. How much the compression ratio for petrol and diesel engine?
For petrol engine = 5.2 to 9.1
For diesel engine = 12.1 to 22.1
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4. Exhaust stroke
49. What is the different between the two stroke and four stroke cycle engine.
Two stroke Four stroke
1. One power stroke in one revolution One power stroke in two revolution of the
of the crank shaft crank shaft
2. Power developed for the same Power developed for the same engine
engine speed is theoretically twice speed is theoretically half that of a two
that if a four-stroke cycle engine. stroke cycle engine
3. For the same power, this is simple For the same power, this is heavier in
in design and lighter in construction. construction
4. Fuel consumti9on is more Fuel consumption is less
5. Limited parts is enough Large no of parts are required
6. Maintenance charge is less Maintenance charge is more
7. Not possible for large power
Possible large power production
production
50. What is the difference between the petrol and diesel engine?
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
1. Petrol and air draws during suction
Air is only draws during the suction stroke
Stroke
2. Carburetor is used Fuel injector or atomizer is used
3. Pressure at end of compression is Pressure at and of compression is about 35
about 10 bar bar
Fuel injector is used to ignite the fuel in fine
4. Spank plug is used to ignite the fuel. spray for and hot air (about 600°C at 35 bar)
is ignited
5. Compression ratio of petrol Compression ratio for diesel engine is
approximately 6 to 10 approximately 15 to 25.
6. Lighter in construction are cost is also
Heavier in construction and cost is also high
less
7. Thermal efficiency about 26% Thermal efficiency is about 40%
8. Those are high-speed engine. These are relatively low speed engine
9. Starting the engine is very easy due Starting the engine is little difficult due to high
to low compression. compression ratio.
51. What is the effect of cut-off ratio on the efficiency of diesel cycle when the compression ratio
is kept constant?
Diesel = 1- 1 1
γ 2-1
Rc V
52. Sketch Otto and diesel cycle for the same compression ratio and heat input and compare the
efficiency.
53. Sketch the schematic arrangement of open cycle gas turbine plant and name the component
11. Draw P – V and diagram for a single stage reciprocating air compressor with out clearance?
12. What is mean by multistage compression?
In order to increases the pressure of out let air form the compressor above to 12 bar single
stage is impossible to over come the difficulties, two(or) more cylinder are provided in series with
intercooling arrangement between them such an arrangement is known as multistage compression.
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3. The sizes of the two cylinders line high pressure and low pressure may be adjusted to suit the
volume and pressure of the air
4. It reauces leakage loss considerably
5. It gives more uniform torque, and hence a smaller side flywheel is required
6. It provides effective lubrication because of lower temperature range
7. It reduces the cast of compressor
17. Write the comparison between the reciprocating and rotary air compressor?
S.No. Reciprocation air compressor Rotary air compressor
1. Maximum delivery pressure of air is 1000 Maximum delivery pressure of air is 10 bar only
bar
2. Maximum free air discharge is about 300 The Maximum free air discharge is a high as
m/min 3000 m/min
3. They are suitable for low discharge of air at They are suitable for large discharge of air at
very high pressure low pressure
4. Speed of the air compressor is slow The speed of the air compressor is high
5. The air supply is intermittent The air supply is continuous
6. Balancing is a major problem There is no balancing problem
29. Draw P – V and diagram for a single stage reciprocating air compressor with out clearance?
30. What is mean by multistage compression?
In order to increases the pressure of out let air form the compressor above to 12 bar single
stage is impossible to over come the difficulties, two (or) more cylinder are provided in series with
intercooling arrangement between them such an arrangement is known as multistage compression.
31. What are the advantages of multistage compression?
1. Work done per kg of air is reduced
2. It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio
3. The sizes of the two cylinders line high pressure and low pressure may be adjusted to
suit the volume and pressure of the air
4. It reauces leakage loss considerably
5. It gives more uniform torque, and hence a smaller side flywheel is required
6. It provides effective lubrication because of lower temperature range
7. It reduces the cast of compressor
32. What is mean by inter cooler?
In multistage compressor the air is first compressed in the low pressure compressor and
passed to inter cooler, to reduce the temperature of air before entering in to high pressure cylinder (or
it is located in between the in to high pressure cylinder. (or it is located in between the L.P and H.P
Cylinder to cooler the L.P air
33. What is the effect of inter cooling in a multistage reciprocating compressor?
He amount of work saved with incomplete intercooling is less than that in case of complete
inter cooling
34. What basics rotary air compressor working?
In rotary air compressor, the air is entrapped between two sets of engaging surface and the
pressure of air is increased by squeezing action (or) back flow of air
35. Write the comparison between the reciprocating and rotary air compressor?
S.No. Reciprocating air compressor Rotary air compressor
1. Maximum delivery pressure of air is 1000 Maximum delivery pressure of air is 10 bar
bar only
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2. Maximum free air discharge is about 300 The maximum free air discharge is a high as
m/min 3000 m/min
3. They are suitable for low discharge of air at They are suitable for large discharge of air at
very high pressure low pressure
4. Speed of the air compressor is slow The speed of the air compressor is high
5. The air supply is intermittent The air supply is continuous
6. Balancing is a major problem There is no balancing problem
UNIT - III
STEAM BOILERS AND TURBINES
12. What is mean by fire tube and water tube and water tube boilers?
In the fire tube boilers, the hot gases from the furnace pass through the tunes surrounded by
water.
Example: Lancashir boiler, Cochran boiler, Cornish boiler, Nestle boiler and Velcon boiler.
14. Name the two important boiler assessors and state there function
Eccomoiser
It used to heat feed water by utilizing the heat in the exhausts flue gases before leave
through the chimney
Air per hether
It is used to recover heat form the exhaust flue gases it installed between the
economiser and chimney
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4. Define efficiency ratio?
It is defined as the ratio of thermal efficiency (or actual cycle efficiency) to rankine efficiency (or
ideal cycle efficiency)
Thermal efficiency
Efficiency ratio = Ranking efficiency
7. Draw the flow diagram of Rankine cycle indicating the main components?
8. Drw the P – V and T – S diagram for Rankine cycle?
1 – 2 = Isothermal expansion T1 = T2, P1 = P2
2 – 3 = Isentropic expansion Sc = Sc
3 – 4 = Isothermal condensation Tc = T4, P3 = P4
4 – 1 = Constant volume heat supply V4 = V1
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5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of vapour compression system over a air refrigeration
system?
Advantages
1. It is smaller size for the given capacity of refrigeration
2. It has less running cost
3. It can be employed over a large range of temperature
4. The co-efficient of performance is quite high
Disadvantages
1. Initial cost is high
2. The prevention of leakage of the refrigerant is the major problem in vapour
compression system
13. Draw the lay out of vapour compression refrigeration cycle and explain it principle of operation.
The low pressure vapour refrigerant from evaporator is changed in to high pressure vapour
refrigerant in the compressor there for it is named as vapour compression refreigeration system.
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UNIT – IV & V
HEAT TRANSFER
1. What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer can be derfined as the transmission of energy from one reign to another as a result
of temperature difference or gradient.
5. What is convection?
When fluid flows over a solid body or inside a tunnel while the temperature of fluid and the solid
surface are different heat transfer between fluid and solid surface. This mechanism is called convection.
6. What is radiation?
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as
radiation heat transfer.
11. What are the parameters influencing the thermal conductivity of a material?
The thermal conductivity of the material mainly depends of the structure the specific gravity,
moisture content, temperature etc.,
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13. What is the conduction heat transfer through a slab?
We know the Fourier eqn that
Q = Ka dt/dn
Integrating the above eqn, between the limits of X = 0 to L
And T = ti to T2 as the temperature changes from T = ti to T2 through a thickness of slab.
14. What is the conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder. It inner outer radius of cylinder given?
Q = 2π LK [T1 – T2]
Loge (R2/R1)
15. What is the conduction through hollow sphere it inner and outer radius are given?
Q = T1 – T2 R1 & R2 = Inner & Outter Radias of sphere
R2 – R1 R2 – R1 = Thermal Resistance of Hollow sphere
4π KR1R2 4π KR1R2
17. Give the units for heat transfer, thermal conductivity, corrective heat transfer co-efficient and
overall heat transfer co-efficient.
Heat transfer per unit time Q =
Thermal conductivity K =
Corrective heat transfer Co-efficient =
Over all heat transfer Co-efficient =
20. The force which acts on the fluid to cause its motion is known as ------(buoyancy force)
21. The heat flow is (directly/indirectly)________ proportional to the temperature difference and heat
transfer co-efficient as also _______ (directly/indirectly) proportional to the temperature difference.
23. For absolute transparent or diathe enaneous body the absorptivity and refiectivity are_______ (Zero)
24. For the block body the transmittivity and refletivity are _______ (Zero)
25. What is black body?
A body which absorbs all the incident radiation and emits maximum energy compared with other
bodies is called black body.
30. The emissive power of a grey body is _____ (lesser/higher) than that of the body.
31. The emissive power of a grey body is ____ (lessor/higher) than that of the black body.
32. What is emissivity of grey body?
The ratio of emissive power of a grey body to that of black body at a given temperature is
constant at all wavelengths and is known as emissivity of the grey body.
Prepared by Approved by
(Dr.A.Murugesam Ph.D., & Mr. M.Bharathiraja) (Dr.A.Murugesan)
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