Rf/Rf-Soc Overview and Challenges: Fang Chen May 14, 2004

RESEARCH CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MICROSYSTEMS - UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
RF/RF-SoC
Overview and Challenges
Fang Chen
May 14, 2004
1
Content
 What is RF
 Research Topics in RF
➢ RF IC Design/Verification
➢ RF IC System Design
➢ Circuit Implementation
 What is RF-SoC
 Design Methodology
 Design Flow
2
Allocation of Radio Spectrum

in United States
3km 300m 30m 3m 30cm 3cm 3mm

30km
Visible
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF IR light
0 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100

kHz kHz MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz
Microwave
The Radio Spectrum
3 300
kHz GHz
Reference: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html April, 2004
3
What is RF?
 Bandwidth-based definition:
➢ RF circuits are necessarily narrowband circuits, having
bandwidths that are a small fraction of the center frequency.
 Application-based definition:
➢ For communication system engineers, RF signals are not
information but are used as carriers of the information-bearing
signals in wireless applications. RF becomes an antonym of
the word “based-band”.
 Size-based Definition:
➢ The size of RF hardware is not negligible compared to the
wavelength of the electromagnetic (EM) waves that they
process.
 Definition Used by Electrical Engineers
4
What is RF?
General Digital Communication Diagram
Transmitter
Source
Source Channel
Modulation
Encoder Encoder
Wireless
Channel
Receiver
Sink
Source Channel
Demodulation
Decoder Decoder
5
Summary of Different
Wireless Standards
Wireless Access Frequency Channel Modulation Date Rate

Standard Scheme Spectrum(MHz) Spacing Technique
GSM TDMA/FDD 890-915(Tx) 200kHz GMSK 270kb/s

935-960(Rx)
UMTS CDMA/FDD 1920-1980(Tx) 5MHz QPSK 2Mb/s

2110-2170(Rx)
Bluetooth CDMA/FH 2400-2480 1MHz GFSK 1Mb/s
6
An Example of RF IC
A Receiver System for 3G Mobile
Reference:” A triple-mode continuous-time sigma-delta modulator with switched-capacitor feedback DAC for a GSM-
EDGE/CDMA2000/UMTS receive” IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 12, Dec. 2003
7
Research Topics in RF IC
for 3G Mobile
 System-level Design
➢ Architecture Design for higher integration of the system.
➢ Architecture Exploration for Multi-Standard Receiver.
 Computer Aided Design
➢ Device Modeling.
➢ Simulation Algorithm.
 Circuit Implementation
➢ Circuit implementation using certain technology for better.
performance or higher integration.
8
System-level:Front-end Architectures
Super Heterodyne
Homodyne
9
System-level: Multi-Standard Receiver
UMTS UMTS Cellular

RF BB Handset
GSM GSM
RF BB
Bluetooth Bluetooth
MCU
RF BB
GPS GPS Power

RF BB
10
System-level: Software Radio
Cellular
Handset
A/D DSP
MCU Power
11
Computer Aided Design: RF IC Design
 Two Circuit Design Methodologies

➢ Digital Design Methodology.
➢ Analog/Mixed-signal Design Methodology.
 RF Design Methodology
➢ Analog/Mixed-signal Design Methodology.
12
Computer Aided Design: RF IC Verification
 SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit

Emphasis) Simulation Program
➢ Simulator.
➢ Device Model.
 Accuracy and Speed of the Simulation:

➢ Critically dependent on device model and simulation algorithm
implemented by the simulator.
13
 RF device models are different from analog ones due to the

very high operating frequency(1-5GHz).
14
RF IC Verification
15
RF IC Verification
16
 RF signal: High frequency carrier with relatively low

frequency information signal.
 High frequency carrier needs a small time step.
 Low frequency modulation requires a long simulation
interval.
 SPICE is not effective and efficient enough for RF circuits.
17
Circuit Implementation
Comparison of Semiconductor Technologies
 Highest frequency coverage

GaAs  Best RF Performance
(Gallium-Arsenide)  Best passive RF component Integration
 Higher frequency coverage than Si

SiGe  Better RF performance than Si
(Silicon-  Good mixed-signal capability
Germanium)  Higher levels of integration possible
 Lower cost than GaAs
 Lowest cost
Si 
Best mixed-signal capability
(Silicon) 
Highest level of integration possible
 Consistent process
18
Circuit Implementation
 Hand-held products demand for

➢ Low power consumption
➢ High level of integration
➢ Low cost CMOS
 State-of-the-art CMOS RF IC
➢ A fully integrated 0.18 CMOS direct conversion receiver front-end
with on-chip LO for UMTS (published on “IEEE journal of solid-
state circuits”, Jan. 2004)
19
What is RF-SoC ?
20
What is RF-SoC ?
21
Challenges
 Only a single technology can be used.

 RF section can be very sensitive to the interference from
digital portion.
22
RF-SoC Design Methodology:

Top-Down Design, Bottom-up Verification
System-Level Design
Basic Idea:
➢ Architecture of a chip is defined,
Circuit-Level Design simulated, and optimized as a
block diagram.
➢ Requirements for the individual
Physical Implementation blocks are derived.
➢ Individual blocks are designed
and verified against the
Physical Verification requirements.
➢ Entire chip is laid out and
verified against the original
Final Verification requirements.
23

System-Level Design:
System-Level Design ➢ Design is partitioned.
➢ Circuit blocks and Interfaces are
modelled and verified.
Circuit-Level Design ➢ Requirements are derived
Circuit-Level Design:
➢ Transistor-level circuit of each block
is designed.
➢ Each block is simulated and verified
against the specifications.
➢ Each block is also verified in the
context of the entire system (Mixed-
level simulation).
24

Physical Implementation:
➢ Architecture is converted to
floorplan.
➢ The blocks are laid-out and routed.
Physical Implementation
Physical Verification:
➢ LVS (Lay-out Vs Schematic).
➢ DRC(Design Rule Check).
Physical Verification
Final Verification Final Verification:

➢ Extraction and characterization.
➢ Macro-models created for a fast
high-level simulation.
25
Scopes of Tools for RF-SoC Design
Behavioral Verilog-AMS
Verilog-A Verilog-D
Abstraction
Level
SPICE
Structural
Analog Digital
26
RF-SoC Design Flow:

(Simplified)
Verilog-AMS Behavioral Models

RF AMS Digital System-Level
Verilog-AMS
Test Bench
RF Design AMS Design Logic Synthesis Circuit-Level
Verilog-AMS
Simulator
Layout Physical-Level
27
References for Receiver Architectures

1. “RF Microelectronics” B. Razavi 1998.
2. "Multi-standard CMOS wireless receivers - analysis and design" Li, Xiaopeng, 2002.
3. “A fully integrated 0.18um CMOS direct conversion receiver front-end with on-chip LO for UMTS” IEEE journal of solid-state
circuits, vol 39, no.1, Jan 2004.
4. “ A 1.5V 45-mW direct-conversion WCDMA receiver IC in 0.13um CMOS” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 38, no. 12, Dec.
2003.
5. “A direct-conversion receiver IC for WCDMA mobile system” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits vol 33, no. 9, Sep. 2003.
6. “ A highly digitized multimode receiver architecture for 3G mobiles” IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, vol. 52, no. 3, May
2003.
7. “ A single-chip multimode receiver for GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and WCDMA” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 38,
no. 4, Apr. 2003.
8. “A direct-conversion receiver for the 3G WCDMA standard” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 38, no. 3, Mar. 2003.
9. “Full- CMOS 2-GHz WCDMA direct conversion transmitter and receiver” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan.
2003.
10. “Direct conversion radio for digital mobile phone – design issues, status, trends” IEEE transactions on microwave theory and
techniques, vol. 50, no. 11, Nov. 2002.
11. “Fully integrated W-CDMA IF receiver and IF transmitter including IF synthesizer and on-chip VCO for UMTS mobiles” IEEE journal
of solid-sate circuits, vol. 36, no. 9, Sep. 2001.
12. “A 2-GHz wide-band direct conversion receiver for WCDMA application” IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 34, no. 12, Dec.
1999.
28
References for RF Design

1. “Practical RF circuit design for modern wireless systems” R. Gilmore, L.
Besser, c2003.
2. “Device modeling for analog and RF CMOS circuit design” T.Ytterdal, Y.
Chen,T.A.Fjeldly, c2003, Chapter 3.
3. “MOSFET models for SPICE simulation including BSIM3v3 and BSIM4”
W.Liu, c2001, Chapter 4.5, 4.6.
4. “Computer-aided design of RF and Microwave circuits and systems” IEEE
transactions on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 50, no. 3, Mar. 2002.
5. “Introduction to RF simulation and its application” IEEE journal on solid-state
circuits, vol. 34, no. 9, Sep. 1999.
29
References for RF-SoC
1. “CMOS technology for MS/RF Soc” IEEE transactions on electronic devices, vol.
50, no. 3, Mar. 2003.
2. “Computer-aided design of RF and microwave circuits and systems” IEEE
transactions on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 50, no. 3, Mar. 2002.
3. “RF-Soc – expectations and required conditions” IEEE transactions on microwave
theory and techniques, vol. 50, no. 1, Jan. 2002.
4. “Design of mixed-signal system-on-chip” IEEE transactions on computer-aided
design of integrated circuits and systems, vol. 19, no. 12, Dec. 2000.
5. “Introduction to RF simulation and its application” IEEE journal on solid-state
circuits, vol. 34, no. 9, Sep. 1999.
6. “CMOS technology characterization for analog and RF design” IEEE journal of solid-
state circuits, vol. 34, no. 3, Mar. 1999.
30
Questions?
31

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RESEARCH CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MICROSYSTEMS - UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR

Allocation of Radio Spectrum

3km 300m 30m 3m 30cm 3cm 3mm

0 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100

Reference: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html April, 2004

Wireless Access Frequency Channel Modulation Date Rate

GSM TDMA/FDD 890-915(Tx) 200kHz GMSK 270kb/s

UMTS CDMA/FDD 1920-1980(Tx) 5MHz QPSK 2Mb/s

Bluetooth CDMA/FH 2400-2480 1MHz GFSK 1Mb/s

System-level: Multi-Standard Receiver

UMTS UMTS Cellular

GPS GPS Power

System-level: Software Radio

Computer Aided Design: RF IC Design

 Two Circuit Design Methodologies

Computer Aided Design: RF IC Verification

 SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit

 Accuracy and Speed of the Simulation:

Computer Aided Design: RF IC Verification

 RF device models are different from analog ones due to the

Computer Aided Design: RF IC Verification

 RF signal: High frequency carrier with relatively low

 Highest frequency coverage

 Higher frequency coverage than Si

 Hand-held products demand for

 Only a single technology can be used.

RF-SoC Design Methodology:

RF-SoC Design Methodology:

RF-SoC Design Methodology:

Final Verification Final Verification:

Scopes of Tools for RF-SoC Design

RF-SoC Design Flow:

Verilog-AMS Behavioral Models

RF Design AMS Design Logic Synthesis Circuit-Level

References for Receiver Architectures

References for RF Design

References for RF-SoC

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