Name : Kamal Aliq bin Mohd Ali

Class : 4 Cita

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• Understand the manufacture of sulphuric
acid.

• Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia

and its salts.

• Understand alloys.

• Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.

• Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

• Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

• Appreciate various synthetic industrial

materials.

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USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and
potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by
plant.

2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.

3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.

4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component
materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process

2. The process contain three stage

STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur

i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2.

S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)

ii. sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

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 STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide

i. The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium(V) oxide
V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur
trioxide SO3.
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)

ii. The optimum used are

a) Temperature:450-500°C
b) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
c) Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide

iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and
oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the
converter.

STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid

i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum
H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.

SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)

H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.

SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)

iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is
vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid
fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

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 The Contact Process

Sulphur Oxygen

In the converter
S(s) + 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
O2(g)SO2(g) Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Unreacted
Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide
Oxygen 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
together with
SO2(g) +
oxygen
H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7(l) +
H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and

poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.

2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.

3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic, H2SO3.

4. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.

SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(aq)

5. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the
earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur
trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)

Acid rain and

environmental

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USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.

2. It uses:

i. In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate,

ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.

ii. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.

iii. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.

iv. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the

kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1. The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:

i. It colourless and has a pungent odour.

ii. It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii. It less dense then water.

iv. It easily liquified (at about 35.5°C) when cool.

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2. The chemical properties of ammonia gas:

a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus ,
aqueous ammonia solution:

i. Turns red litmus paper blue.

ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and water in neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq)  NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq)  Fe (OH)2(s)

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this
process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in
the volume ratio 1:3.

2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen
gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural
gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g)

3. The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under
controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.

i. Temperature: 450-500°C
ii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

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4. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia
gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst
again in the reactor chamber.

5. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.

Nitrogen Hydrogen

N2 and H2 are mixed in the proportion of

1:3 In the reactor chamber Unreacted N2 and
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NHIn(g)cooling chamber
3
H2 gases
Temperature: 450-500°C
Liquid
Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
Catalyst used:ammonia
Iron fillings
Outline Of Haber
process

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary
for growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is
abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from
soil through their roots.

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3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt
which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)  NH4NO3(aq)

Ammonium nitrate

3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq)  (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Ammonium phosphate

2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

Ammonium sulphate

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ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a
high density

2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy
is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during the
melting. This is why metals usually have high melting point.

3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This
make metal good conduct of heat.

4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to conduct
electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.

5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular
layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one
another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.

2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element

(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.

3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific

proportion. For example:

a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength

i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to
iron, an alloy, steal is formed. Themalleable
Matel are more carbon is added, the stronger the steel
becomes.

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 ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call
duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,
18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make
stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is
known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has
a more beautiful white silvery appearance.

ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.

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WHAT ARE POLYMER

1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined
together repeatedly are called polymer.

2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer.

3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.

4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found
in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and
rubber.

5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional

polymerisation.

6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.

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Uses of synthetic polymers IN DAILY LIFE

1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b. They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.
c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.
d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and
chemical attacks.

2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:

a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material
catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.
b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause
litter problem and pollute the environment.
c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which
becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of non-
recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

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WHAT ARE GLASS

1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products
are made from glass because of its specials properties.

2. Glass is:

a. Transparent, hard but brittle.

b. A heat and electric insulator.

c. Resistant to corrosion.

d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.

e. Easy to maintain.

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Composition , properties and uses of glass

Type of glass Properties Uses

• Transparent • Lens
Fused glass
• High melting point • Telescope mirrors

• Good heat • Laboratory apparatus

insulator
• Low melting point, • Drinking glass, bottles
Soda-lime glass easily molded into
desired shape and • Electric bulbs
size
• Window glass
• Low resistant to
chemical attacks

• Brittle
• Resistant chemical • Cooking utensils
Borosilicate glass attack and durable
• Laboratory glassware such as conical flaks and
• High melting point boiling tube

• Good insulator to
heat
• High refractive • Lenses and prisms
Lead crystal glass index
(flint glass) • Decorative glassware and art object
• High density
• Imation jewellery
• Attractive
glittering
appearance

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CERAMICS

1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to
a very high temperature.

2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials
in our everyday life. That:

a. Are hard, strong but brittle

b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature

c. Are heat and electric instrument

d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear

e. Are chemically not reactive

f. Do not readily deform under stress

3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as

a. Construction materials

i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and
toilet bowls.

ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.

b. Decorative items

i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish
easily and are durable.

ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.

c. Electrical insulator

i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,
fridges and electrical plug.

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WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two

or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.

2. Some common composite materials are:

a. Reinforces concrete

b. Superconductor

c. Fibre optic

d. Fibre glass

e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. It is

more important construction materials.

2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

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SUPERCONDUCTOR

1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of the
electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.

2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a
particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.

3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a

magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at
about 552 km/h).

4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet
communication.

FIBRE OPTIC

1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.

2. Fibre optic is used in

a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables.

b. Domestic cable television network

c. Closed circuit television security system.

3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which
enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

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1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractory
rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.

2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water but
is brittle.

3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces
plastic is formed.

4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small
amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass
is formed.

2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong
sunlight or ultraviolet.

3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

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 REFERENCE

 Reference book
-Nexus Chemistry SPM, Toh Kim Kau, Sasbadi

 Internet
-http://wiki.one-school.net/index.php/SPM_Chemistry_Form_4

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