Mam's File

Spring 2007
信號與系統
Signals and Systems
Chapter SS-5
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian
NTU-EE
Feb07 – Jun07
Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from
“Signals & Systems” by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky, 1997
Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Outline NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-2
Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Duality
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-
Coefficient Difference Equations
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: DT Fourier Transform NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-3
DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:



Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:

High-Frequency & Low-Frequency Signals:

Example 5.1:
Example 5.2:

Example 5.3:
Convergence of DT Fourier Transform:
The analysis equation will converge:
• Either if x[n] is absolutely summable, that is,
• Or if x[n] has finite energy, that is,

Example 5.4:
Approximation
Approximation of an Aperiodic Signal:


Duality
Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-15
Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:



Example 5.5:
Example 5.6:


Duality
Section Property
5.3.2 Linearity
5.3.3 Time Shifting
5.3.3 Frequency Shifting
5.3.4 Conjugation
5.3.6 Time Reversal
5.3.7 Time Expansion
5.4 Convolution
5.5 Multiplication
5.3.5 Differencing in Time
5.3.5 Accumulation
5.3.8 Differentiation in Frequency
5.3.4 Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals
5.3.4 Symmetry for Real and Even Signals
5.3.4 Symmetry for Real and Odd Signals
5.3.4 Even-Odd Decomposition for Real Signals
5.3.9 Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals

Properties of DT Fourier Transform NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-22
Fourier Transform Pair:

• Synthesis equation:
• Analysis equation:
• Notations:
Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:
Linearity:
Time & Frequency Shifting:

Example 5.7:
Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

Differencing & Accumulation:

Differentiation in Frequency:
Time Reversal:
Time Expansion:

Time Expansion:
Time Expansion:

Example 5.9:
Parseval’s relation:

Example 5.10:

Duality

Convolution Property & Multiplication Property NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-36
Convolution Property:
Multiplication Property:
X
Convolution Property NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-37
Example 5.11:
LTI System

Example 5.12:
Example 5.13:
Filter
LTI System

Example 5.13:
Example 5.14:

Example 5.14:
Convolution Property & Multiplication Property NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-43
Convolution Property:
Multiplication Property:

Multiplication Property NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-44

Example 5.15:
Example 5.15:

NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-48
NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-49

NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-50

Duality

Duality NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-52
DT Fourier Series Pair of Periodic Signals:

Duality in DT Fourier Series:

Duality between DT-FT & CT-FS:



Duality
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient DifferenceNTUEE-SS5-DTFT-57
Equations
A useful class of DT LTI systems:
LTI System

Equations
Equations
LTI
Examples 5.18 & 5.19: System

Equations
Example 5.20:
LTI System
Flowchart NTUEE-SS5-DTFT-61
Signals & Systems (Chap 1) LTI & Convolution (Chap 2)
Bounded/Convergent
Periodic Aperiodic
– CT – CT (Chap 4)
FS – DT FT
(Chap 3) – DT (Chap 5)
Unbounded/Non-convergent
LT – CT (Chap 9)
zT – DT (Chap 10)
Time-Frequency (Chap 6) Communication (Chap 8)
CT-DT (Chap 7) Control (Chap 11)

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Spring 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

 DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

 DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:

 High-Frequency & Low-Frequency Signals:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Convergence of DT Fourier Transform:

 The analysis equation will converge:

• Either if x[n] is absolutely summable, that is,

• Or if x[n] has finite energy, that is,

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Approximation of an Aperiodic Signal:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

 Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

 Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Fourier Transform Pair:

 Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:

 Time & Frequency Shifting:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

 Differencing & Accumulation:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 DT Fourier Series Pair of Periodic Signals:

 Duality in DT Fourier Series:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Duality between DT-FT & CT-FS:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

 Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

 A useful class of DT LTI systems:

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Feng-Li Lian © 2007

Signals & Systems (Chap 1) LTI & Convolution (Chap 2)

Time-Frequency (Chap 6) Communication (Chap 8)

CT-DT (Chap 7) Control (Chap 11)

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

DT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal:

Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:

High-Frequency & Low-Frequency Signals:

Convergence of DT Fourier Transform:

The analysis equation will converge:

Approximation of an Aperiodic Signal:

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Fourier Transform Pair:

Periodicity of DT Fourier Transform:

Time & Frequency Shifting:

Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:

Differencing & Accumulation:

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

DT Fourier Series Pair of Periodic Signals:

Duality in DT Fourier Series:

Duality between DT-FT & CT-FS:

Representation of Aperiodic Signals:

A useful class of DT LTI systems: