2010 Taibah University

20

College of Engineering

Thermodynamics

Volume and Mass

By:

Muhammad Ahmed Al-Subhi

Riadth Ateeq Allah Al-Subhi

Rami Ahmed Hasan

For:

Dr. Abdulkarim Haddad

 Abstract
Volume (also called capacity) is a quantification of how much space an object
occupies. The SI unit for volume is the cubic metre (American spelling meter).

Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the

amount of matter they contain. It is a central concept of classical mechanics and
related subjects.

Introduction

Volume: is how much three-dimensional space a substance (solid, liquid,

gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains, often quantified numerically using
the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally
understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of fluid (gas or
liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container
itself displaces.

In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for

describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is
the system's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a function of state and is inter-
dependant with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and
temperature. For example, volume is related to the pressure and temperature of an
ideal gas by the ideal gas law.

Units of Volume

Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume, namely the volume of a
cube whose side has the given length. For example, a cubic centimetre (cm3) would
be the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre (1 cm) in length.

In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic
metre (m3). The metric system also includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where
one litre is the volume of a 10-centimetre cube.

Thus

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 1 litre = (10 cm)3 = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metres,

So

1 cubic metre = 1000 litres.

Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres, where

1 millilitre = 0.001 litres = 1 cubic centimeter.

Specific volume

Specific volume (ν) is the volume occupied by a unit of mass of a material. In many
cases the specific volume is a useful quantity to determine because, as an intensive
property, it can be used to determine the complete state of a system in conjunction
with another independent intensive variable. The specific volume also allows
systems to be studied without reference to an exact operating volume, which may
not be known (nor significant) at some stages of analysis.

The specific volume of a substance is equal to the reciprocal of its mass density.
Specific volume may be expressed in , , , or .

where, V is the volume, m is the mass and ρ is the density of the material.

For an ideal gas, where, is the specific gas constant, T is the temperature and P is
the pressure of the gas.

Specific volume may also refer to molar volume.

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 Measuring cup

A measuring cup is a kitchen utensil used primarily to measure

the volume of liquid or bulk solid cooking ingredients such as
flour and sugar, especially for volumes from about 50 mL (2 fl
oz) upwards. The cup will usually have a scale marked in cups
and fractions of a cup, and often with fluid measure and
weight of a selection of dry foodstuffs. Measuring cups are
also used to measure washing powder, liquid detergents or
bleach, usually with a measuring cup not also used for food.

Measuring cups may be made of plastic, glass, or metal. Maximum capacity usually ranges
from 0.2 to 1 litre, though larger sizes are also available (for commercial use). Smaller
measuring spoons lack a scale and are filled and leveled to maximum capacity. Its mostly used
to measure things such as flour, water, or any type of liquid (urine).

Mass

In physics, mass (from Ancient Greek: μᾶζα) commonly refers to any of three
properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent:
• Inertial mass,
• active gravitational mass and
• passive gravitational mass.

In everyday usage, Mass is often taken to mean weight, but in scientific use, they
refer to different properties.

The inertial mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an

applied force. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass
m is subjected to a force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m.

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 A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a
gravitational field. If a first body of mass m1 is placed at a distance r from a second
body of mass m2, each body experiences an attractive force F whose magnitude is

where G is the universal constant of gravitation, equal to 6.67×10−11 kg−1 m3 s−2.

This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass (when a distinction is necessary,
M is used to denote the active gravitational mass and m the passive gravitational
mass). Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that
inertial and gravitational mass are equivalent; this is entailed in the equivalence
principle of general relativity.

Special relativity shows that rest mass and energy are essentially equivalent via the
well-known relationship (E = mc2). Mass is a conserved quantity. From the
viewpoint of any single unaccelerated observer, mass can neither be created or
destroyed, and special relativity does not change this understanding. However,
relativity adds the fact that all types of energy have an associated mass, and this
mass is added to systems when energy is added, and the associated mass is
subtracted from systems when the energy leaves. In such cases, the energy leaving
or entering the system, carries the added or missing mass with it, since this energy
itself has mass.

On the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by

where g is the Earth's gravitational field strength, equal to about 9.81 m s−2. An
object's weight depends on its environment, while its mass does not: an object with
a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons on the surface of the Earth; on the
surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs
only 81.5 newtons.

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 Units of mass

In the International System of Units (SI), mass is measured in kilograms (kg). The
gram (g) is 1⁄1000 of a kilogram

Weighing scale

Weighing scale a measuring instrument for determining the

weight or mass of an object. A spring scale measures weight by
the distance a spring deflects under its load. A balance compares
the torque on the arm due to the sample weight to the torque on
the arm due to a standard reference weight using a horizontal
lever. Balances are different from scales, in that a balance
measures mass (or more specifically gravitational mass), whereas
a scale measures weight (or more specifically, either the tension
or compression force of constraint provided by the scale). Weighing scales are used
in many industrial and commercial applications, and products from feathers to
loaded tractor-trailers are sold by weight. Specialized medical scales and bathroom
scales are used to measure the body weight of human beings.

Conclusion

Volume (also called capacity) is a quantification of how much space an object

occupies. The SI unit for volume is the cubic metre (American spelling meter).
In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic
metre (m3). The metric system also includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where one litre is
the volume of a 10-centimetre cube.

Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the

amount of matter they contain. It is a central concept of classical mechanics and
related subjects.

In the International System of Units (SI), mass is measured in kilograms

(kg). The gram (g) is 1⁄1000 of a kilogram