How Chemical Engineering Will Drive The 21st Century

How Chemical Engineering will
Drive the 21st Century?

The Mega Possibilities Ahead
AIChE Leadership Forum

October 2006
Partha S. Ghosh
Copyright © 2006 Partha S. Ghosh & Boston Analytics. All rights reserved.
How do you sense the “State of Health” of
our Planet?
What is the Global GDP?
What percentage of Global

GDP is Process Industry?
Global Population 650 Years = US today: 300M
Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Boston Analytics Research
1. “Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy”, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt)
Population 300 Years ago: 600M Pre-industrial
revolution

Population Hundred Years ago : 1,600 Million

Post World War II, 50 years later 2,400 Million

The Recent Past, 20 Years back 5,000 Million

And Near Future 2020: 8000 Million

Slow Pace of Dangerous Change : CO2 emission
World Carbon Dioxide Emission in Million Metric Tons

(1980 to 2050*)1
70,000
60,000 65 Billion
Million Metric Tons
50,000
Tons by 2050
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1980 1990 2003 2010 2020 2025 2050
1. Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov) Year
How Hot will Boston be?
Number of Hot Days in Boston (1961 to 2099)1

70 64.1
Days per Year over 90o F
60
50
39.3
40
31.5
30 25.5
20 15.7 17.7
9.5
10
0
1961 to 1990 2010 to 2039 2040 to 2069 2070 to 2099
Projections
Lower emissions Higher emissions
1. “Union of Concerned Scientists”, Joan Mclaughin/Globe Staff
Global Warming is Lethal?
Causes and Effects of Global Warming1
Cause Global Warming Effect

Other
industrial
Changes in
activities, • Rise in Sea level
3%
land use,
9% • Reductions in the ozone
Agricultural layer
practices,
14% • Increased intensity and
Energy use
frequency of extreme
and weather events
Chlorofluor production,
ocarbons, 57% • Impacts on agriculture
17%
• Spread of disease
Greenhouse Gases (GHG e.g. CO2)
1. “Causes of Global Warming” (http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Statistics/causes_of_global_warming.html)
Sea level is expected to Rise: How much?
Estimated Sea Level Rise in cm (2000 to 2100)1

Estimated Sea Level Rise (cm)
350.0 345.0
300.0
250.0 212.7
200.0
150.0 116.7
100.0
54.9 56.2
38.0
50.0 17.1 23.8
4.8 13.0
0.0
2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Conservative Scenario High Scenario

1. “Estimates of Future Sea Level Rise”, John S. Hoffman`
Annual loss of Forest land 16.2 Mn Hectares
Annual Change in Forest Area (000 ha per year) 1990 to 2005)1
Europe 1,538
Asia 211
-661 Oceania & Australia
-804 North & Central America
-8,053 South
America
-8,415 Africa
-16,184 World
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000

1. “Extent of forest resources”, (http://www.mongabay.com/deforestation.htm)
In fact the US has lost considerable forest area
Change in Forest Area in the US (1620 to 1920)1
1620 1920
Dynamics of Deforestation and Ecology: Require
Repurposing our Chemical Engineering Knowledge
• Less CO2 taken in
• Burning Trees adds even more
CO2
• Less photosynthesis takes
HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
place
• Increased risk of fire
• Increase in Flash Floods • Loss of vegetation
• Aquatic Habitat Degraded • Decrease in no. of species
• Flow of Water Changes • Leads to increasing infestation

DEFORESTATION1
• Less Oxygen in the • Decrease of pollinators & seed
waterways dispersers
• Loss of human diversity
GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE
• Soil Erosion

1. “The Choice: Doomsday or Arbor Day”, (http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htm)
The Essential Points:
1. Indeed Challenging &

Interesting times ahead
Powerful Forces at Work?
Changing Ecology
65 Billion Increasing
Tons of CO2 Population
Rising
Temperature Equity
Increasing
Sea Level Deforestation
Finite Resources
Powerful Forces at Work: Clash of Perspectives?
Digitization Changing Ecology

Wall Street
requirements Expectations
65 Billion
Tons of CO2 Increasing
Population
Rising CO2 Equity

Temperature
Deforestation
Increasing
Sea Level
Finite Resources
Most of the world is still in the early stage of Economic
development
Energy Consumption per Capita vs. GDP per Capita (2004)1

140
120 Canada
Energy Consumption
(‘000 KWHr / Capita)
100 US
80% of Global
80 Population
60 Russia France
Germany Japan
Kazakhstan Czech
UK
40 Ukraine Republic Italy
Malaysia
Thailand Romania
20 Brazil
China Turkey
Indonesia Egypt Philippines
India 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GDP / Capita (US$)
1. Energy Information Administration - EIA (http://www.eia.doe.gov/)
Future Natural Gas requirement of Asia
Overview of Energy Scenario (In BCM)
Country 2001 2010 2015 2020 2025

India 22 65 90 114 143
China 28 54 74 102 142
Japan 79 91 99 108 119
South Korea 20 28 37 43 51
Other Asia 139 153 173 198 230
Total 288 391 473 565 685
If China & India consumes energy @ 25% of US/capita
total energy consumption will increase by 41.6 T KwHr
Actual vs Estimated* (2004)1

200
172.4
41.6
Energy Consumption
150
130.8
(Trillion KWHr)
100
50
0
Actual Estimated*
* Per capita energy consumption of the selected countries is 25% of US per capita energy consumption
Old Path or New Path: Time to Choose?
Plastic Consumption per capita in Selected Countries vs.
GDP per capita (2003)1,2,3
Plastic Consumption per capita (in kg)
140
2
Developing and R = 0.8631
120 Moderately Developed Germany US
Countries
Singapore Japan
100
80 Canada
60
Malaysia
40
Hungary Highly
20 Thailand Developed
China Poland Countries
Indonesia
0 India
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
GDP per capita (in US$)

1. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-9-2003_pg5_12
2. Poland and its investment opportunity – BCG Report
3. http://www.eia.doe.gov/
On the other hand Oil Production Capita has
been declining at a rate of 1.2% annually
– Iranian Revolution
1973 – Yom
Kipper War
1946 to 1980 – The

growth in world
wide wealth
*Measured in barrels of oil per person per year (b/c/year)

1. “Peak Oil – The Beginning of an End”, (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene4_2005.pdf)
2. “BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2006”, BP Plc (http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview)
Cleary we are at the End of a Long Era?
Economic Development Curves
High
Information
Revolution
Productivity of Society
Industrial Revolution 2
(Internal Combustion
Engine)
Industrial Revolution 1
(Steam Engine)
2005 ~2010
Low
Time
1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times
ahead
2. The Process Industry will

become more dominant & will
be the driver
Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition
to avoid Mega disruption
1350 1900 2005 ~2010 2050
Era of Extraction &

Mono dimensional Value Creation
• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources

• New Relationship of Space & Time
• Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand
1. Concentrated Next Era Paradigm?

Economic Growth
2. Ecological
disequilibrium Role of Chemical Engineers ?
3. Complex Politics of
Supply Chain
Holistic Approach?
PROBLEMS ≈ OPPORTUNITIES
Holistic Approach
Renewable and
Energy Clean Energy
Source
Ecology Equity
Energy ,Food
and Health for All
Sustainable Economic
Developed
Scope of the Field?
Chemical Industry’s Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors
Balance?
Conservation
driven
Balance of Ecology
Future Chemical
Engineer
Consumption
driven Perspective?
Point Balance of Economic Holistic/Integrative
Solution Advance Solution
Expanded Field?
Chemical Industry’s Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors
Balance?
Conservation
Carbon Free Systems Approach to

Energy Energy &
Balance of Ecology
System Transportation
Management
Future Chemical
New Engineer
Chemistry Recycling
of Waste
for the Car
Agro based
Recycling Chemical
Lighter
Products Industry
Today
Improved
Consumption functionalities Process
Intensification
Perspective?
Point Balance of Economic Advance Holistic
Solution Solution
Strategic Direction of Chemical Industry
Positive
Create New Investment in Next
generation
Game Knowledge Intensive
Energy/Materials
Balance of
Solutions: “Small is
Ecology
beautiful”
Energy Efficient
consumption
Negative
Negative Positive
Balance of Economic Progress
Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition
to avoid Mega disruption
1350 1900 2005 ~2010 2050
Era of Extraction &

Mono dimensional Value Creation
• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources

• New Relationship of Space & Time
• Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand
Multi vector Multi –tier

1. Concentrated
Economic Growth
Renaissance
2. Ecological
disequilibrium
3. Complex Politics of
Supply Chain
An unique opportunity for Chemical
Engineers
Critical Assets
Thermodynamics
Chemical Industry’s
Knowledge Asset
(How far?)
Kinetics
Extraordinary
(How fast?)
Knowledge base
Size Reduction
(Rooted in the early
Stages of Industrial (Surface Properties ?)
Revolution)
Transport Phenomena
(Flow Mechanisms?)
And Look for Mega possibilities @ the Intersection of
Conventional Engineering & New Technologies
Chemical Fundamentals In flux of New

Methodologies
• Thermodynamics
• Genomics
• Kinetics
• Proteomics
• Transport sciences
• Micro fluidics
•
• Nano technologies
Conventional Unit 110010100111
Operations New Convergence
Technologies
• Separation processes
• Large database
• Reactors tools
• Heat & Mass transfer •Predictive models
asystems
•Increased
interactivity
The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be
applied in Multiple Scales
Three Scales of Knowledge Application
Holistic /Tera Scale
Perspective
Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale
Issues
1 •Global Ecological Balance ?
• Energy Balance ?
• Social Structures ?
Scales of Engagement
Current
Scale
2 1. Efficiency
2. Conservation
3. Recycling
Raw materials
Micro Nano
Cellular /Nano Scale
3 Level
functionalities
Microscopic
Perspective
The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be
applied in Multiple Scales
Three Scales of Knowledge Application
Holistic /Tera Scale
Perspective
Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale
Issues
of
1 •Global Ecological Balance ?
s s
• Energy Balance ?
• Social Structures ?
c e
o es
Scales of Engagement
r
P in Current
n l Scale
2 ti o cip 1. Efficiency
za is 2. Conservation
l i d 3. Recycling
Raw materials
i a le
o c ip
S/Nanoult
Micro Nano
Cellular Scale
3 Level
M
functionalities
Microscopic
Perspective
New technologies could indeed trigger a New Era
Process Industry Reconfiguration
Nano Information
Technologies Technology
10011000101110
Upstream Downstream
Opto Technologies Biotechnology
Towards an Agro cell based Economic
Revolution?
Development of a More Sustainable Economic Model
High
Towards improved
Information new
Productivity of Society
Revolution
socioeconomic
structures with a
Industrial Revolution 2 “new agro” based
(Internal Combustion revolution
Engine) Symbiosis
Agro-cell of Multiple Disciplines
Based
z Genomics / Biosciences
Industrial Revolution 1 z Unit operations
(Steam Engine) z Bio Catalyst
z Convergence technologies
†
(4 C’s)
Low
Time
For Example: An Agro Complex?
Resource Industry Critical Issues Resource Industry Critical Issues
Cereal Crops z Increase in yield (kg / hectare) Chemical Industry
z Quality and consistency?
Fruits Vegetables
z Distribution system?
Down stream value addition Dyes and
Tea
Food and z
Flowers
and branding? Pigments
Beverage
Algae z Knowledge sharing and
Vegetables
awareness building?
Natural Rubber
Aqua Products Polymers z Development of low cost
process equipment and
Starch and Epoxy controls?
Cotton Fiber, z Cost Effectiveness?
Glues z Storage and distribution system?
z Quality consistency? Lignins
Silk
Fabric z Economics of scale and cost
z Familiarity with fashion trends?
and Alcohol competitiveness?
z New application on Solvent and
Jute Fashion development?
Starches Chemicals
Bio-mass z Knowledge sharing
z Low cost equipment Jute Stick Board z Knowledge sharing application
Wind Farming development? development?
Furniture /
Energy z Promotional activities? Chip Board z Machinery development for
Seed Oils Constrn. rural use?
Renewable Wood z Development of hot stamping
Starches technology?
Sugar Cane
Paper, z Knowledge Sharing and
Specialty Chemical Industry Straw application?
Paper
z Low cost machinery
Herbs Pharmaceu Jute Board and development?
z Awareness building?
ticals and Packaging z Incentives for corporate sector?
Medical Plants z Involvement of university Waste Woof Pulp
Ayurvedics professionals?
Algae / Azola z Incentives for corporate Rapeseed z Promotion of new application
sector? based on agro?
Perfume Lequerella Oil and
Vegetable Oil z Venture funds “bottom up” z Availability of venture funds?
Personal development? Castor Seed Lubricants z Creation of down stream pillars?
Flowers Care
Biotechnology could enable production of better breeds
of trees enabling fast and healthy reforestation
Tree Breeding and Seed Production Processes1
3. Breeding: After testing, better wild parent
trees are selected for the breeding program.
The aim is to increase the extent to which the
4. Production:
desired characteristics are shown in every
Cuttings from the wild
subsequent generation
parent trees are
grafted in the orchard
in a random pattern
and allowed to cross-
pollinate
1. Selection: The
selection process
involves the finding 2. Testing: In the
wild trees which testing phase,
possess the desired researchers try to find
traits (e.g. pest those parent trees
resistance, superior that carry the best
growth or form etc) genes for the desired
characteristics
Biocatalysts: Using enzymes as catalysts for synthesis
in mild conditions?
Biocatalysis in the Manufacture of Polymers1
Polymer is obtained under

mild process conditions
and is environmentally
friendly
Enzymes act as
biocatalysts enabling
precision polymer
synthesis
Development and fine tuning of Biofuels
Technologies could open up new vistas
Feedstocks
Feedstocks Conversion
Conversion Fuel
Fuel End-
End-Use
End-Use
Thermochemical Conv.
Consumer
Consumer Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Residues
Residues
Gasification
Gasification Fuel
Fuel Cell
Cell
Syngas
Vehicles
Vehicles
Agricultural
Agricultural Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis Methanol
Methanol
Residues
Residues Liquif
Liquif &
& HTU
HTU
Bio-Oil
Bio-Oil
Fiber
Fiber Biochemical Conv. (Fischer-
(Fischer- Gasoline
Gasoline
Residues
Residues Tropsch)
Tropsch) Vehicles
Vehicles
Anaerobic
Anaerobic
Digestion
Digestion
Cellulosic
Cellulosic Biogas
Biogas
Peren.
Peren. Crops
Crops Fermentation
Fermentation
&
& Distillation
Distillation
Diesel
Diesel
Energy
Energy Microbial Vehicles
Microbial Ethanol
Ethanol Vehicles
Crops
Crops Digestion
Digestion
Biodiesel
Biodiesel (Veg.
(Veg.
Oil
Oil Extraction
Extraction Oil
Oil Methyl
Methyl
Crops
Crops Esters)
Esters)
Cellulosic ethanol is on the horizon
Process Description Pilot plants
Fermentation Conventional ethanol from 2% of U.S. gasoline
sugar
sugars (corn, sugarcane) are demand currently

marginally energy positive. 100- comes from ethanol
110 gal/ton made this way from 7%
of corn
Acid hydrolysis Strong acids are used to break Commercial plants in
down cellulose into sugars. operation. Used mainly
in niche markets for
waste disposal.
cellulose
Thermal High temperatures convert Arkansas and Colorado

gasification biomass into synthesis gas of
carbon oxides and hydrogen. In
the presence of a catalyst, these
gases are converted to ethanol.
Enzymatic Enzymes turn woody biomass Ontario
reduction into sugars.
Biomass Energy development will require a full range of
conventional Chemical Technologies
Different Technologies to Harness Biomass Energy1,2
Biomass
Combustion of biomass to produce electricity
Combustion
Biomass Gasification is meant to convert solid carbon fuels into

Gasification gaseous fuels
Biomass Carbonization converts biomass into biofuels / biocarbons

Carbonization (charcoal and carbonized charcoal)
Biomass Biomass densification converts the loose biomass (agricultural

Densification and agro – industrial wastes) into a densified fuel called
briquettes
Biogas Biogas production involves the fermentation of cowdung, crop

Production residue and kitchen waste in the absence of oxygen to
produce biogas (mainly CH4, CO2 and other gases)
Power & Energy: Large Scale Engineering
systems thinking is essential
BioEnergy
Engines
Wind Farm PV Array
Stirling
Rooftop PVs
Transmission and
Distribution
Fuel Cells
Microturbines Fuel Cells

Reciprocating engines
Residential Commercial
FuelMicroturbines
Cells
Reciprocating engines
Industrial
The Virtual Power Plant

z Aggregates the output of thousands of micropower technologies
z Peak shaving becomes power trading on the wholesale market
z Coordination and control through a new communications infrastructure
Solar Energy has the potential to address our growing
energy needs in an environmentally-friendly way
Basic Mechanisms of Solar Energy Conversion1
Fuel
Light
Electricity
Fuels Electricity
CO2 O2 H2
e e
Sugar
sc M sc M
H2O
H2 O
O2
Photosynthesis Semiconductor/Liquid Photovoltaic

Junctions
1.”Global Energy Perspective”, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
Poor efficiency and intricate material processing
techniques are major issues with the solar cell
Major Issues with a Photovoltaic (PV) Cell 1,2,3

Light
Photovoltaic
(PV) cells Polycrystalline Si
provide O2 H2 technology in
efficiencies as e semiconductors is
low as 25% relatively complex.
Require: New sc M
electrolytes and Flat Plate Si crystalline
catalysts to H2 O is better but yet
improve efficiency significant development
of the PV cell will be required
Semiconductor/Liquid
Junctions/Photovoltaic

1.”Global Energy Perspective”, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
2. “Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource”, Bhavik Shah – www.physics.rutgers.edu
3. “Solar Energy Research at the Department of Energy. Big Deal!”, Dan Preston, John Stechschulte, Alok Tayi and Dave Zahora -
www.mse.cornell.edu
Reducing cost of production of electricity by wind
turbines could be a significant challenge
Challenges in Using Wind as a Source of Power1,2,3,4
Varying wind
supply require
innovative Aerodynamic
storage characteristics of
solutions the blade:
Knowledge of fluid
dynamics and
lubrication to
improve efficiencies

1. www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html
2. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wwg/issues.html#intermittency
3. “Generic Wind Turbine- generator Models”, Western electricity Coordinating Council, Abraham E
Next Generation Nuclear plant design will require
significant Chemical Engineering Knowledge
Production of Nuclear Energy in a Pressurized Water Reactor1
Steam
Heat gives
Exchangers energy to
the turbine
Fission
zone in
the
reactor
Recycling
of steam
… Particularly in recycling of Spent Fuel
Challenges in Nuclear Fission1,2
The lighter elements in

Spent Fuel are
radioactive
Need new forms reuse of
fuel and chemical
Energy treatment processes
before disposal
Neutron Uranium Lighter elements

(Ba/Kr)
Not Either Or, it is all about Unification
A D
H2 H2
Electrolizer CH4 Reformer
O2
B E
H2
Methanol
Sun’s
Rays Electrolizer
Biomass
O2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Photovoltaic Cells
Ethanol
C Specialized Applications F
H2 Cylinder Metal Hydride
H2
O2 Cylinder Nuclear
H2 Tanker /Pipeline
Fuel Cells works by converting chemical energy to
electrical energy On Demand
Basic Mechanism of a Fuel Cell1
Fuel Cells have been around since the 19th century:
Could we take on the Challenge of commercialization ?
Major Challenges in Using a Fuel Cell1,2,3
Fuel cell’s performance function of Overall efficiency of the cell

Electrolytes and Catalysts Electricity is just 24-30% due to poor
Knowledge of Fluid flow conversion of CH3OH to H2
Material science for advanced catalysts Systems design and catalysts
and electrolyte systems
O2 Fuel
H2O
H2 /CH3OH Cell
Chemical engineers can
experiment with different materials
Size and weight of fuel cells
Heat and electrode systems to come
Process Intensification to reduce size
up with cost-effective solutions
and weight of cell
1. www.howstuffworks.com
2. “Changing the way America drives: WPI chemical engineer works on fuel-cell power”, WPI News & Events
3. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_challenges.html
Heat Mining: Health & safety concerns due to materials
ejecting from the Earth are issues that will need attention
Challenges in Harnessing Geothermal Energy1,2,3,4
The steam coming out needs to
be purified before it drives the
turbine
Chemical engineers can design
a steam purification plant
Injection Injecting Hydro

Doublet
well water fracture
Many-a-times, hazardous gases and minerals may

be released during heat extraction
Engineers can develop a safety systems by which the
toxic substances
the toxic would
substances not harm
would the surroundings
not harm the –
just like SHE mechanisms
surroundings – just like SHEaremechanisms
evolved for chemical
are
plants
evolved for chemical plants

1. www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/geothermal.htm#more ,2. www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation_text.html
3. “Geopowering the West”,Susan Norwood, Sept 2, 2004, 4. “Geothermal Energy Development Overview”, National
Park Service, US Dept. of Interior
An Opportunity in search of Creativity: Nano
manufacturing will need committed work
Challenges of Nano-Manufacturing1,2,3
Deep understanding of molecular Scale-up of processes for

behavior required for accurate cost-effective methods of
positioning and attack of molecules manufacturing
Knowledge in Quantum chemistry is
essential
Molecule A Molecule B Product
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are materials that can
recover from strain when they are heated above a certain
temperature
Basic Mechanism of SMAs1
• The SMAs have two phases -

the high-temperature phase,
austenite (hard, inelastic,
simple FCC structure) and
the low-temperature phase,
martensite (soft, elastic,
complex structure).
Transformation between
these two phases at
different temperatures leads
to shape memory
• Example: NiTiNol, CuZnAl
etc.

1. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) Presentation - E3 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING RESEARCH - Moses Z. Horto and Ali A. Jafry
Current Research is directed towards improving the
data quality and biodegradability of optical fibers
Issues in Transmission1,2,3
Research is on to enhance the size and quality

of data transfer through a fiber Improve over systems
For example tiny drops of fluid inside the functionalities of fibers and
fiber in order to improve the flow of data biodegradability
carrying photons resulting in fast transmission
and improvement in quality

1. “10 emerging technologies that will change your world”, Technology Review, February 2004,
www.technologyview.com
2. http://www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/Bref0595/B05C9404.pdf
3. http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~rampi/ENGR166/Topic16.ppt#306,12,Properties of optical fibers
As micro technologies develop macro systems solutions
will become more affordable
Comparison of Average Electricity Generation Cost*

($cents/KWh)1,2,3 Capital Cost* ($/KW)1,2,3
5,544
Solar 41.1 4,053
Hydro 24.4 3,390
Biomass 12.5
910
Oil 11.0
Wind 9.9 1,363
Coal IGCC 7.1
Different methods of 1,842
Coal CFB 6.3 generating electricity from coal 1,345
Coal PF 6.1
1,511
Nuclear 4.1
2,118
Note : *These are only indicative figures. Actually, electricity generation cost varies across different
territories as per the environmental and technological scenario.
1. “The Cost of Generating Electricity”, Royal Academy of Engineering, March 2004 (213.130.42.236/wna_pdfs/rae-summary.pdf)
2. “Powering the Nation”, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd, March 2006 (http://www.pbpower.net/inprint/pbpubs/powerthenation/powerthenation.htm)
3. “Solar Energy in SGM, Renewable Energy Modeling Series”, Allen Fawcett, December 2004 (http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/pdf/fawcett-
d 6 df)
ahead
2. The Process Industry will become more

dominant & will be the driver
3. 21st Century Chemical Engineer:

Three in One Strategic Problem
Solver
We have the tools: We need the commitment
to link Supply and Demand
Supply-Demand Dynamics
Supply-Demand
Supply Demand
z Clean
z Clean Energy
Energy
z New
z New Materials
Materials
z Six
z Six Sigma
Sigma Power
Power
z Precision
z Precision Controls
Controls
z Efficiency
z Efficiency of
of
z Nanotechnology
z Nanotechnology
Consumption
Consumption
z Life
z Life Sciences
Sciences
z Ecological
z Ecological balance
balance
z Miniaturization/Process
z Miniaturization/Process
z More
z More advanced
advanced living
living
Intensification
Intensification
and
and work
work spaces
spaces
z Convergence
z Convergence // Broadband
Broadband
z Global
z Global Equity
Equity
infrastructure
infrastructure
The Chemical Engineer is a multi-disciplinary
engineer a Strategic Problem Solver
Transport Thermo-
Phenomenon dynamics Kinetics
Materials
Biology/Genetics The Chemical Engineer Science
Computer Science
as Σ, O, H Management/Economics
Fields of
Application
Design Engineering, Plant Operations, Process Optimization,

Engineering balance of Living Systems, Energy Engineering,
Material Research, Environmental Engineering, Biotech, Safety
Engineering, Nano Engineering
1. http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che/ Copyright © 2006 Partha S. Ghosh & Boston Analytics. All rights reserved.
Equipment efficiency?
Equipment Efficiency vs. Equipment (2004)1,2,3,4,5

Thermodynamic
100% Efficiency=100%
20% improvement
Equipment Efficiency
80%
60% 35% improvement
10%
40% improvement
20%
0%
Lighting IC Engines Air Heaters Boilers
Devices Conditioners
Equipments

Where a long-haul Class 8 truck’s diesel fuel
goes ?
Focus: End of Chain [Fuel] → [Engine] → [Drivetrain] → [Tractive Loads]

1.00 0.07
0.93 0.56 • ~38% efficient today: Engine &
drivetrain
• Represents >100 years’ R&D: Engine
efficiency is more difficult to improve
further than is end-use efficiency
End-use: Consider what would happen if

we halved aerodynamic drag and mass
0.02 0.03 0.02 0.30 0.19
0.11 0.05
0.06
Total Primary Used in Driver Drive train Aero- Moves the

Energy Hauling Losses* Losses Dynamic Platform
Idling Engine Auxiliary Reaches Drag Rolling Hauls the
Losses Losses Loads the Wheels Resistance Freight
Source: Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program (DOE 2000), RMI analysis
Reduction in energy intensity could reduce
world energy demand by 14% to 20% in 2025
World Energy Demand in Quadrillion Btu (2025)1 :If Energy Intensity is Reduced in
Selected Regions
645.0 10.3
Quadrillion Btu
700 38.2 15.2 26.5 554.8

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction
2025 2025
Projected in India in China in Western in US
Projected
Energy Europe
Energy
Demand Demand after
Assumptions: Reduction
•Energy intensity is reduced by 35% for India and China
•Energy intensity is reduced by 20% for Western Europe (WE) and US
ahead
2. The Process Industry will become more

dominant & will be the driver
3. The 2st Century Chemical Engineer
4. A Vision of the Future
The New horizons…
Frontier Areas Brief Description
Alternative Energy
Ecology friendly, Sustainable and
Safe Energy for all
Taking a bottom-up approach to manufacturing
Nano-Manufacturing mechanisms at nanoscale to yield products of high
quality with zero wastage
Novel Materials
Efficiency of Usage of Materials e.g. Shape
memory alloys, new fibers etc.
… beyond current framework of plant design and
engineering
Frontier Areas Brief Description
Microorganisms and enzymes to catalyze

Biocatalysis reactions such as polymerization – without any
harmful or toxic releases and at normal conditions
Genetic Production of healthier and fast-growing trees

Reforestation using principles of genetics and biotechnology
Making optimum use of recycling to productively

Waste Recycling utilize waste materials
Last 5,000 Years… …..Future Possibilities..
Economics of Linear Economics of Closed
Mechanics: Extraction, Loop Harmony
Exploitation & Experimentation
Solar , Wind
Bio Mass Fuel Cells
Agro
New Energy
Clean and Power
Water Technologies
Broadband
Clean Energy
Knowledge for
Recovery/Recycle
.. Chemical Engineering Education & Industry
has to Rekindle the Sprit of Enquiry
High
“The Spirit of Enquiry?”
“Renewability”
intensity
“Reconfigure”
Current processes
Low
Low High
Conservation
intensity
The Journey forward . . .
Toward a New
Integrated Vision
for Intelligent
Holistic “Mass &
Energy Balance”
Plays
It is not in the Seeming , it is in the being,
….but even more in the Becoming . . .
Lets wish for the best
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How Chemical Engineering Will Drive The 21st Century

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AIChE Leadership Forum

What is the Global GDP?

What percentage of Global

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people

World Carbon Dioxide Emission in Million Metric Tons

Number of Hot Days in Boston (1961 to 2099)1

Causes and Effects of Global Warming1

Cause Global Warming Effect

Estimated Sea Level Rise in cm (2000 to 2100)1

Boston Analytics Research

-661 Oceania & Australia

-804 North & Central America

-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000

Change in Forest Area in the US (1620 to 1920)1

• Increase in Flash Floods • Loss of vegetation

• Aquatic Habitat Degraded • Decrease in no. of species

• Flow of Water Changes • Leads to increasing infestation

Boston Analytics Research

1. Indeed Challenging &

Digitization Changing Ecology

Rising CO2 Equity

Energy Consumption per Capita vs. GDP per Capita (2004)1

Overview of Energy Scenario (In BCM)

Country 2001 2010 2015 2020 2025

Actual vs Estimated* (2004)1

GDP per capita (in US$)

1946 to 1980 – The

*Measured in barrels of oil per person per year (b/c/year)

2. The Process Industry will

Era of Extraction &

• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources

1. Concentrated Next Era Paradigm?

Carbon Free Systems Approach to

Era of Extraction &

• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources

Multi vector Multi –tier

Chemical Fundamentals In flux of New

Opto Technologies Biotechnology

Polymer is obtained under

sugars (corn, sugarcane) are demand currently

Thermal High temperatures convert Arkansas and Colorado

Biomass Gasification is meant to convert solid carbon fuels into

Biomass Carbonization converts biomass into biofuels / biocarbons

Biomass Biomass densification converts the loose biomass (agricultural

Biogas Biogas production involves the fermentation of cowdung, crop

Microturbines Fuel Cells

The Virtual Power Plant

Photosynthesis Semiconductor/Liquid Photovoltaic

Major Issues with a Photovoltaic (PV) Cell 1,2,3

Boston Analytics Research

Boston Analytics Research

Production of Nuclear Energy in a Pressurized Water Reactor1

Challenges in Nuclear Fission1,2

The lighter elements in

Neutron Uranium Lighter elements