The output is inverted. A flyback convert- When the power switch is turned off,
er (isolated buck-boost) requires a trans- the first inductor charges the capaci-
former instead of just an inductor, adding tor C1 and also provides current to the
to the complexity of the development. load, as shown in Fig. 3. The second Figure 3. With the switch off, both
inductor is also connected to the load inductors provide current to the load
One converter that provides the need- during this time. capacitor.
ed input-to-output gain is the Sepic (sin-
gle-ended primary inductor converter) The output capacitor sees a pulse of The input current is non-pulsating, a dis-
converter. A Sepic converter is shown in current during the off time, making it tinct advantage in running from a battery
Fig. 1. It has become popular in recent inherently noisier than a buck converter. supply.
Rearranging gives:
Figure 5. For DC analysis, the small And the DC gain is given by:
signal sources are set to zero, induc-
tors become short circuits, and capaci-
tors become open circuits. After the
circuit is redrawn, it is a trivial matter to Here we see the ability of the con-
write KVL around the outer loop of the verter to step up or down, with a gain
circuit to solve for the conversion gain of 1 when D=0.5. Unlike the buck-boost
of the converter. and Cuk converters, the output is not
inverted.
The PWM Switch Model
in the Sepic Converter AC Analysis of the Sepic Converter
The best way to analyze both the AC You won’t find a complete analysis of Figure 6. The small-signal AC sources
and DC characteristics of the Sepic the Sepic converter anywhere in printed are included in the switch model, and
converter is by using the PWM switch literature. What you will find are applica- we can either solve the analysis by
model, developed by Dr. Vatché Vor- tion notes with comments like, “the Sepic hand, or use PSpice to plot desired
périan in 1986. Some minor circuit ma- is not well-understood.” Despite the lack transfer functions. The hand analysis
nipulations are first needed to reveal the of documentation for the converter, engi- is crucial for symbolic expressions and
location of the switch model, and this is neers continue to use it when applicable. design equations.