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This assignment causes you to critically think and analyze the patient’s disease.

You are being asked to make the


critical links between the patient’s signs and symptoms and what is going on inside the body that explains why they
occur (the pathophysiology). Similarly, you are being asked to make the critical links between the patient’s abnormal
diagnostic tests and what is going on inside the body that explains why they occur (the pathophysiology). This analysis
of information will help you understand the medical treatment the physician has ordered. Your critical analysis will also
help identify the primary and most appropriate nursing actions (for identified nursing diagnoses) for this patient.

If you are having difficulty identifying or analyzing your patient’s primary problem please call your instructor at home.
Each time you complete this map your analytical and critical thinking skills will improve. Your ability to identify patient
problems and the most appropriate nursing actions will develop. Your ability to analyze test questions and identify the
correct answer in nursing school and for the NCLEX will also improve.

1. Pathophysiolgy column
a. At the top of the column list patient etiology and risk factors that led to the disease.
Check your medical-surgical textbook to make sure you are including all factors.
b. From your medical-surgical and pathophysiology texts (or internet) make a cause and affect flow chart of
what happens in the body that causes the disease. Link each effect to its cause with an arrow.
c. End the flow chart with complications that can arise from this disease linked to the flow chart with arrows.

2. Expected diagnostic test column


a. List all the expected diagnostic tests from your medical-surgical text:
all the physician might order
b. Give the abnormal results you would expect:
Ex. Atelectasis on CXR
Increased pCO2 on ABGs
Decreased Hg/ Hct
c. Star the abnormal labs that your patient actually had
d. Match these abnormal labs to the pathophysiology that explains their occurrence in the middle column.
Place them alongside that patho as you match them. Do not bunch up all labs at the top or bottom of the
column. They must be placed next to the patho that explains how the abnormals occurred. What is going
on inside the body?
e. Do not put lab and diagnostic tests in this column if they do not diagnose the disease you are analyzing.
Your patient may have another illness that explains the additional tests. For example, do not put abnormal
tests in that explain anemia (Hg/Hct) for the analysis of the patient’s pneumonia.

3. Signs and symptoms


a. Include all possible signs and symptoms for that disease whether your patient had them or not. You can
find these in your medical-surgical text or your pathophysiology text.
b. Match the sign or symptom to the patho in the middle column. Do not bunch them all at the top or bottom
of the column. The match must show the link between the patho and the sign or symptom, that is, it must
explain why the patient is experiencing that sign or symptom. What is going on inside the body?
c. Star the abnormal signs and symptoms your patient actually had.
d. Do not put signs and symptoms in this column if they are not the result of the disease you are analyzing.
Your patient may have another illness that explains the additional symptoms. For example, do not put in
the symptom of shortness of breath due to emphysema when you are analyzing the patient with a
fractured hip.
4. Include the pathophysiolgy for all the complications your patient has as a result of the original disease. For
example, after you analyze diabetes, also analyze the complication of a foot ulcer if your patient has one. Do not
treat the complications as separate diseases. You are analyzing this disease and making the links among all the
data.

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