CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution
Paper 0514
POWER QUALITY LEVEL IN 110 KV NETWORKS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Frantisek KYSNAR Karel PROCHAZKA
EGC CB, s.r.o. – Czech republic EGC CB, s.r.o. – Czech republic
fkysnar@egc-cb.cz kprochazka@egc-cb.cz
ABSTRACT
The Distribution Code (DC) of the Czech Republic
prescribes to all electricity distributors in the country to
monitor the parameters of electricity quality (PQ) at the
points of delivery between the transmission system (TS) and
the distribution system (DS) on the 110 kV side. Class A
electricity quality analysers have been installed at these
points since 01.01.2006. The total number of 62 points of
delivery is equipped with this PQ monitoring now. Beside
this whole-state PQ monitoring there has been also
installed a regional PQ monitoring at MV level, namely in
two regions of the Czech Republic. The paper deals with the
results of one of them.
INTRODUCTION
A permanent PQ monitoring enables us to monitor the
fluctuation of the level of characteristic voltage quantities
and of other monitored parameters in individual weeks
during the year. Thanks to the monitoring at lower voltage
levels we can monitor even more detailed analyses in
relation to TR IEC 61000-3-6 and TR IEC 61000-3-7. In the
case of flicker it is not only possible to process the Pst/Plt
ratios but also to assess the coefficients of the transfer of
flicker from 110 kV level into MV.
Fundamental information about the corresponding systems
for the evaluation and archiving of the results of PQ
measurements, also defined in DC, was presented in [1].
However, most distribution network operators (DNOs) go
over the obligation set by DC – the system for PQ archiving
and evaluation is interconnected with other utility systems,
e. g. SAP, GIS, SCADA, calculation system, etc. In the case
of interconnection with calculation systems these systems
are thus provided with information for making the
calculations more precise. The present structure of this
system of the major electricity distributor in the Czech
Republic is described in a separate chapter of this paper.
The sense of a whole-year monitoring of frequency in our
interconnected systems is also discussed. Regarding the
interval of aggregation, the matter concerns the parameter
with high demands on PQ measurement, archiving and
evaluation but with a minimum stating capability.
EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF
ELECTRICITY QUALITY AT THE POINTS OF
DELIVERY BETWEEN TS AND DS
The measurements of the quality of electricity (PQ) from
CIRED2009 Session 2 Paper No 0514
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Antonin HERMAN
EGC CB, s.r.o. – Czech republic
aherman@egc-cb.cz
the points of delivery between TS and DS were evaluated in
a uniform way so that they could be mutually compared. A
tool for the evaluation was the system for PQ archiving and
evaluation used by two of the three electricity distributors in
the Czech Republic (ČEZ Distribuce, a.s. and E.ON ČR,
s.r.o.). The data from the points of DS being evaluated were
provided in the form of data base graphics (7 areas out of 8
areas), only one area provided the data in the form of txt
export. The total number of 62 points of delivery has been
evaluated during this campaign since 2006.
The results presented below are oriented on binding and
indicative characteristics of the voltage (voltage dips, swells
and interruptions). In order to prevent distortion of the
evaluation, the weeks influenced by planned supply
interruptions were excluded from the evaluation. A separate
evaluation was elaborated for each point of delivery.
However, the presentation of these results exceeds the
scope of this paper. Only summarizing results will be given
here.
Evaluation of binding voltage characteristics
The results of the whole-state PQ evaluation at the points of
delivery are illustrated by Fig. 1 – 3 showing the
distribution of evaluated quantities for the year 2007.
Fig. 1 presents the distribution of the operated voltage level
for Umin95min and Umax95. It follows from this
distribution that the operated voltage level is maintained
very near to the upper limit of the permitted band of
movement. Consequently, it happens not infrequently that
this permitted limit is exceeded.
Figure 1
The distribution of the level of Pst and Plt can be seen in
Fig. 2. It is evident from this distribution that there exist the
points of delivery between TS and DS which – by the
measured level of flicker – exceed the permitted values.
This is caused by the character of the dominant
CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Prague, 8-11 June 2009

Paper 0514

consumption in the given 110 kV nodal area (ironworks,

etc.).

Figure 3

Figure 2
Fig. 3 shows the distribution of THDu. As it follows from
this distribution, this quantity moves below the permitted
limit value in most cases.
The voltage unbalance moves very considerably below the
limit value at these points of DS. For that reason, its
distribution is not presented here.
Evaluation of indicative voltage characteristics
Events connected with a planned diverting of the supply of
DS into another point (electricity supply was not
interrupted) were excluded from the evaluation of indicative
voltage characteristics.
A summarizing evaluation of indicative voltage
characteristics is given in the following Tables 1 – 3. Events
caused by the wind calamity at the beginning of the year
2007 were excluded from the evaluation.

Ur[%]/t[s] 0,01 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 3 20 60 180 Total Average

<=t< <=t< <=t<0,5 <=t< <=t< <=t< <=t< <=t< <=t
0,1 0,2 1 3 20 60 180
85<=Ur<90 280 26 7 8 2 0 0 0 0 323 7,30
70<=Ur<85 342 121 18 11 0 0 0 0 0 492 11,12
40<=Ur<70 139 83 13 4 0 1 0 0 0 240 5,43
5<=Ur<40 10 4 8 0 0 1 2 3 4 32 0,72
Total 771 234 46 23 2 2 2 3 4 1087 24,58
Average 17,43 5,29 1,04 0,52 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,09 24,58

Urest[%]/t[s] 0<=t<1 1<=t<60 60<=t Total Average

115<=Urest<120 43 5 9 57 1,29
120<=Urest<140 15 3 3 21 0,47
140<=Urest<160 4 0 1 5 0,11
160<=Urest<200 3 2 0 5 0,11
200<=Urest 0 1 0 1 0,02
Total 65 11 13 89 2,01
Average 1,47 0,25 0,29 2,01

Urest[%]/t[s] 0<=t<1 1<=t<180 180<=t Total Average

0<=Urest<5 19 13 85 117 2,65
Total 19 13 85 117 2,65
Average 0,43 0,29 1,92 2,65

CIRED2009 Session 2 Paper No 0514

CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Prague, 8-11 June 2009

Paper 0514

Areas supplied from 220 kV and 400 kV networks were
compared during the processing of available data with
regard to recorded events. The comparison of 220 kV and
400 kV voltage levels revealed no principal difference. In
400/110 kV nodes the number of voltage dips is higher by
1.3 (6% approximately), the number of voltage swells is
lower by 0.6 and the number of interruptions is lower by 1.3
on the average. Recorded events at the points of delivery
with a higher operated value of the supply voltage included
a great number of recorded events with voltage magnitude
in the range from 110% to 115%. However, the table for the
specification of frequency of occurrence of swells of the
supply voltage starts to read up these events not until since
115%. Consequently, events recorded in the range from
110% to 115% are not given in any frequency items of
tables for the evaluation of events.
As the matter concerns no small number of events, the
events exceeding 110% Un but not exceeding 115% Un
were read up also for the reason that justified claims of
customers and requirements for financial compensations
could appear in future.
The objective of this analysis was to inform individual
DNOs about a possible future risk of payments for the
supply of electricity outside the set limits for voltage
magnitude.
Sums according to areas and voltage levels (220/110,
400/110 kV) were calculated. So that the results could be
compared, average values for one point of delivery and the
year (52 weeks) were assessed. The percentage of weeks
being evaluated during the year is given in column
“Utilization”. The coefficient for assessing the average
value was calculated as a reciprocal value of the product of
the utilization and of the number of the points of delivery in
the given group (area, voltage level). Events caused by the
wind calamity at the beginning of the year 2007 are not
excluded from this analysis.
The performed evaluation was distributed into individual
regions of the Czech Republic.

Area 0<=t<1 1<=t<60 60<=t Total Utilization [%] Coefficient Average

Area 1 116 212 926 1254 66 0,152 190,1
Area 2 37 19 262 318 67 0,166 52,8
Area 3 21 4 137 162 77 0,162 26,2
Area 4 42 12 465 519 66 0,168 87,1
Area 5 2 2 3 7 50 0,331 2,3
Area 6 28 13 1203 1244 78 0,117 145,7
Area 7 6 0 1 7 87 0,230 1,6
Area 8 3326 0 0 3326 89 0,280 929,8
Total 220 kV 3340 47 965 4352 66 0,075 327,5
Total 400 kV 238 215 2032 2485 74 0,032 80,3
Total 3578 262 2997 6837 71 0,023 154,6

As can be seen, distribution networks supplied from the
220 kV level are operated at the upper limit of the voltage
more frequently than networks supplied from 400 kV nodes.
The highest number of voltage swells in the category 110%
to 115% was recorded in Area 8. Their duration was up to 1
s in most cases. The risk of exceeding 110% Un is the
greatest in Area 6, Area 1 and Area 4 where a high level of
the operated voltage is maintained permanently and some of
voltage swells were longer than 1 minute.
SYSTEM FOR PQ ARCHIVING AND
EVALUATION
At CIRED Conference in Vienna held in 2007 we already
presented, in paper [1], a general scheme of the system for
archiving and evaluating the electricity quality parameters
which has been laid down into DC the Czech Republic. In
the present paper we would like to get you acquainted with
a concrete practical application of this system by one of
major electricity distributors in our country.
As it is evident from the above-described analyses, the PQ
monitoring carried out in the Czech Republic is relatively
extensive. That is the reason why no small requirements are
imposed on the system of archiving and evaluating the
quality of electricity, both from the side of users themselves
and from the side of cooperating systems which serve for
securing a full functionality of the system for PQ archiving
and evaluation or, on the contrary, they use routine analyses
provided by this archiving system for securing their own
full functionality.
A detailed description of such a system exceeds the scope
of this paper and, therefore, we shall point out only the main
interconnections realized in the concrete case.
It can be seen from the following Figure 4 that
interconnection with SAP (PM module), GIS and with the
calculation system is realized at present. Interconnection
with the control system is under preparation now. The
interconnection with SAP and GIS is an example of a
mutual transferring of information where the information
transferred from the archiving system into these systems is
purely informative. On the other hand, the interconnection
between the archiving system and the calculation system

CIRED2009 Session 2 Paper No 0514

CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution
serves only for the needs of the calculation system which
uses the information from routine analyses of the archiving
system for making its own calculations more precise.
The interconnection with the SCADA system is very
important for the archiving system itself. It is decisive for
choosing a supply point for the locality of measurement, it
Figure 4
MONITORING OF FREQUENCY
One of problems which had to be solved within the
realization of the system for PQ archiving and evaluation
was to choose a convenient algorithm for storing
information about the development of frequency. There
were two reasons for this: to prevent overloading of the
archiving system due to the extent of monitoring and to
secure that this approach might be a full-value one for the
possible evaluation of frequency.
The EN 50160 standard [2] prescribes the requirement to
evaluate the frequency from 10 s RMS values with one year
as the interval of evaluation for the interconnected system.
This is also the case of the distribution system of the Czech
Republic. So as to prevent overloading of the data store
with a great quantity of intervals with a minimum stating
capability, the archiving system archives only the result of
the statistics for individual weeks. A question remains
whether it is necessary to require such an interval of
evaluation when other voltage characteristics are evaluated
in relation to a weekly period of measurement. At this
moment we consider the given problem from the point of
view of the permanent PQ monitoring at HV level.
However, when considering this problem in connection with
lower voltage levels where the PQ monitoring is realized
only within regular measuring campaigns or as a reaction to
claims concerning the quality, then the yearly interval of the
evaluation of frequency loses importance. The measured
values have only informative character and – with regard to
CIRED2009 Session 2 Paper No 0514
Prague, 8-11 June 2009
Paper 0514
provides information about the planned diverting of supply
and/or information about planned and failure supply
interruptions with attention being paid to securing the
continuity of electricity distribution.
the above-mentioned standard [2] – they are not significant.
CONCLUSION
The paper presents the level of binding characteristic
quantities of voltage quality in 110 kV networks in the
Czech Republic. But it is also devoted to a summarizing
evaluation of indicative voltage characteristics (voltage
dips, swells and interruptions) including the analysis of
impacts of calamity events. Frequencies of occurrence of
these indicative voltage characteristics for the points of
delivery supplied from 220 kV and 400 kV networks are
also compared.
The paper deals with administration of huge amount of
collected measured data i.e. mode of processing, archiving
and also its possible usage by other systems. It also includes
block diagram presentation of using the system by one of
the main Czech distributors.
REFERENCES
[1] Karel PROCHAZKA, Frantisek KYSNAR, 2007,
Systems of measuring, evaluating, and archiving the
parameters of the power quality in the distribution systems
in the Czech Republic, Proceedings of CIRED 2007, Paper
0093
[2] EN 50160:2007 Voltage characteristics of
Electricity supplied by Public Distribution Systems