COMMUNITY DENTISTRY II

PLANNING

- It is a decision about a course of action.

- According to ARNOLD: it is a process of pre-action thinking to provide a
basis for doing.
- According to DALE: “Today’s design for tomorrow’s action, an outline to the
steps to be taken at some future period to solve problems earlier identified”.
- A plan is a systematic approach:
1. To defining the problem
2. Setting priorities

1. Developing specific goals and objectives

2. Determining alternative strategies and method of implementation

- The process of planning is DYNAMIC.

(Within a fluctuating and ever changing system, the process itself must
remain fluid and flexible, responsive to the presentation of new factors and
issues.)

REASONS FOR THE NEED FOR PLANNING

If there are:
1. Multiple needs, the allocation of scarce resources.
(manpower, facilities, money)
2. Conflicting values, views and determination of goals, objectives and
strategies.
3. Need for programs of change, growth, knowledge, technology explosion.
4. Rational decision-making
(difficulty to increase resources because of the possibility to improve the
situation by making better use of the available ones)

MEANS TO RATIONAL DECISION MAKING

1. Assessment of the situation
2. Establishment of priorities, goals and objectives
3. Selection of programs and activities

COMPONENTS OR SPECIAL UNITS FOR PLANNING

1. Advisory Component
- It is an advisory body that assists the Secretary of Health in setting up
policies, defining guidelines to be used by the service component in
formulating health plans.
- It is composed of the National Health Planning Board (NHPB), NHP
Commission, HP Steering Committee and Board of Health Advisors.

2. Service Component
- It is the body responsible for the formulation aspect of the planning
functions in the DOH
- It is composed of staff trained in health planning

APPROACHES TO PLANNING
1. According to Evolution
- “top down or bottom up”
- Plans are made by local authorities or planners after assessing their needs
or demands.

2. According to Base Plan (Resource Base)

- Given a fixed amount of resources and the plan tries to get the most out of
it.

3. According to Concern of the Plan

- It is based on needs or demands

SCOPE OF PLAN
1. Comprehensive – all sectors of the economy are involved
2. Partial – only some or one is considered

TIME SPAN OF PLANNING

1. Long Term Planning
- Arbitrary minimum period of 3 years or subjects, which require longer period
of time.
(MRT/LRT construction, National election)

2. Medium Term Planning

- It concerned with ways and means of achieving predefined goals and
objectives indicating what type and where resources will be allocated.
(Clean and green program, save “ilog pasig” program, Buhayin ang MayniLA)

3. Short Term Planning

- It is an annual or biannual activities to be accomplished.
(Community outreach program, Dental mission, CIVAC)

GENERAL CRITERIA CONSIDERED WHEN ALLOCATING RESOURCES

1. Efficiency Criterion
- These are resources allocated to areas, which will yield a better economic
return.

2. Value Criterion
- These are resources allocated to areas, which are underserved, depressed
and are in need.

SAMPLES OF ALLOCATION PROBLEMS

1. Allocation among different population groups
(Mothers and infants, disabled, OCW, elderly, cultural minorities)
2. Allocation of resources among problems
(How much to allocate to AIDS, dental health)
3. Allocation to spend on consumption or for investment
(To increased hospital amenities as in buying equipments)
4. Allocation among techniques or programs
(How much to give to public health, to health education to prevent heart
disease)

PROBLEMS OF INSUFFICIENT COVERAGE AND INADEQUATE QUALITY OF CARE

1. Technology
2. Manpower
3. Facility
4. Procedure
5. Organization
6. Policy
7. Accessibility
8. Motivation

PRINCIPLE OF EFFICIENCY
- It is the most effective method of significantly reducing or eliminating
problems.
- PURPOSE: To have a maximum production with the least cost with available
resources.

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

1. Situational Analysis (Where are we now?)
2. Goals and Objectives setting (Where do we want to go?)
3. Strategy or Activity setting (How do we get there?)
4. Evaluation (How do we know we are there?)

COMPONENTS OF SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Description of Present Situation
FOUR TECHNICAL AREAS:

1. Population Analysis – total no. of people; geographical distribution;

age-sex composition; vital statistics rate; birth rate; death rate; natural
growth rate
2. Health Status – causes of sickness and death
3. Health Resource Analysis – health facilities; manpower type; number,
distribution and analysis of current and recently concluded health
projects.
4. Health Related Socio-economic Factors – nutritional disposal; food
establishments; transportation; communication; education and housing

2. Projection
- It is the population and the different rates of specific disease based on
observed trends and further modified by possible impacts of programs and
trends observed in the health related socio-economic factors.
3. Problem Identification and Explanation
- To identify problems and causes in the four technical areas.

FDI PROPOSED GLOBAL GOALS

1. 50% of 5-6 year old is caries free.
2. Global average will be no more than 3 DMF teeth at age 12 years.
3. 85% of the population should retain all the teeth at age 18 years.
4. 50% reduction in present levels of edentulousness at ages 35-44 years.
5. 25% reduction in present level of edentulousness at age 65 years.
6. A data based system for monitoring changes in oral health will be
established. (Data bank)

“HEALTH FOR ALL GOAL”

- It was passed on May 1977
- Main social target of the government and WHO by the year 2000
- It is the attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000, a level
of health that will permit them to lead a socially, economically productive life.

ORAL HEALTH PROGRAM PLANNING

HEALTH PROGRAM
- Is a timed series of service activities which requires physical, human and
financial resources for the implementation of one more courses of action to
achieve a given health policy objective.

TYPES OF PROGRAMS:

1. Field of Operation or Health Impact and Supporting Program

2. Direct Service Program and Functional Support Program
3. Program for Direction, Coordination and Management, Health System
Infrastructure Program and Technology Program

Program for Direction, Coordination and Management

- It formulates policies, programs and projects
- It directs, coordinates, control and manage program activities

Health System Infrastructure Program

- Program for planning and development of basic health faculty network
- It includes health manpower products and training, health education and
public information

Technology Program
- Program for research promotion and development
- It includes family planning and nutrition; environmental health; psycho-
social health to include mental health, alcohol, drug abuse; oral health;
laboratory and biological products; communicable/non communicable
diseases control; workers health; health of the elderly

KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAMME:

1. NAME OF THE PROGRAMME

- Activity
- It identifies as close as possible with the health policy objective or
disease it is addressing.
- Examples: Community Outreach Program, Dental Mission, Civic Action

2. BASIS OF THE PROGRAMME

- Brief description of the activity
- Brief statement of the priority disease
- It intends to solve the status of the program
- Example: To render free dental services

3. HEALTH POLICY OBJECTIVE

- Objective of the activity
- Examples: To render free, comprehensive dental services to the
community
: To promote unity and camaraderie among students and
the community
 : To promote dental awareness through dental health
education

4. DISEASE/CONDITION TARGET
- It indicates quantified change from existing levels of occurrence.
- Examples: dental caries, dental diseases

5. ACTIVITY/SERVICE TARGET
- It indicates percentage of courage of a given eligible population
- Example: 100 indigent families, 100 school-aged children

6. APPROACH
- It describes the course of action to be pursued through:

1. manner of implementation, program tactics

2. field units take responsible for the delivery of services
3. principal obstacles to the program implementation noted in the past
and what need to be done to overcome them.

7. LINKAGES
- It includes the ff:

1. Responsibilities of the different technical and administration

components of the health components.
2. Participation of other government health facilities/units outside the
DOH
3. Responsibilities of any of the private sectors
4. Possible involvement of other related sectors

8. PROPOSED BUDGET
- It is an estimation of expenses

9. NEED FOR TECHNICAL COOPERATION FROM EXTERNAL AGENCIES

- Sponsors, NGO’s

10. EVALUATOR INDICATORS

1. Impact indicator – health policy objective
2. Outcome indicator – health status targets/disease or condition targets
3. Output indicator – service targets