Digital Door Lock Project Report

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DIGITAL DOOR L0CK SYSTEM
ΒΛΟΧΚ ∆ Ι Α Γ Ρ ΑΜ ΟΦ ∆ Ι Γ Ι Τ Α Λ ∆ ΟΟ
KEYBOARD
3 DIGIT DISPLAY
ENCODER 7 SEGMENT DECODERS
SHFIT REGISTERS U
S
TRI STAE BUFFERS
DECODER DECODER DECODER
LOGIC CIRCUITS
FLIP-FLOP
FLIOP-FLOP M
SECAB A”S MALIK SANDAL POLYTECHNIC BIJAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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CHAPTER 1 ENCODER
An encoder converts an active input signal into a coded

output signal. Figure 1.1 illustrates the general idea. There are input lines, only one
of which is activeInternal logic within the encoder converts this active input to a
coded binary output with m bits
FIG 1.1
Block diagram of the encoder
Figure 1.2 shows the common type of encoder –the decimal to BCD
encoder the switches are push-button switches like those of a pocket calculator.

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When button 3 is pressed, The C and D OR gates have high inputs; therefore, the
output is ABCD =0011
D C B A
FIG 1.2
The figure 1.2 shows the logic diagram of the decimal to BCD
converter using the TLL OR gates, A, B, C, and D are the outputs of the circuit in
the From of BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

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If button 5 is pressed the output becomes
ABCD = 0101
When switch 9 is pressed
ABCD = 1001
TRUTH TABLE FOR BCD TO DECIMAL CONVERTOR
BUTTONS BCD OUTPUTS
D C B A
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
NUMERIC KEYBOARD
Numeric keyboard is used in Digital Door Lock system

project. The keyboard contains 0 to 9 decimal numbers buttons and clear, enter
buttons as shown Keyboard figure 1.3

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FIG 1.3
The operations of the key board same as the decimal to BCD converter. As
shown logic diagram 1.2. If any decimal number is pressed output is digital form.
For example before pressing any number all OR gate inputs gating zero voltage
through the resistors, all the resistors are connected to ground i.e. no inputs to
the 74LS34 IC’s as shown in schematic circuit diagram 1.5 number ‘2’ is pressed
The figure 1.3 shows the pinout diagram of the 74LS32 IC

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PIN 14 IS +VCC
PIN 7 IS GROUND
PIN ‘S 1,2 INPUT LOGIC (OR GATE INPUTS) PIN ‘S 13,12 INPUT LOGIC (OR GATE
INPUTS)
PIN 3 S OUTPUT (OR GATE OUTPUT) PIN 11 IS OUTPUT (OR GATE OUTPUT)
PIN’S 4,5 INPUT LOGIC (OR GATE INPUTS) PIN’S 10,9 INPUT LOGIC (OR GATE INPUTS)
PIN 6 IS OUTPUT (OR GATE OUTPUT) PIN 8 IS OUTPUT (OR GATE OUTPUT)
CHAPTER 2
NIBBLE MULTIPLEXERS
Sometimes we want to select one of two input nibbles. In this case,

We can use multiplexer like the one shown in Fig 2.1 the input nibble on the left is
A3 A2 A1 A0 and the one right is B3 B2 B1 B0 .The control signal determine which

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Input nibble is transmitted to the output. When the SELECT is low, four NAND
gates On the left activated; therefore
Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 = A3 A2 A1 A0
When SELECT is high, the four NAND gates on the right are active, and
Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 = B3 B2 B1 B0
Figure 2.2 show the pinout diagram of a 74157, a nibble

multiplexer with SELECT input as previously described. When SELECT is low,
The left nibble is steered to the input. When SELECT is high right nibble is steered
to output. The 74157 also include strobe input. As before, the strobe must be low
for the multiplexer to work properly. When strobe is high, the multiplexer is
inoperative.
The output of the keyboard i.e. A B C D, is connected to

The inputs of the nibble multiplexer. The having the 8 inputs lines as discarded
Above i.e. A3 A2 A1 A0 and B3 B2 B1 B0. The A3 A2 A1 A0 input lines are not used
,And they are connected to the ground, and the other input is connected to the
keyboard BCD outputs i.e. B3 is connected to the D, B2 is connected to the C,
B1 is connected to the B; B0 is connected to the A.
The key board outputs (A, B, C, D) can be pass though the

IC74157 when the SELECT input is high form the counter, when the counter signal
is low going to the SELECT input the keyboard data is disabled i.e. keyboard
is
Blocked
The keyboard as been locked when the input is low to the SELECT
input. When the counter resets form the lock key and the SELECT input gating
high Signal and the keyboard operated proper operations

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A3 A2 A1 A0 B3 B2 B1 B0
AAAAAAA AA3
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
The figure shows the pinout diagram of the 74157 IC

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Pin no 1 is SELECT input
Pin no 15 is STROBE
Pin’s no’s 4,7,9,12 are the output lines
Pin’s no’s 2,5,11,14 are 4 input lines
Pin’s no’s 3,6,10,13 are the 4 other input lines
Figure 2.2
The output of 74157 i.e. Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 are connected to the 7495

IC
As explained in the next chapter
CHAPTER 3

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SHIFT RESGITERS
A shift register is a very important digital building block.

Register is often used to momentarily store binary information appearing at the
output of an encoding matrix. A register might be used to aspect input data from
alphanumeric keyboard and then present this data at the input of a
microprocessor
Chip. Similarly, shift registers are often used to momentarily store binary data at
the output of a decoder. For instance, a register could be used to accept output
data from a microprocessor chip and then present this data from a very important
link between the main digital system and input output channels.
TYPES OF SHIFT REGISTER
A register is simply a group of flip-flops that can be used to store

A binary number. There must be one flip-flop for each bit in the binary number .For
Instance register used to must be one flip-flop for each bit in the binary number
must have eight flip-flops.There is two ways to shift data into a register (serial or
parallel ) and similarly two ways to shift the data out of the register. This leads to
the construction of four basic register types
1. Serial in-- serial out SISO 54 \ 74L91, 8 bits

2. Serial in –parallel out SIPO 54 \ 74164, 8 bits
3. Parallel in –serial out PISO 54 \ 74165, 8 bits
4. Parallel in -- parallel out PIPO 54 \ 74198, 8bits
In DIGITAL DOOR LOCK SYSTEM project we are using Parallel in

-- parallel out, PIPO shift registers discussed in next section
PARALLEL IN --- PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER

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The fourth type of shift register discussed in the introductory
section of this chapter is designed such that data can be shifted into or out of the
shift register
Parallel data output
Q0 Q2 Q3 Q4
Clock Parallel input lines
FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM PARALLEL IN PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER
The figure 3.1 shows the block diagram parallel in---parallel out
shift register, in pipo shift register accept the data in parallel and produced the
information in the form of parallel outputs, the block diagram shows the 4 bit pipo
shift register, assume the parallel data is 0100 to be registered the flip-flop are
cleared i.e. all flip-flop contains 0’s. The parallel data applying to parallel input lines

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Applying a clock pulse to the clock input parallel data is available in the parallel
output data lines i.e. Q0 = 0, Q1 = 1,Q2 = 0,Q3 = 0,
There are a number of 4-bit, parallel input –parallel output shift

register available since they can be conveniently packaged in a 16 bit DIP.Let’s
analyze a typical 4 bit register, say 54/7495A
The data sheet for 7495A describes it as a4-bit ,parallel access shift
register .It also has serial data input and can be used to shift the data right and
opposite direction ----to he left, The DIP pinout diagram as shown in fig 3.2
Fig 3.2
The parallel data outputs are simply the Q sides of each the four flip-
flops in the register. In fact, note that the output Qd could be used to serial output
when data is shifted from left to right though the register (right shift)
When MODE CONTROL input line is high, the AND gate on the right

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Input to each NOR gate is enabled while the left AND gate is disabled. The data at
inputs A, B, C, and D will then be loaded into the register on the negative transition
of the clock input –this is the parallel data input.
When MODE CONTROL input line is low, the AND gate on the right
Input to each NOR gate is disabled while the left AND gate is enabled. The data
input to flip-flop QA is now at SERIAL INPUT: the data inputs QB is QA and so on
down the line .On each negative transition, the data bit is entered serially into the
register at the first flip-flop QA, and each stored data bit is shifted one flip-flop to
the right
(towards the last fl-flop Qd ). This the serial input of data (at SERIAL INPUT ), and
also the right shift operation .
In order to shift left operation ,the input data must be connected to

the D DATA INPUT .It also necessary to connect QD to C,Qc to B, and QB to A.
Now When the MODE CONTROL line is held high. a data bit will be entered into
flip-flop QD, and each stored data will be shifted one flip-flop to the left on each
negative clock transition.
There are two clock inputs CLOCK 1 and CLOCK 2. This is to
accommodate requirements where the clock used to shift the data right t is
separate from the clock used to shift data left If such requirements is not
unnecessary, simply connect CLOCK 1 and CLOCK 2 together. The clock signal
will then pass though the AND --- OR gates combination noninverted, and the flip-
flop will respond to negative clock pulse.
The 7495 IC internal logic diagram as shown in figure 3.3 .the output IC
74157 is connected to inputs of 7495 IC i.e. parallel input lines A, B,C, D, .The
outputs of the 7495 i.e. parallel data lines QA, QB, QC, QD. Are connected to IC
74LS47 as explained in the next chapter
CHAPTER 4
SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER

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A LED emits radiation when forward –biased . Why? Because
free electrons recombine with holes near the junction. As free electrons fall from a
higher energy level to a lower energy level one, they give up energy in the from of
heat and light. By using elements like gallium ,arsenic , and phosphorous, a
manufacturer can produced LEDs that emit red, green, yellow, blue, orange, and
infrared (invisible) light. LEDs that produce visible radiation are use full in test
instruments, pocket calculators, etc.
SEVEN SEGMENT INDICATORS
Figure 4.1shows the a seven segment indicator; i.e,. seven

LEDs labeled a though. By forward biasing different LEDs , wwe can display the
digits 0 though 9. For instance, to display a 0 , we need to light up segments a, b,
c, d, e, and f. To light up a 5, we need segments a, b, c, f, and g.
Fig 4.1
Seven segment indicator may be common – anode type where all anodes are
common connected as shown in the figure 4.2 or the common cathode type of
shown in fig 4.3.With a common anode type fig 4.2, you have to connect a current
limiting resistor between each LED and ground ,The size of resistor determines
How mach current flows though the LED. The common cathode type of fig. 4.3
Uses the current limiting resistors between the each LED and +Vcc.s

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Figure 4.2 shows the common anode type seven segment
Figure 4.3 shows the common cathode type seven segment
A SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER DRIVER 74LS47 IC
A seven segment decoder driver is an IC decoder that can be used

to drive a seven segment indicator. There are two types of decoder drivers,

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corresponding to the common anode and common cathode indicators. Each
decoder driver has 4 inputs pins ( the BCD input ) and 7 output pins ( a though g
segment ).
Figure 4.4 shows the 74LS47 IC driving a common anode indicator.

Logic circuit inside the 74LS47 IC convert the BCD input to required output . for
instance, If the BCD input is 0111, the internal logic (not shown ) of 7447 will force
LEDs a, b, and c to conduct because the corresponding transistor go int
saturation. As result, digit 7 will appear on the seven segment indicator.
Notice the current limiting resistor between the seven segment

indicator and 7447 of fig 4.5. You have to connect these external resistor to limit
the current in the each segment to safe value between 1 and 150mA , depending
on how bright you want display to be.
The fallowing figure show the pin diagram of 74LS47 IC
CHAPTER 5
BUFFER

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The buffer is a logic circuit that amlifies the current or power. It as one
input line and one output line ( a simple buffer is shown in fig 5.1) .The logic level
of the output is the same as that of the input ; Logic 1input provides logic 1 output
( opposite of an inverter ) . the buffer is used too primarily to increase the driving
capability of logic circuit . It is also known as a driver
The logic level of output is the same as the input ; The fig a shows
the tri-state buffer ,When enable line is low, the circuit function as buffer;
otherwise it stay in high impedance state .The buffer is use to increase the driving
capability of the data .
The octal buffer 74LS244 shown in figure b is the typical example

of a tri state buffer. It also known as line driver or line receiver .in IC the buffer is
controlled two actives enable input (1G and 2G ) .
The74LS244 two ICs are using to block the follow of data shift register
to BCD decoder before pressing the enter button . enable inputs two IC are
Connected to common terminal , this terminal is connected to the enter button
,When enter button is pressed the both IC are output is enabled blocked data
is transferred to BCD decoders
EN B
Fig 5.1 Tri state buffer
FIGURE 5. 2 LOGIC DIAGRAM OF THE 74LS244

OCTAL BUFFER

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The following figure pin configurations of the IC 74LS244
Pin no 20 is Vcc pin (+ 5 volt ).

Pin no 10 is ground pin ( 0 volt ).

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Pin no 1 first gate pin (active low input ).
Pin no 19 second gate pin (active low input ).
Pin’s 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17 are the input pins.
Pin’s 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18 are the output pins
U ?
2 1 8
4 1 A 1 1 Y 1 16
6 1 A 2 1 Y 1 24
8 1 A 3 1 Y 1 32
1 1 1 A 4 1 Y 9 4
1 3 2 A 1 2 Y 7 1
1 5 2 A 2 2 Y 5 2
1 7 2 A 3 2 Y 3 3
2 A 4 2 Y 4
Fig 5. 3 1 Fig 5.4
74LS244 IC CHIP DIAGRAM 1 9 1 G BLOCK DIAGRAM
74LS244
2 G
7 4 L S 2 4 4
CHAPTER 6
BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER

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BCD is an abbreviation for binary coded decimal. The BCD expresses each
digit In a decimal number its by nibble equivalent number. Fore instance,
decimaln number 429 is changed to its BCD form as follows
4 2 9
0100 0010 1001
To anyone using the BCD codes. 0100 0010 1001 is equivalent to 429
DEMULTIPLEXERS
Demultiplex means one into many . A demultiplexer is a logic circuit with

one input and many outputs. By applying control signals , we can steer the input
signal to one of the out puts lines . Figure 6.1 shows the general general idea. The
circuit has 1input signal, m control signals, and n output signals

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Figure 6.1
demultiplexer
1 to 16 Demultiplexer
Figure 6.2 shows a 1 to 16 demultiplexer . the input bit is labeled D. This

data bit is transmitted to the data bit of the output lines. But which one? Again,
this depends on the value of the ABCD signals , the control input. when
ABCD = 0000
The upper and gates are enabled while all other AND gates are disabled.
Therefore, data bit D is transmitted only to the Y0 output , giving. If low , Y0 is low
If D is high.
Y0 is high . As you can see, the value of y0 dependes on the value of the D. All
other outputs are in the low state.
If the control nibble is changed to
ABCD = 1111
All the gates are disabled expect the bottom AND gate. Then , D is transmitted
only to the Y15 output, and
Y15 = D

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ABCD are the control inputs
D is the data input
Y0 to Y15 are outputs
A B C D
Yo
Y1
Y2
Y15
Figure. 6.2 shows the 1 to 16 demultiplexer
! OF 16 DECODER

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A decoder is similar to the demultiplexer, With one exception ---there is no
data input. The inputs are control bits ABCD, which are shown in Fig 6. 3. This
logic circuit is called a 1 of 16 decoder because only 1 of the 16 outputs lines are
high. For instance, when ABCD is 0001, only the Y1 and gate has all inputs high;
there fore, only the Y1 output is high. If ABCD changes to the 0100, only Y4 output
is high Because of Y4 AND gate have all inputs is high: as result, only the Y4
output goes high.
IF you check the other ABCD possibilities ( 0000 to 1111) , you will find that
the subscript of the high output is always equals to the decimal equivalent of
ABCD. For this reason, the circuit some times called binary to decimal decoder.
Because it has 4input lines and 16 output lines, the circuit also called 4 to 16
decoders.
Normally, you would be not build a decoder with separate inverter and
AND gates as shown in circuit diagram ( figure 6.3) . instead , you would use a IC
such as the 74154 . The 74154 is called as a decoder – demultiplexer. because it
can be used either as a decoder or a demultiplexer . To use 74154 IC as decoder,
all you have to do is ground the DATA and STROBE inputs. The selected output
line is in the low sate ( see the truth table ). They remained the output line is low
when it active or selected. For instance, if the binary input is.
ABCD = 0111
Then the Y7 output is low, while all other outputs are high.
If the binary input is

ABCD = 0101
f the binary input is

ABCD = 0100
The following figure shows the pin configuration of 74154 IC it is 4 of 16 decoder

we want to BCD to decimal decoder, Y0 to Y9 is the BCD to decimal output lines
Y10 to Y!5 are not used in this project and they are connected though resistance
to ground

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TRUTH TABLE OF 74154 IC
S D A B C D Y 00 Y 01 Y 02 Y 03 Y 04 Y 05 Y 06 Y 07 Y 08 Y 09 Y 10 Y 1 1 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 Y 15
L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
L L L L L H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
L L L L H L H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H
L L L L H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H
L L L H L L H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H
L L L H L H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H
L L .L H H L H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H
L L L H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H
L L H L L L H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H
L L H L L H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H
L L H L H L H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H
L L H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H
L L H H L L H H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H
L L H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H H
L L H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H
L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L
H H X X X X H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
THE 74154
The 74154is 1 of 16 demultiplexer or 4 of decoder with pin diagram
as shown in figure 6.3 pin 18 is for the input data D, and pin 20 to 23 are control
input bits ABCD . pins 1 to 11 and 13 to 17 are for the output bits Y0 toY15. Pin 19
is for the strobe , again an active – low input . finally, pin 24 for Vcc and pin 12 for
ground.
The above table shows the truth table of a 74154. First, notice the
STROBE input . it has to be low to active the 74154. When the STROBE is low, the
control input ABCD determines which of the output lines is low. When the data
input is high , all output lines are high. Similarly , when the STROBE is high , all
the lines are high

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Pin 19 G2 is the STROBE input
Pin 18 G1 is the DATA input
Figure 6.4 demultiplexer \decoder
ABCD data inputs pins 23 to 20

Power supply pins
Pin 12 ground pin
Pin 24 Vcc supply pin (+5v)

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SLIDING SWITCHES
The output of 74154 is in the form of decimal these outputs are

connected to 8 pin sliding DIP switch. The 8 pin sliding switch is nothing but 8
switches in one box , box size same as the DIP 8 IC. The following figure shows
the 8 sliding switch ,8 pin dual in package Using the three sliding switches in
DIP 8.are connected to the 74154 ICs The out put of the sliding switches are
shorted and connected to the inverter.
It is used in the project to select the desired code, Each SW DIP 8 is used to
select one digit code
CHAPTER 7
FLIP - FLOP

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The output of the digital circuits are dependent entirely on the inputs to
these circuits ; that is, if the inpu6t changes, the output also changes. However,
there are requirements for a digital device or a circuit whose output remains
unchanged , once set , even if there is a change in input. Such a device could be
used, for example, to store a binary number. A flip-flop is one such circuit , and
characteristics of the most common types of flip-flops used in digital system, in
this project only D type flip-flop is used , D type flip-flop is considered in this
chapter,
D FLIP - FLOP
The D flip – flop, a circuit needs only a single data input . figure 7.1
shows the a simple way to build a delay D flip-flop . this kind of flip-flop prevents
the value of D from reaching the Q outputs until a clock pulse occurs. The action
of the circuit is straightforward. As follows, when clock is low , both AND gates
are disabled ; therefore, D can change value without affecting the value of Q. on
the other hand, when the clock is high, both AND gates are enabled . In this case,
Q is forced the value of D. When the clock again goes low, Q remains or store the
last value of D. a D flip-flop is a bitable circuit whose D input is transferred to the
output after a clock pulse is received.
Fig 7.1
A D flip - flop
THE 74LS74 IC

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The following IC figure shows the TTL 74LS74 IC which contains
two edge-triggered D flip-flops with set and reset inputs . the truth table is shown
below for its operations. 1D & 2D are the D inputs of the flip-flops ,1Q & 2Q are the
outputs of the flip-flops 1CLK & 2CLK are the clock inputs
Figure1.2 7474 TTL IC
TRUTH TABLE

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D Q n+1 Set R eset Q
0 X Q n 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
The following block diagram shows the 7474 part a D flip-flop
Set Input
Reset input
COUNTER

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A counter is probably one most useful and versatile sub

systems in a digital system. A counter driven by a clock can be used to count the
number of the pulses or clock cycles. Since the clock pulses or clock cycles since
the clock pulses occur at known intervals, the counter can be used to measuring
Time and therefore period or frequency. There are basically two types of counters
synchronous and asynchronous.
DECADE COUNTER
A decade counter can be constructed by using the mode

counter 5 and some additional flip-flops , labeled DD, as shown figure 7.3. thew
appropriate wave forms and truth table included
Basic block diagram of the decade counter
TRUTH TABLE
D C B A COUNT

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0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 3
0 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 5
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 1 1 7
1 0 0 0 8
1 0 0 1 9
0 0 0 0 0
Fig 7.4
The 54/7490 is a TLL MSI decade counter .its logic diagram truth table
and pinout are given in figure a careful examination will reveal that the flip flop
QB.QC and QD form a mode 5 –counter exactly like on in figure. Notice that
however ,that flip flop QD in the 7490A is an RS flip flop that has a direct
connection from its Q output back to its R input the net result is in this case is that
Qd behaves exactly like Jk flip flop .If the system clock applied at input A and QA
is connected to a input B ,we have a true to binary decade counter exactly in
figure .on the other hand if the system block is applied at input B and QD is
connected to input A ,we have the bi quinary counter as discussed in example
Take time to study the logic diagram and truth table for the 90A ,it is widely used in
industry and time spent will be well worth your while .
The decade counter is used for the blocking the keyboard circuit , the
counter counts the number of enter pulses ,these pulses are generated by
pressing the ENTER button in the keyboard when the counter count 9 pulses the
output D is high when counter counts 8 and 9 pulses ,the high output is
connected to the flip-flop through the inverter, to the set input of the flip-flop as
explained in the next chapter
Internal logic diagram of the IC 74LS90
reset
DEPARTMENT OF
Input A ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Q
A
Input B QB
32
QC
QD
Set input
The following IC shows the pin configuration of IC74LS90 as a decade counter
Pin’s 1,14 are the clock input

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Pin’s 4,13 are NC no connection
Pin’s 2,3 are the reset pins
Pin’s 6,7 are the set input pin’s
Pin’s 12,11,9,8 are the output pin’s BCD
Pin’s 5,10 are the power supply pin’s
DECADE COUNTER IC 7490
Β ΛΟΧΚ ∆ Ι Α Γ Ρ ΑΜ ΟΦ ∆ Ι Γ Ι Τ Α Λ ∆ ΟΟ
Ρ Λ ΟΧΚ ΟΠ ΕΝ Σ Ψ Σ Τ ΕΜ
KEYBOARD
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3 DIGIT DISPLAY
ENCODER 7 SEGMENT DECODERS
SHFIT REGISTERS U
S
TRI STAE BUFFERS
DECODER DECODER DECODER
LOGIC CIRCUITS
FLIP-FLOP
FLIOP-FLOP M
The block diagram shows DIGITAL DOOR LOCK OPEN SYSTEM.

The keyboard block as shown in block diagram, the keyboard consists numeric
keypad containing 0 to 9 buttons and other buttons are ENTER, CLEAR,
SHFITING, and LOCK CLOSE, S. When decimal button 5 is pressed in the key

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board, the encoder converts the decimal digit to 4bit binary coded signal I.e. 0101
in the BCD form, as explained in the first chapter, the output keyboard converter is
BCD. This signal is send to the nibble multiplexer
The nibble multiplexer transmits the signals when the SELECT input
is high to the 74157 IC this high signal coming form the counter, when the
SELECT input is low data transmission keyboard to the shift resister, is blocked.
When the SELECT input is high 74157 IC as operate as normal data lines between
the keyboard and shift register.
The shift register receive the BCD data form the keyboard when the
decimal button +shifting button, like this 3 digit as bin shifted and stored in the 3
shift register it is the parallel data entry in the register, the stored data is present in
the output lines of the shift register the out put of the shift register is connected to
the input seven segment decoder, the decoder decodes the BCD signal to seven
segment indicator. The store data of the 3-shift register are displayed in the seven-
segment indicator. The stored data of the 3 shift register 12 bit i.e. each register
output is 4bit. These data is also sending to the (12 bit data) tri state buffers ,
The 74244 IC is the 8bit tri state buffers (4bitA 4bitB) with two output
enable pins (active low inputs) . from the 12 bit, 8bit of the data is connected to the
inputs 74244 (4bit A 4bit B) and other 4bit is connected to another 74244 IC (4bit A)
When the enter button is pressed the input data is available on the output lines of
the 74244 IC’s, when the output enable pin is active low input form the enter
button . The output 74244’s are connected to the input of the 74154 IC, the 74154 is
BCD to decimal decoder, the decoder decode the BCD input signal (4 bit for each
IC) i.e. the 3 decoder IC’s. The output decoder is the decimal form as bin entered in
the shift register and displayed on 3 digit seven-segment indicators. The output
decoder is connected to 3 code selectors switches .the output selector is
connected to the logic circuit, the output logic is connected flip- flop To set Q of
the flip-flop is connected to the motor through the relay
DIGITAL DOOR LOCK OPEN SYSTEM CIRCUIT OPERATION

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The keyboard as a decimal to BCD encoder as explained in the first
chapter using the OR gate i.e. 7432 IC’s before using the board first set codes In
the code selector switches for example 5 5 5 code as been set . i.e. the door
lock as opened when the entered numbers ( 5 5 5 ) matched with the set codes in
the code selector. Type the numbers by pressing the button 5 +shifting button up
to last number i.e. 555 . the keyboard converts these decimal digits to BCD form.
t he 555 numbers stored in the shift register in the form of 0101 0101 0101 these
BCD number can be decoded in the seven segment decoder IC 7447decimal
numbers are displayed in the seven segment indicators. The 3 shift register
contains the 0101—0101-- 0101 this data can be passed though the tri state
buffers 74244 IC when the ENTER button is pressed in the keyboard. The output
of the 74244 IC is 0101—0101—0101 these output data is connected to inputs of
BCD to decimal decoder IC’s 74154 the output decoders is 5 5 5 i.e. active low of
the decoders pin’s Y5‘s as explained in the decoder chapter. All the 3 active low
signal is converting in the inverter 7404 IC, the output of the 7404 ICs 3 active high
signal is connected to inputs of the AND gate, the now the output and gates is
high The output of AND gate high is again converted into active low signal
though the inverter 7404 IC the low input signal is connected set input of the flip-
flop the output flip-flop is 1 QA is high it is connected to relay coil to ON motor to
open the lock when the lock as opened the flip-flop gates a reset signal to of the
motor
When entering the wrong codes or pressing the entering button up to 8

times the counter counts the pressing enter button ,the counter sends a signal
To the flip-flop ,the flip-flop set ‘s Q bar output is connected to the to 74157 IC
SELECT input ,when this signal goes low the keyboard data transmission to
another circuits, is blocked . for this condition the the counter and flip-flop as to
reset by a key
CHAPTER 8

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POWER SUPPLY
Almost all electronic circuits require a dc source of power. For portable

low – power systems batteries may be used. More frequently , however,
electronic equipment is energized by a power supply , apiece of equipment,
which converts the alternating current from the power lines into an essentially
direct voltage . this process of ac-dc conversion
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
The need for centertaped is eliminated in the bridge rectifier. It

consists four diodes D1,D2,D3,D4,connected to form bridge as shown in figure.
the ac supply is applied to the primary of transformer secondary winding is
connected to bridge input as shown in the figure during the positive half cycle of
secondary winding , the end P becomes +ve and end Q becomes +ve. This is
makes the diode D1 and D3 conduct current flows from A to B though the load
During the -ve of secondary winding , the end Q becomes +ve and end P
becomes +ve. This is makes the diode D2 and D4 conduct current flows from B to
A though the load . therefor DC output is obtained
CAPACITOR FILTER CIRCUIT
The capacitor input filter consists of a capacitor c is placed across the

rectifier output circuit in parallel with the load . the pulsating direct voltage the is
applied across the capacitor. As rectifier voltage increases, it charges the
capacitor and also supplied current to the load . at end of quarter cycle the
capacitor is charged to peak value Vm of the rectifier voltage. Now , the rectifier
voltage starts to decrease. As this occurs, the capacitor discharges through the
load and voltage across it decreases as shown in the CRO wave form. The voltage
across the load will decrease only slightly because immediately the next voltage
peak comes and recharges the capacitor this process is repeated again and again
and output voltage pure DC
7805 FIXED 5 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

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A dc power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective
of the ac mains fluctuation or load variation is known a “REGULATED D.C
POWER SUPPLY “.
A regulated power supply consist of an ordinary power supply and voltage
regulating device as shown in figure ( ) the output of the ordinary power supply is
fed it the voltage regulator which produced the finale voltage . out put . T he
output voltage (V dc) remains constant whether the load current changes or there
are fluctuation in the input a.c

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PRINTED CIRCUITS --- PCB
To make smart looking PCB's, all you need is: A

computer, a laser printer, copper clad board, enchant, a clothes iron and some
Epson glossy photo paper. You can buy special film for making PCB's, but I have
found that the Epson paper gives better results. I use Epson photo quality glossy
paper for inkjet printers.
Draw the PCB track layout, using a CAD program or a standard drawing
program. Remember to reverse the image before printing. Most drawing programs
have a 'flip horizontal' function. Print the image on normal A4 paper to make sure
that it is the correct size. Check the layout carefully.
PCB LAYOUT
Use a laser printer to print the image on the glossy side of the photo paper. Clean
the copper clad board with steel wool or very fine wet sandpaper. Dry the board
thoroughly. Make sure that the board is clean and free from fingerprints. Place the
photo paper face down on the copper clad board. Use masking tape to hold the
paper in position. Don't use vinyl tape. Place the board on a flat surface. You will
be using a very hot iron, so don't use the dining room table. I use the back of an
old telephone directory. Use a hot clothes iron to transfer the track pattern from
the paper to the copper board. Don't be afraid to use lots of heat and pressure.
Allow the board to cool. Don't be tempted to lift the paper. Put the board in a

DEPARTMENT OF
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container full of warm soapy water. After about twenty minutes the paper will
begin to dissolve and disintegrate. Carefully remove the paper from the copper
board. Rinse under a cold tap to remove paper residue. You may need to touch up
any broken tracks with an etch resist pen. I use a fine Staedtler laundry marker.
BEFORE ETCHING
Etch the board in a Ferric Chloride etching solution. You can buy the etchant in
liquid form or as anhydrous Ferric Chloride powder. Follow the instructions.
NEVER add water to dry Ferric Chloride. Don't get any on your clothes.
AFTER ETCHING
After etching, rinse the board under a cold tap. Remove the etch resist with some
steel wool. Dry the board. Use a 0.8 or 1.0 mm drill to make the holes for
component leads.

DEPARTMENT OF
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PCB
CLOSE UP
The close up picture shows that the tracks are not as clear and well defined as
they would be if the board was produced by photographic methods.
The procedure for making double sided boards is a bit tedious. Coat one side of
the board with aerosol paint or clear lacquer. Etch the other side of the board as
for a single sided board. Remove the paint or lacquer. Drill the component lead
holes. Paint the etched side of the board. Then etch the unetched side of the
board as for a single sided board. It is difficult to line up the two sides correctly.
Use the component holes as a guide.

DEPARTMENT OF
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END RESULT
I have used this method to make PCB's for both DIL and surface mount IC's with
0.05 Inch pin spacing. My laser printer is an old Apple LaserWriter II NTX (300dpi.)
If you don't have access to a laser printer, use an inkjet printer to print the layout
on ordinary paper, then copy the image to the Epson paper, using a photo copier. I
haven't tried this method but it should work.
Update: Oct. 2001.

I have also had good results with an OKI LED printer. I have found that Xerox
paper works just as well as the Epson paper. I buy it in packs of 20 sheets.
COLOR INKJET PHOTO PAPER HIGH GLOSS
APPLICATIONS
1 it is used to lock and open multi doors by using other interfacing circuits
and code selector switches
it is also used to locks the multi doors at a time i.e. center lock
2 it also can be used in to control the multistage buildings lights and other
appliances ,for example heater, AC, water pumps, lights, .A circuit is
shown for two stage building ,assume that the first floor having the 10
lights and second floor having the 20 lights .if we want to ON the first floor
4 number light first enter floor number i.e. 1 and second number is the

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light number Note If 10 lights are connected to second port of circuit enter
the ‘0’int last digit as shown in the circuit and displayed digits
1 4 0
floor no light no
for the second floor having 20 lights if you want ON the 2 floor light no 15
enter the first floor no and enter the light no as shown bellow
2 1 5
REFENCES
1 DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

ALBERT PAUL MALVINO
DONALD P. LEACH
FOUTH EDITION

DEPARTMENT OF
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McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITON
ISBN : 0-07-462231-8
2 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE, PROGRAMING

. AND APPLICATIONS WITH THE 8085
RAMESH S. GAONKAR
FOURTH EDITION
PENRAM INTERNATIONAL PUBLISING (INDIA) PVT. LTD
ISBN : 81-900828-76

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DEPARTMENT OF
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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc www.troubleshoot4free.

ENCODER 7 SEGMENT DECODERS

TRI STAE BUFFERS

DECODER DECODER DECODER

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An encoder converts an active input signal into a coded

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If button 5 is pressed the output becomes

TRUTH TABLE FOR BCD TO DECIMAL CONVERTOR

BUTTONS BCD OUTPUTS

Numeric keyboard is used in Digital Door Lock system

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The figure 1.3 shows the pinout diagram of the 74LS32 IC

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Sometimes we want to select one of two input nibbles. In this case,

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Figure 2.2 show the pinout diagram of a 74157, a nibble

The output of the keyboard i.e. A B C D, is connected to

The key board outputs (A, B, C, D) can be pass though the

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The figure shows the pinout diagram of the 74157 IC

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The output of 74157 i.e. Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 are connected to the 7495

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A shift register is a very important digital building block.

TYPES OF SHIFT REGISTER

A register is simply a group of flip-flops that can be used to store

1. Serial in-- serial out SISO 54 \ 74L91, 8 bits

In DIGITAL DOOR LOCK SYSTEM project we are using Parallel in

PARALLEL IN --- PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER

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Parallel data output

Clock Parallel input lines

FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM PARALLEL IN PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTER

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There are a number of 4-bit, parallel input –parallel output shift

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In order to shift left operation ,the input data must be connected to

SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER

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SEVEN SEGMENT INDICATORS

Figure 4.1shows the a seven segment indicator; i.e,. seven

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Figure 4.3 shows the common cathode type seven segment

A SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER DRIVER 74LS47 IC

A seven segment decoder driver is an IC decoder that can be used

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Figure 4.4 shows the 74LS47 IC driving a common anode indicator.

Notice the current limiting resistor between the seven segment

The fallowing figure show the pin diagram of 74LS47 IC

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The octal buffer 74LS244 shown in figure b is the typical example

Fig 5.1 Tri state buffer

FIGURE 5. 2 LOGIC DIAGRAM OF THE 74LS244

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The following figure pin configurations of the IC 74LS244

Pin no 20 is Vcc pin (+ 5 volt ).

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BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER

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0100 0010 1001

Demultiplex means one into many . A demultiplexer is a logic circuit with