c
 

 

1. Dental (=enamel) organ.

2. Dental papilla.
3. Dental sac (=follicle). ?

’ 
 
  

 

1. Bud.
2. Cap.
3. Bell.
4. Early crown.
5. Late crown.
6. Early root formation. ?

  
  

 ?

a. Intiation.
b. Proliferation.
c. Morphodifferentiation.
d. Histodifferentiation.
e. Apposition
f. Root development. ?

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c 
  

 
  


  



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^

 ?

Dental development includes the formation of specific number of teeth which

in humans have different shapes and are located in defined positions in the
maxillary and mandibular dental arches. The number, shape, size and
position of teeth are determined by the expression and interaction of
numerous genes. ?




 

Origin: it is derived from the   


epithelial lining of the oral
cavity. These epithelial cells form a sheet-like structure that extends into
specific areas of the  
 

 within the alveolar
processes of the maxilla and mandible. These areas are parts of the
developing dental arch regions where teeth form and eventually erupt. ?

Life Span: The dental lamina is active from the J in

utero(initiation =beginning of development of primary teeth) to 5 years of
age (when the 3rd permanent molar is initiated). The entire dental lamina is
not active for five years, only portions of the dental lamina are active at
certain times when they give origin to dental organs, then shortly after that
these portions disintegrate during the bell stage of tooth development. G



 

 


 
   

Permanent successors to the primary teeth are derived from extensions of

the dental lamina of each primary predecessor, namely successional
laminae. The permanent molars which have no primary predecessors are
derived from a posterior extension of the original dental lamina.


0


 

It is an   
l epithelial extension from the lining of the oral cavity

that proliferates into the underlying  
 
 of the maxilla and
the mandible lateral to the dental lamina. The central cells of this lamina
disintegrate to form the sulcus which is the space between the maxilla and
the mandible on one side and the lips and the cheeks on the other side.


 

( =tooth germ ):
The developing tooth has three components:



 

This is an epithelial structure that arise from the dental lamina by

proliferation at specific sites. These proliferating cells differentiate into
different layers during the cap and bell stages of development.


 







It is a single layer of short
cuboidal cells that forms the outer periphery of the dental organ.
 




This is a single layer of tall
cuboidal cells that forms the inner periphery of the dental organ facing the
dental papilla. Later, during the early crown stage this layer differentiates
into tall columnar cells which are the ameloblasts that secrete enamel.
^

 

It is a group of star-shaped cells that form a
network inside the dental organ. Contrary to other epithelial structures, the
stellate reticulum cells are separated by large amounts of extracellular
products ( e.g. glycosaminoglycans ).
^




 It is located between
the inner dental epithelium or the ameloblasts and the stellate reticulum
hence the name intermediate. It is a 3-4 layered structure composed of
flattened epithelial cells and it has a role in enamel formation.





 

It is a condensation of  
 


cells that is located adjacent to
the inner dental epithelium but separated from it by a basement membrane.
The surface cells of the dental papilla which are facing the inner dental
epithelium differentiate into odontoblasts which secrete dentin.



 


 

It is also an  
 


structure that is less cellular and more
fibrous than the dental papilla. ?

It surrounds both the dental organ ( where it is separated from the outer
dental epithelium by a basement membrane) and the dental papilla. All the
supporting tissues of the tooth, namely the cementum, alveolar bone and
periodontal ligament are derived from the dental sac.


 0
’ 
 
  

 


 
The dental organ looks like a round mass of proliferating epithelial cells and
it is surrounded by condensation of  
 

tissues which form
the dental papilla and dental sac.


c 
The epithelial dental organ looks like a head cap with a round convex side
and a straight or slightly concave one.


 

The dental organ assumes a bell shape with deeply invaginated concave side
where the dental papilla is located.

!
"
  
This stage is characterized by the beginning of   of the
mineralized tissues of the crown, dentin forms first followed by enamel. It
should be emphasized that while apposition starts at the m

 

m


mmm




m 

J
#  
This stage is characterized by more incremental apposition(meaning the
mineralized tissue is laid down in successive layers or increments) of dentin
and enamel.

$
"
  
 
After the crown of the tooth is completely formed, a structure called the


 
 of ëis derived from both the outer and inner
dental epithelia at the site where these layers are continuous with each
other at the cervical loop region. Its functions are to induce differentiation of
adjacent dental papilla cells into odontoblasts which form the root dentin.
The sheath also determines the shape and number of the roots. Once dentin
is laid down then the sheath disintegrates at that site allowing dental sac
cells to come in contact with root dentin. These cells differentiate into
cementoblasts which lay down cementum. Remnants of the epithelial root
sheath persist in the periodontal ligament throughout life. These rests are
called the epithelial cell  ’
%. The apical part of the epithelial
root sheath of Hertwig remains intact until the root is completely formed
after the tooth erupts.


0
  
  

 ?

a.  : is the beginning of tooth development as the dental organ

forms.

b. &
 : is controlled cell division of the tooth germ components.

c. ’   : this is differentiation at the organ level, that is

you can tell by looking at the morphology what type of tooth is forming. It
occurs during the bell stage of tooth development when the tooth crown
displays its final morphology. This is mainly accomplished by the folding of
the inner dental epithelial layer due to differential cell proliferation.

d. ë  : this is differentiation at the tissue level, that is the

cell shape and content change so that one can differentiate between an
ameloblast and an adjacent stratum intermedium cell based on their
morphology. It begins during cap stage and intensify during the bell stage
when the formative cells of the dental mineralized tissues of the crown
express their phenotype. ?

e.   : this term means growth of mineralized tissues which

increase in size by addition of new layers to the surface of the growing
tissue. This type of growth is called 

  .?

f.  

: as explained above, root formation begins by
interactions between Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, and the
ectomesenchyma dental papilla and dental sac. Apposition of root dentin and
cementum continues after eruption of the teeth. Root formation is usually
completed approximately 2 -3 years after the tooth erupts.

0
c 
  

 
  


  
 ?

Several functional activities are occurring during each of the morphological

stages of tooth development. These activities are taking place in different
parts of the developing tooth but they are proceeding at the same time. Only
the main activity for each stage is listed in the table below. ?
 ?

^ 

1. Nanci, A.: Ten Cate Oral Histology-Development, Structure and Function,

sixth edition, Mosby, 2003, Chapter 5, pp 79-83, 87-95, 104-106.
OR
2. Avery, J.K. et al.: Oral Development and Histology, third edition, Thieme
New York, 2002, Chapter 5, pp 72-86.
OR
3. Gartner, L.P.: Oral Histology and Embryology, second edition, Jen House,
1999, Chapter 2, pp 24-31, 36-39.?