შემდგ. ი.

გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

Tema I. keTildReobis ekonomikis Sesavali

Temis Seswavlis Semdgom Tqven SeZlebT:

• SeafasoT resursebis ganTavsebis efeqtianoba
• daaxasiaToT konkurenciuli wonasworoba Tavisufal bazrebze
• axsnaT socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi

ganaTavseben Tu ara bazrebi SezRudul resursebs efeqtianad? ras niSnavs efeqtiani?

samarTliania Tu ara is, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi zogs sxvebTan SedarebiT meti
Semosavali aqvs? ar arsebobs pozitiuri problemebi ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb,
magram arsebobs normatiuli midgomebi, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionirebs ekonomika.
keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoria ganixilavs normatiul sakiTxebs. misi mizania ara imis
aRwera, Tu rogor muSaobs ekonomika, aramed imis Sefaseba Tu ramdenad kargad muSaobs es
ekonomika. keTildReobis ekonomika iyenebs kvlevis imave meTodebs, rasac mikroekonomika da
zogadad ekonomika.
samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba. ekonomistebi samarTlianobis an Tanasworobis
asaxsnelad sxvadasxva koncefcias iyeneben. horizontaluri samarTlianoba aris erTnairi
adamianebisadmi erTnairi mopyroba, xolo vertikaluri samarTlianoba – sxvadasxva
adamianebisadmi gansxvavebuli mopyroba, raTa Semcirdes maTi gansxvavebuli sastarto
pirobebi.
horizontaluri samarTlianoba gamoricxavs rasobriv da sqesobriv diskriminacias im
adamianTa Soris, romelTa ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi da qceva identuria. vertikaluri
samarTlianoba robin hudis principis analogiuria - mdidars arTmevs Raribs aZlevs.
horizontaluri samarTlianoba umravlesobisTvis misaRebia, xolo vertikaluri
samarTlianoba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulad miiReba.
resursebis ganTavsebis efeqtianoba1. resursebis ganTavseba gviCvenebs, Tu vin ras
akeTebs da vin ras iRebs. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod bazrebi ar aris resursebis
SesaZlo ganTavsebis saSualeba. SesaZlo an sawarmoo ganawileba SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
ekonomikaSi arsebul teqnologiaze da ekonomikaSi resursebis arsebobaze. nebismieri
ganTavsebis saboloo Sefaseba damokidebulia momxmareblis gemovnebaze.
naxazze 1.1 gamosaxulia warmoeba, sadac ori individi – suzi da daviTi monawileobs.
pirveladi ganawilebis Sedegad 𝐴 wertilze daviTs aqvs 𝑄𝐷 da suzis 𝑄𝑆 raodenobis
produqtebi. davuSvaT warmoebis reorganizaciiT SesaZlebelia 𝐵 wertilSi gadaadgileba (𝐴
wertilis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT).
Tu orive individi Tavis sargeblianobas afasebs maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli produqtebis
raodenobis Sesabamisad, maSin 𝐵 wertili ukeTesi ganawilebaa maTTvis 𝐴 wertilTan SedarebiT
(vinaidan orive individi meti raodenobiT iRebs sakvebs). aRniSnulis sapirispirod, 𝐴-dan 𝐶-ze
gadasvliT, suzis da daviTis mdgomareoba gauaresdeba, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani sakvebs
naklebi raodenobiT iRebs, Sedegad 𝐶 wertilSi warmoeba araefeqtiania.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas 𝐴-dan 𝐸-sken an 𝐹-isken resursebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb? erTi
adamiani igebs, meore – agebs. SeiZleba Tu ara es cvlileba CaiTvalos rogorc sasurveli? es
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor afasebs sazogadoeba daviTis ukeTes mdgomareobas suzisTan


Temis momzadebisas gamoyenebuli literaturis qarTulenovan TargmanSi daSvebuli terminologiuri Secdomebi
gasworebulia Semdgenelis asoc. prof. ineza gagniZis mier.
1
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

SedarebiT. Tu daviTis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba ufro mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis,

maSin 𝐴-dan 𝐹-isken resursebis gadaadgileba SeiZleba dadebiTad Sefasdes.

suzisTvis gankuTvnili
E G
• •
•B
sakvebis raodenoba B
QS • B
A
C
• •D
•F

QD daviTisTvis gankuTvnili sakvebis raodenoba

nax. 1.1 ori individisTvis gankuTvnili sakvebis ganTavseba

individebs Soris produqtis ganawilebis samarTlianobis Sefasebisas fiqroben

araefeqtianobis an gaflangvis Sesaxebac. sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxvagvarad msjelobs,
amitom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes calsaxa pasuxi SekiTxvaze: sasurvelia Tu ara 𝐴-dan 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹-sken
gadaadgileba. yovelive damokidebulia imaze, Tu vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas.
samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa Soris gansxvavebis warmosaCenad
keTildReobis Teoria iyenebs pareto-efeqtianobis ideas, romelic ekuTvnis italiel
sociologs vilfredo paretos.
ganTavseba pareto-efeqtiania momxmareblis gemovnebis, resursebisa da
teqnologiisaTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia igi ganaTavso ise, rom xalxs ufro
gauumjobesdes da ara gauuaresdes mdgomareoba (ufro martivad – SeuZlebelia ufro
ukeTesi ganTavseba).
rac Seexeba naxazze 1.1 mocemul 𝐴-dan 𝐵-sken an 𝐺-isken gadaadgilebas, es aris pareto-
mogeba2 (𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒐 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏). orive SemTxvevaSi suzis kargad misdis saqme da arc daviTia cud
mdgomareobaSi. Tu 𝐵 da 𝐺 doneebi SesaZlo ganTavsebaa, risi warmoebac SeiZleba, maSin
aRniSnuli wertilebi pareto-efeqtiania.
𝐴-dan 𝐷-sken gadaadgilebis dros SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daviTi ukeTesadaa, suzi ki,
uaresad. pareto-kriteriumi amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs. Tu zustad ar SevafasebT orives
sargeblianobis mniSvnelobas, ver SevZlebT am cvlilebebis Sefasebas. amgvarad, pareto-
principi mxolod SezRudulad gamoiyeneba, roca ganTavsebaTa erTmaneTTan Sedareba xdeba
efeqtianobis mixedviT da mxolod SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs SevafasoT naxazze 1.1
ganTavsebaTa Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken an samxreT-dasavleTisken gadaadgileba. magram amaze
metis Tqma SeuZlebelia3.
naxazze 1.2 mocemulia sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis zRvari, romelic im wertilTa
simravlea, ra raodenobac SeuZlia awarmoos firmam.
aseve dasaSvebia zRvars SigniT arsebuli wertilebis ganxilvac, romlebic pareto-
araefeqtiania. Tu gadaadgileba daiwyeba iseTi wertilidan, rogoricaa 𝐶, SesaZlebelia erT
individs mieces meti, meoresTvis daklebis xarjze. zRvarze mdebare 𝐶 wertilze pareto-

2
zogierTi avtori meti sizustisTvis aseTi movlenis Sesafaseblad iyenebs `pareto-gaumjobesebis~ termins, roca erTi
individis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, meorisTvis mdgomareobis gauaresebis gareSe (i.g.).
3 gaixseneT Teoria momxmareblis gamoxatuli upiratesobebis Sesaxeb: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m.,

nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m., saxelmZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, gv. 80-81.
2
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

mogeba SeuZlebelia, amitom misi msgavsi yvela wertili pareto-efeqtiani unda iyos. amgvarad,
firmis mflobeli arasodes airCevs zRvars SigniT arsebul araefeqtian ganTavsebas. is, Tu
zRvarze arsebuli pareto-efeqtiani romeli wertili iqneba sasurveli, damokidebulia imaze,
Tu mflobelisTvis or pirovnebas Soris romlis sargeblianobaa ufro mniSvnelovani.

A
suzisTvis gankuTvnili

. C
produqti

daviTisTvis gankuTvnili produqti

nax. 1.2. efeqtianobis zRvari

srulyofili konkurencia da pareto-efeqtianoba. ismis SekiTxva: Tavisufali bazari

Tavad miva pareto-efeqtianobamde Tu samTavrobo Careva miiyvans mas iqamde? Tu yvela bazari
srulyofilad konkurentuli Tavisufali bazaria, miRweuli wonasworoba pareto-efeqtiani
iqneba mTlianad ekonomikaSi. adam smiTis `uxilavi xeli~ keTildReobis ekonomikis
Tanamedrove Teoriis safuZvelia.
konkurentuli wonasworoba Tavisufal bazrebze. davuSvaT arsebobs bevri mwarmoebeli,
bevri myidveli da mxolod ori produqti: sakvebi da filmi. TiToeuli bazari Tavisufalia,
araregulirebadi da srulyofilad konkurentuli. davuSvaT, wonasworoba miRweulia –
sakvebis fasia 5 girvanqa sterlingi, xolo filmis – 10 girvanqa sterlingi. aseve pirobad
miviRoT, rom samuSao Zala aris warmoebis cvalebadi faqtori da mSromelebs Tanabrad
moswonT samsaxuris arafuladi mxare orive saxeobis warmoebaSi. ganvixiloT Tavisufal
bazrebze konkurentuli wonasworobis Svidi safexuri:
1. bolo warmoebuli filmi momxmareblis sargeblianobas 10 girvanqa sterlingiT zrdis.
mas rom ufro mcirediT (metad) gaezarda damatebiTi sargeblianoba, bolo momxmarebeli
SeiZenda nakleb (met) films. amis msgavsad bolo gayidulma sakvebma momxmarebels 5
girvanqa sterlingis damatebiTi sargeblianoba unda moutanos. momxmarebels SeuZlia
ori erTeuli sakvebi (2 × 5 = 10 girvanqa sterlingis sargeblianoba) gadacvalos erT
filmze (10 girvanqa sterlingis sargeblianoba) Tavisi erToblivi sargeblianobis
Secvlis gareSe.
2. TiToeuli filmis zRvruli danaxarji Tanabrad awesebs fass, amitom bolo sakvebis
zRvruli danaxarji iqneba 5 girvanqa sterlingi da bolo filmis ki – 10.
3. konkurentuli wonasworobis pirobebSi cvladma faqtorma (samuSao Zalam) unda
gamoimuSaos xelfasis erTnairi ganakveTi mrewvelobis orive dargSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi
muSas miecema stimuli, raTa Tavisi Sroma gadaitanos im dargSi, sadac ufro maRal
xelfass miscemen.
4. mrewvelobis orive dargSi gamoSvebis zRvruli danaxarji aris xelfasi gayofili Sromis
zRvrul produqtze. ufro maRali xelfasi zrDdis zRvrul danaxarjs. magram ufro
maRali zRvruli fizikuri produqti niSnavs, rom erTi damatebiTi erTeulis
dasamzadeblad ufro naklebi damatebiTi samuSao Zalaa saWiro. es ki amcirebs zRvrul
danaxarjs.
3
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

5. radgan xelfasi mrewvelobis orive dargSi Tanabaria da sakvebis zRvruli danaxarji (5

girvanqa sterlingi) aris filmis zRvruli danaxarjis (10 girvanqa sterlingi) naxevari,
samuSao Zalis zRvruli fizikuri produqti orjer maRali unda iyos kvebis
mrewvelobaSi, vidre filmis mrewvelobaSi.
6. erTi erTeuliT filmis gamoSvebis Semcireba da samuSao Zalis gadanacvleba sakvebis
warmoebaSi, ori erTeuliT gazrdida sakvebis gamoSvebas. samuSao Zalis zRvruli
fizikuri produqti orjer maRalia, vidre sakvebis warmoebaSi. vargisi resursis
ganTavseba or dargs Soris saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebas, ori sakvebi gadacvalos erT
filmSi.
7. pirveli safexuri gviCvenebs, rom momxmarebels SeuZlia ori sakvebi gadacvalos erT
filmSi, maTi sargeblianobis Secvlis gareSe. me-6 safexuri gviCvenebs, rom resursebis
ganTavsebiT mwarmoeblebi gadacvlian or sakvebs erT filmSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ar
arsebobs sxva SesaZlo resurs-gadanawileba, rac gaaumjobesebda sazogadoebis
mdgomareobas. radgan pareto-mogeba SeuZlebelia, sawyisi mdgomareoba – konkurentuli
wonasworoba orive bazarze – pareto-efeqtiania.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am mniSvnelovan SedegSi gadamwyvet rols fasebi asruleben4. fasi, jer
erTi, garantias iZleva, rom wonasworuli konkurenciis sawyisi mdgomareoba, marTlac,
wonasworulia. aseve, miwodebuli da moTxovnili raodenobis dabalansebiT, fasi ganapirobebs
imasac, rom SesaZlebelia moxmarebuli produqtis saboloo raodenobis warmoeba. fasi
gvarwmunebs, rom es vargisi ganTavsebaa.
magram konkurentuli wonasworobis pirobebSi fasebi meorexarisxovan rols asruleben.
vinaidan, yoveli momxmarebeli da mwarmoebeli fasis mimRebia da TiToeulma icis, rom ar
SeuZlia sabazro fasze zemoqmedeba. Cvens magaliTSi TiToeulma momxmarebelma icis, rom
sakvebis wonasworuli fasi aris 5 girvanqa sterlingi da filmis, ki – 10. TiToeuli
momxmarebeli TavisTavad darwmunebulia, rom SeZenili bolo filmi orjer metad zrdis
sargeblianobas, vidre SeZenili bolo sakvebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, momxmarebels
SeuZlia mocemuli SemosavliT SeiZinos is, rac mas gauumjobesebs mdgomareobas.
amgvarad, Tavisi individualuri moqmedebiT, yoveli momxmarebeli roca mocemuli
fasebis winaSe aRmoCndeba, TavisTavad mimarTavs erTi filmis gadacvlas or sakvebSi,
sargeblianobaSi cvlilebis gareSe. aseve, yoveli mwarmoebeli, roca adgens sakuTar zRvrul
danaxarjs, romelic gamoSvebis fasis tolia, darwmunebulia, rom filmis zRvruli danaxarji
orjer metia sakvebis zRvrul danaxarjze. amgvarad, damatebiTi filmis Seqmna sazogadoebas
orjer meti resursi ujdeba damatebiT sakvebTan SedarebiT. warmoebis xelaxali mowyobiT,
mrewvelobis dargebs Soris samuSao Zalis gadaadgilebiT, sazogadoebas SeuZlia ori sakvebi
gadacvalos erT filmSi da gaakeTos iseTi arCevani, romelic momxmareblis sargeblianobaze
gavlenas ver moaxdens.
amgvarad, `uxilavi xeliT~ fasebs is momxmareblebi, romlebic TavianTi interesebiT
xelmZRvaneloben, mihyavs sawarmoo resursebis pareto-efeqtian ganTavsebamde. veravin
gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas, sxvisi mdgomareobis gauaresebis gareSe.
zemoaRniSnuli gamosaxulia naxazze 1.3. 𝐷𝐷 aris erT-erT produqtze, filmze sabazro
moTxovnis mrudi. 𝑃1 fasSi moTxovnilia 𝑄1 raodenoba. magram bolo moTxovnilma filmma
momxmareblis sargeblianoba unda gazardos 𝑃1 girvanqa sterlingiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi
myidveli SeiZens 𝑄1 -ze met an nakleb films. aqedan gamomdinare, 𝐷𝐷 agreTve gviCvenebs

4
pareto-efeqtianobis Sesaxeb gaixseneT: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i.,
nacvalaZe m., saxelmZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, Tema 19.

4
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

momxmareblis mier SeZenili filmis bolo erTeulis zRvrul sargeblianobas. roca, 𝑄1

filmebis raodenobaa SeZenili, bolo filmi momxmareblis sargeblianobas zustad 𝑃1 girvanqa
sterlingiT zrdis. 𝑄 ∗ -ze naklebi nebismieri filmis gamoSvebis dros filmis zRvruli
sargeblianoba aWarbebs sakvebis zRvrul sargeblianobas erTi zedmeti filmis asanazRaureb-
lad. 𝑄 ∗ -ze zemoT filmis zRvruli sargeblianoba naklebia, vidre gamoyenebuli sakvebis
zRvruli sargeblianoba. 𝐸 wonasworuli wertili filmisTvis da Sesabamisi wonasworuli
wertili sakvebis bazarze garantias iZleva, rom resursebi efeqtianadaa ganTavsebuli or
dargs Soris.

D
SS
E1
P1
filmebis fasi

P* E

Q1 Q* filmebis raodenoba

nax. 1.3. konkurentuli wonasworoba da pareto-efeqtianoba

mrewvelobis konkurentul dargSi filmebis miwodebis 𝑆𝑆 mrudi aris filmis zRvruli

danaxarjic. cvlad faqtorebs (magaliTad samuSao Zalas) ara marto filmis mrewvelobaSi,
aramed sakvebis mrewvelobaSic zRvruli formiT uxdian. samuSao Zalis mobilurobis garantia
is aris, rom xelfasis ganakveTi mrewvelobis orive dargSi Tanabaria. aqedan gamomdinare,
bolo filmis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji unda iyos im sakvebis Rirebuleba, romelic
moxmarda samuSao Zalis bolo erTeuls, filmis da ara sakvebis Sesaqmnelad.
fasebis garantia isic aris, rom mrewvelobis orive dargi wonasworulia. naxazze 1.3
wonasworul 𝐸 wertilze bolo filmis zRvruli sargeblianoba udris zRvrul danaxarjs.
magram bolo filmis zRvruli sargeblianoba udris moxmarebuli sakvebis Rirebulebas, anu
sakvebis fasi gamravlebuli sakvebis raodenobaze, rasac win uswrebda samuSao Zalis
gamoyeneba am bolo filmis Sesaqmnelad. magram, sakvebis mrewvelobac wonasworulia.
amgvarad, Tu sakvebis mrewveloba konkurentul wonasworobaSia, filmis warmoebisTvis
zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi aris damatebiTi girvanqa sterlingis sargeblianoba, rac
daixarja deficituri resursebis gamoyenebiT filmis da ara zedmeti sakvebis Sesaqmnelad.
esaa alternatiuli danaxarji im resursebisTvis, rac gamoyenebulia filmis warmoebaSi.
filmis mrewvelobaSi wonasworoba filmis zRvruli sargeblianobis gatolebiT sakvebis im
zRvrul sargeblianobasTan, romelic daixarja filmisTvis, naTelyofs imas, rom
sazogadoebis resursebi efeqtiandaa ganTavsebuli.
𝑄 ∗ -is wonasworul raodenobaze naklebi filmis nebismieri gamoSvebis dros meore filmis
moxmarebis zRvruli sargeblianoba gadaaWarbebs sakvebis moxmarebis im zRvrul Sefasebas,
rac unda daixarjos am zedmeti filmis sawarmoeblad. 𝑄 ∗ -ze meti filmis gamoSvebis dros,
sazogadoebas dasWirdeba Zalian bevri resursi filmis mrewvelobaSi. bolo filmis zRvruli
Rirebuleba ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre im sakvebis zRvruli Rirebuleba, romelic iwarmoeba
resursebis gadanawilebiT sakvebis warmoebaSi. konkurentuli wonasworoba gvarwmunebs, rom

5
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

ar arsebobs resursebis iseTi gadanawileba mrewvelobis dargebs Soris, romelic yvela

momxmarebels gauumjobesebda mdgomareobas.
samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba. wina nawilSi davinaxeT, rom pareto-efeqtiani
ganTavsebis usasruloba miiRweva Semosavlis an sargeblianobis nebismieri sxvadasxvagvari
ganawilebiT sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. axla vnaxavT, rom konkurentuli wonasworoba yvela
bazarze ganapirobebs erT gansakuTrebul pareto-efeqtian ganTavsebas. ra gansazRvravs imas,
Tu romel pareto-efeqtian ganawilebas aniWebs upiratesobas konkurentuli wonasworoba?
adamianebs aqvT mravali Tandayolili unari, agreTve floben `adamianur~ kapitals da
safinanso qonebis gansxvavebul raodenobas. es gansxvavebebi maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs
gamoimuSaon sxvadasxva odenobis Semosavali sabazro ekonomikaSi. aRniSnuli sxvaoba agreTve
gavlenas axdens samomxmareblo moTxovnazec. braziliaSi, sadac Semosavali da qoneba metad
araTanabradaa ganawilebuli, did fufunebad iTvleba mosamsaxuris yola. SvedeTSi ki, sadac
Semosavlis da qonebis ufro Tanabari ganawilebaa, TiTqmis aravin aZlevs Tavs uflebas
iyolios mosamsaxure.
amgvarad, Tandayolili SesaZleblobebis – unaris, `adamianuri~ kapitalisa da qonebis
sastarto ganawileba, Semosavlis miRebis potencialze zemoqmedebiT, gansazRvravs
samomxmareblo moTxovnis tips ekonomikaSi. moTxovnis gansxvavebuli tipebi moTxovnis
sxvadasxva mrudebs gulismoben individualuri produqtebisTvis, amasTan – gansazRvraven
sxvadasxva wonasworul fassa da raodenobas. Semosavlis miRebis sawyisi potencialis
ganawilebis SecvliT, principulad, SegviZlia vaiZuloT ekonomika konkurentuli
wonasworobis dros airCios pareto-efeqtiani ganTavsebis nebismieri SesaZlo varianti.
darRvevebi da meorexarisxovani amocana (𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝒆𝒔𝒕). konkuren-
tuli wonasworoba pareto-efeqtiania, radgan im mwarmoeblebis (romlebic zRvrul danaxar-
jebs fass uTanabreben) da im momxmareblebis (romlebic zRvrul sargebels fass uTanabreben)
qmedebebi imis garantiaa, rom produqtis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji gautoldeba mis
zRvrul sargebels momxmareblisTvis.
darRvevaa, roca produqtis warmoebis procesSi sazogadoebrivi zRvruli danaxarjebi
ar udris sazogadoebriv zRvrul sargebels – miRebuls produqtis moxmarebiT.
daSvebuli iyo, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia gadasaxadebis da keTildReobis SeRavaTebis gamo-
yenebiT gadaanawilos Semosavlis miRebis potenciali da amiT gaaZlieros Tanabrobis feno-
meni an sabazro ekonomikas miandos resursebis ganTavsebis efeqtianobisTvis zrunva. sainte-
resoa, ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli aRniSnuli problemis ase martivad gadaWra?

dabegvra, rogorc damaxinjeba

Tu mTavrobas surs Raribebis daxmareba, man saamisod unda dabegros mdidrebis
Semosavali an is produqtebi, romlebsac am kategoriis mosaxleoba iZens. gamartivebis mizniT
kvlav davuSvaT, rom ekonomikaSi arsebobs mxolod ori produqti: filmi da sakvebi. Tu sakvebs
iZens mdidaric da Raribic, filmis naxva, mxolod mdidrebs SeuZlia. Tu mTavrobas surs
Raribebis Semosavlis gazrda, man gadasaxadi unda amoiRos filmidan.
naxazze 1.4 naCvenebia, filmze gadasaxadis dawesebiT, rogor aWarbebs momxmareblisTvis
filmis mTliani Rirebuleba filmis im fass, romelic daqviTvis Semdgom miiReba da romelsac
filmis mwarmoeblebi aweseben. am or fass Soris sxvaoba gayiduli filmis TiToeuli erTe-
ulisTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadis tolia. momxmareblebi gazrdil fass aTanbreben im zRvrul
sargebelTan, rasac isini bolo filmidan iReben, magram mwarmoeblebisTvis filmis zRvruli
danaxarji gaTanabrdeba ufro dabal fasTan gadasaxadis gamoklebiT. 𝐷𝐷 gviCvenebs filmebze
moTxovnas da bolo filmis zRvrul sargebels momxmareblisTvis. 𝑆𝑆 gviCvenebs miwodebuli

6
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

filmebis raodenobas mwarmoeblis mier dawesebul nebismier fasad. es ukanaskneli aris,

agreTve, filmis warmoebis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi xarji. davuSvaT, filmis TiToeuli
erTeulis gadasaxadi udris 𝐸𝐹 vertikalur monakveTs. gadasaxadis CaTvliT im fasis saCve-
neblad, romelic saWiroa mwarmoeblis wasaqezeblad, raTa awarmoos Semdgomi gamoSveba, unda
davxazoT 𝑆𝑆 ′ miwodebis axali mrudi, romelic mudmiv vertikalur 𝐸𝐹 monakveTs daemTxveva 𝑆𝑆-
is zemoT.

SS1
SS
E
filmebis fasi

P1

P2
F
DD

Q filmebis raodenoba

nax. 1.4. filmebze gadasaxadi

filmebis wonasworuli raodenoba aris 𝑄. momxmarebeli ixdis 𝑃1 fass, mwarmoebeli iRebs

𝑃2 fass, TiToeul filmze gadasaxadi aris 𝐸𝐹 monakveTi. 𝑄 wonasworuli raodenobis dros
zRvruli samomxmareblo sargebeli iqneba 𝑃1 , magram zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji
gautoldeba 𝑃2 -s. sazogadoeba miiRebs wminda mogebas meti filmis warmoebiT. amitom wonas-
woruli raodenoba 𝑄 sazogadoebisTvis araefeqtiania.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, konkurentuli wonasworobis pirobebSi safaso politika uk-
ve aRar aTanabrebs filmis warmoebis sazogadoebriv zRvrul danaxarjs, filmis moxmarebis
zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargebelTan. filmze gadasaxadis daweseba zRudavs filmis warmo-
ebas. meore filmi sazogadoebriv sargebels ufro mets daumatebs, vidre sazogadoebriv dana-
xarjs.
im pirobebSi, roca sakvebis warmoeba daubegravia da konkurentul wonasworobaSia, maSin
filmis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji aris zustad im zRvruli sargeblis Rirebuleba, rome-
lic daixarja meti sakvebis sawarmoeblad imave resursebis gamouyeneblobis gamo. magram,
roca filmia dabegrili, meore filmis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebeli aWarbebs Tavis
zRvrul danaxarjs. aqedan gamomdinare, momxmareblisTvis meore filmis zRvruli Rirebule-
ba aWarbebs sakvebis im bolo erTeulis zRvrul Rirebulebas, romelic awarmoes meore fil-
misTvis saWiro resursebiT. sakvebis warmoebidan filmis warmoebaSi resursebis gada-
nawilebiT filmis damatebiTi momxmarebeli SeZlebs aunazRauros sakvebis momxmarebels is
Rirebuleba, romelic daixarja, magram mainc miiRos Warbi sargebeli. pareto-mogebis miReba
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan zogierTebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba sxvaTaTvis gauaresebis
gareSe.
Tu ekonomika konkurentulia da mTavroba kmayofilia Semosavlis miRebis potencialis
ganawilebiT, ar unda gaizardos gadasaxadi. srulyofilad konkurentuli Tavisufali
sabazro wonasworoba resursebs efeqtianad ganaTavsebs. SeuZlebelia resursebis iseTi
gadanawileba, rom zogierTs gauumjobeson mdgomareoba sxvisi pirobebis gauaresebis gareSe.
Tu mTavroba Semosavlis am ganawilebas arasamarTlianad miiCnevs, igi sazogadoebis erT
nawils gadasaxads gauzrdis, raTa uzrunvelyos sxvebis dafinanseba. TviT gadasaxadebis
gazrdis faqti iwvevs damaxinjebas. safaso politika, romelsac konkurentuli bazari
7
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

axorcielebs, ukve aRar aTanabrebs dabegrili produqtis zRvrul sargebels mis zRvrul
danaxarjTan. ekonomikaSi miRebuli wonasworoba araefeqtiania, sazogadoeba sxvadasxva
resursebs araswori gamoSvebisTvis daxarjavs.
ra unda moimoqmedos mTavrobam? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor afasebs mTav-
roba situacias. rac ufro metad ar moswons mas Tavisufali bazris mier Semosavlis SeTa-
vazebuli ganawileba (e.i. iseTi ganawileba, rac efuZneba sxvaobas adamianis bunebriv SesaZ-
leblobasa, `adamianur~ kapitalsa da finansur simdidres Soris), miT ufro metad sjera, rom
damaxinjebuli gadasaxadis araefeqtiani danaxarji aris is fasi, romelic adamianebma unda
gadaixadon Semosavlisa da sargeblis ufro samarTliani ganawilebis gadasarCenad. da piri-
qiT, rac ufro metad grZnobs mTavroba, rom SeuZlia moiTminos Tavisufali bazris mier Semo-
Tavazebuli, Semosavlis ganawileba, miT ufro met winaaRmdegobas gauwevs damaxinjebul
dabegvras da saSualebas miscems konkurentul Tavisufal bazrebs efeqtianad ganaTavson
resursebi.
amgvarad, sabazro ekonomikisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomis erT-erTi axsnis arsi
samarTlianobis SefasebiT gansjaSi mdgomareobs. samarTlianobis miRweva dabegvris
gadanawilebiT ar aris erTaderTi mizezi, romelsac SeuZlia araefeqtiani ganTavseba
gamoiwvios.

meorexarisxovani ganTavseba (𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝒆𝒔𝒕)

aRvniSneT, rom Tu sakvebis bazarze damaxinjebas adgili ar aqvs, filmze gadasaxads
mosdevs araefeqtiani ganTavseba.
davuSvaT sakvebzec aucilebelia gadasaxadis daweseba. ra xdeba am dros filmis
warmoebaSi? Tu miRweuli iqna sakvebze gadasaxadis akrZalva, maSin miiRweva sawyisi Tavisu-
fali konkurentuli wonasworoba orive warmoebaSi, romelic, pareto-efeqtiania. amas ewo-
deba pirvelxarisxovani ganTavseba (𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 − 𝑩𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏), rac ganawilebis srul efeqtia-
nobas niSnavs.
vTqvaT, sakvebze gadasaxadis daweseba gardauvalia, vinaidan saxelmwifos sWirdeba saga-
dasaxado Semosavali erovnuli TavdacvisTvis an evrokavSirSi Tavisi sabiujeto wilis gada-
sarCenad. sakvebze gardauvali gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi ganvaTavsebT ki resursebs ufro efeq-
tianad, Tu filmis warmoebaSi gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo damaxinjebas adgili ar eqneba? am
SekiTxvaze uaryofiTad upasuxes Tavis statiaSi profesorebma riCard lipsim da kelvin lan-
kasterma.
davuSvaT, orive warmoeba wonasworulia, magram gadasaxadi dawesebulia sakvebze.
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi filmisTvis gviCvenebs kerZo mewarmisTvis im resursebis
alternatiul danaxarjs, romelsac iyeneben ufro filmis, vidre sakvebis sawarmoeblad.
magram es ukve aRar aris filmis warmoebaSi am resursebis sazogadoebrivi alternatiuli
danaxarji. ratom? imitom, rom mewarmeebi afaseben resursebs im Rirebulebis mixedviT,
romelic mewarmeebs SeuZliaT miiRon aRniSnuli resursebis sakvebis warmoebaSi gadataniT.
magram momxmareblisTvis sakvebis fasi ufro maRalia, vidre mewarmeTa mier dawesebuli
Rirebuleba.
naxazi 1.5 gviCvenebs, Tu ra xdeba filmis bazarze, roca adgili aqvs gadasaxadiT
gamowveul damaxinjebas sakvebis bazarze.
𝐷𝐷 aris filmze moTxovnis mrudi da gviCvenebs filmis momxmareblis mier misi bolo
erTeulis zRvrul Sefasebas. 𝑀𝑃𝐶 (𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡) aris mwarmoebelTa mier filmis
Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebuli resursebis zRvruli kerZo danaxarjebi. is gviCvenebs, rom

8
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

resursebi, romelic Caido sakvebis warmoebaSi, sakvebis mwarmoeblebs moutandnen sargebels –

e.i. miiRebdnen wminda fass.
𝑀𝑆𝐶 (𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡) aris resursebis gamoyenebis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji, romelic ufro metad gamosadegia filmisTvis, vidre sakvebisTvis. is aWarbebs
mewarmeTa zRvrul kerZo danaxarjs, radgan maTTvis damatebiTi sakvebidan momxmareblis
sargebeli metia damatebiTi sakvebis Rirebulebaze.

MSC
D
gadasaxadi
filmebis fasi

𝑬∗
𝑷∗𝟐
MPC nax. 1.5. meorexarisxovani ganTavseba
𝑬′

𝑷∗𝟏
F

Q* Q’ filmebis gamoSveba

roca ar arsebobs filmze‘ gadasaxadi, konkurentuli wonasworoba filmis warmoebaSi

emTxveva E𝐸 ′ wertils, sadac moTxovnis mrudi kveTs kerZo zRvruli danaxarjis mruds,
romelic aris aseve filmis warmoebis konkurentuli miwodebis mrudi. 𝑄 ′ gamoSvebis dros
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji aWarbebs zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargebels, romelic
mocemulia 𝐷𝐷 moTxovnis mrudis simaRliT. filmis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjisa da
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargebelis, tolobisTvis saWiroa aikrifos 𝐹𝐸  -is toli gada-
saxadi filmze. maSin konkurentuli firmis mewarmeni awarmoeben 𝑄  raodenobas da miiReben
wminda fass 𝑃1 , ase miaRweven Tavisi zRvruli kerZo danaxarjis tolobas. momxmareblebi
gadaixdian gadasaxadis Semcvel fass 𝑃2 . zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji da zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi sargebeli gawonaswordeba 𝐸  wertilSi.
pirveli rigis ganawilebis sawinaaRmdegod, sadac sruli efeqtianoba miiRweva nebismieri
simaxinjis mocilebiT, arsebobs meore rigis principic (meorexarisxovani ganTavseba), romlis
arsi aseTia: vTqvaT, gvainteresebs mxolod ganTavsebis efeqtianoba. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia,
rom ekonomikaSi yovelTvis arsebobs gardauvali simaxinje, romlis moSoreba ar SegviZlia.
aragonivruli iqneba ise moveqceT bazrebs, TiTqos es simaxinje ar arsebobdes. amgvarad,
filmis warmoebaSi araefeqtiani iqneba miznad davisaxoT kerZo zRvruli danaxarjisa da
kerZo zRvruli sargeblis (danaxarji-sargeblis analizi) toloba. ufro metic, efeqtiani
aRmoCndeba, Tu axal simaxinjes davakisrebT filmis warmoebas, raTa xeli SevuwyoT
gardauvali simaxinjeebis saaRricxvo balanss sakvebis warmoebaSi.
meore rigis Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tu mainc arsebobs simaxinje, magaliTad, saxelmwifo
gazrdis zogierT gadasaxads, mcdari iqneba erT bazarze simaxinjeebis Tavmoyra, piriqiT, uf-
ro efeqtiani aRmoCndeba maTi moqmedebis gavrcoba mraval bazarze. naxazis 1.5 mixedviT sak-
vebze gadasaxadi iwvevs zedmetad mcire raodenobis sakvebis warmoebas; amgvarad, erTaderTi
obieqti sadac resursebi SeiZleba Caidos, aris filmis warmoeba, aq ki ukve zedmetad bevri
filmi iqneba warmoebuli. filmze gadasaxadis dakisreba xels Seuwyobs saaRricxvo balansis
aRdgenas.

9
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi

sazogadod pareto-efeqtianoba arafers ambobs adamianebs Soris keTildReobis
ganawilebis Sesaxeb. erTi pirovnebisTvis yvelafris micema, rogorc wesi, pareto-efeqtiani
iqneba. magram xalxis darCenili nawili aseT ganawilebas gonivruls ver uwodebs.
pareto-efeqtianoba TavisTavad sasurveli mizania – Tu arsebobs adamianTa erTi jgufis
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis raime sxva gza sxvaTa dazaralebis gareSe, ratom ar
unda gamoviyenoT igi? magram, rogorc wesi, arsebobs pareto-efeqtiani mravali ganawileba.
romeli unda airCios maT Soris sazogadoebam?
aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT keTildReobis funqciis ideaze, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs `SevkriboT~ sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa sargeblianobebi. ufro zogadad, keTildRe-
obis funqcia gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom movaxdinoT momxmarebelTa Soris sargeblianobis
sxvadasxva ganawilebis klasifikacia. sanam am ideidan gamomdinare Sedegebs gamovikvlevdeT,
mizanSewonilia imis ganxilva, Tu rogor SeiZleba individualur momxmarebelTa
upiratesobebis `Sekreba~ `socialuri upiratesobebis~ asagebad.
upiratesobaTa Sekreba. davuSvaT rom es upiratesobebi tranzitulia. aRvniSnoT 𝑋-iT
konkretuli ganawileba – anu imis aRwera, Tu TiToeuli produqtis ra raodenobas iRebs
TiToeuli momxmarebeli. maSin, Tu gvaqvs ori 𝑋 da 𝑌 ganawileba, TiToeul 𝑖 momxmarebels
SeuZlia Tqvas urCevnia Tu ara 𝑋 produqti 𝑌-s.
rodesac gvaqvs yvela individis upiratesobebi, dagvWirdeba maTi Sekrebis xerxis moZebna
jamuri socialuri upiratesobebis misaRebad. es niSnavs, rom Tu viciT, rogor afasebs yvela
momxmarebeli sxvadasxva ganawilebebs, unda SegveZlos am informaciis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva
ganawilebaTa socialuri klasifikaciis Camosayalibeblad. es gaxlavT yvelaze ganzogadebul
doneze gasakeTebeli socialuri gadawyvetilebis problema. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi.
individualur preferenciaTa Sekrebis erT-erT gzas erTgvari kenWisyris meTodi war-
moadgens. SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT, rom 𝑋 `socialurad upiratesia~ 𝑌-ze, Tu individTa um-
ravlesoba 𝑋-s amjobinebs. Tumca, am meTods erTi sirTule axlavs – mis mier mocemuli
socialuri upiratesobebi tranzituli ar aris. ganvixiloT cxrili 1.1.

cxrili 1.1. upiratesobebi, romlebsac aratranzitul kenWisyramde mivyavarT

pirovneba 𝐴 pirovneba 𝐵 pirovneba 𝐶
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍
𝑌 𝑍 𝑋
𝑍 𝑋 𝑌

aq moyvanilia sami alternatiuli ganawilebis 𝑋, 𝑌 და 𝑍 sami adamianis mier gakeTebuli

klasifikacia. SevniSnoT, rom am adamianTa umravlesobas 𝑋 urCevnia 𝑌-s, umravlesobas 𝑌
urCevnia 𝑍-s, da umravlesobas 𝑍 urCevnia 𝑋-s. amgvarad, individualuri preferenciebis
Sejameba kenWisyris saSualebiT ar gamodgeba, vinaidan, zogadad, kenWisyris Sedegad ubralo
umravlesobiT miRebuli socialuri upiratesobebi ar aris wesieri upiratesobebi, radgan
isini araa tranzituli. radgan upiratesobebi tranzituli araa, ar iarsebebs `saukeTeso~
alternativa sami alternativisgan Semdgar (𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍) simravleSi. Sedegi, romelsac sazogadoeba
airCevs, damokidebuli iqneba Tanmimdevrobaze, romliTac es kenWisyra Catardeba.
es rom ukeT davinaxoT, davuSvaT, rom cxrilSi 1.1 naCvenebi 3 adamiani gadawyvets kenWi
uyaron jer 𝑋-s 𝑌-is winaaRmdeg, da mere ki kenWi uyaron am SejibrSi gamarjvebuls 𝑍-is

10
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

winaaRmdeg. vinaidan, umravlesobam 𝑋 amjobina 𝑌-s, meore Sejibri iqneba 𝑋-sa da 𝑍-s Soris, rac
niSnavs, rom Sedegi iqneba 𝑍.
ra moxdeba Tu isini gadawyveten kenWi uyaron 𝑍-s 𝑋-is winaaRmdeg, Semdeg ki am SejibrSi
gamarjvebuls 𝑌 Seadaron? maSin 𝑍 gaimarjvebs pirvel kenWisyraSi, 𝑌 ki daamarcxebs 𝑍-s
meoreSi. amgvarad, romeli maTgani iqneba saboloo gamarjvebuli, damokidebulia im
mimdevrobaze, romliTac es alternativebi kenWismyrelTa winaSe warsdgeba.
kenWisyris kidev erTi SesaZlo meqanizmia kenWisyra rangis mixedviT. aq TiToeuli
pirovneba afasebs produqts Tavisi upiratesobis mixedviT da mas aniWebs ricxvs, romelic am
produqtis rangs aRniSnavs: magaliTad, 1 eniWeba saukeTeso alternativas, 2 momdevno da a.S.
amis Semdgom vajamebT TiToeuli alternativis qulebs yvela momxmareblisTvis da
ganvsazRvravT TiToeuli alternativis jamur qulas, ris Semdegac vambobT, rom sociallu-
rad upiratesia is alternativa, romelsac dabali qula aqvs.
cxrilSi 1.2 mocemulia 𝑋, 𝑌 და 𝑍 ganawilebaTa SesaZlo upiratesobebis sia ori
momxmareblisTvis. Tavdapirvelad davuSvaT, rom gvaqvs mxolod ori alternativa, 𝑋 da 𝑌.
maSin am magaliTSi 𝐴 pirovnebis mier 𝑋-s mieniWeba 1 qula, xolo 𝐵 pirovnebis mier ki, 2 qula. 𝑌
alternativis rangebi ki sapirispiro iqneba. amgavrad, kenWisyris Sedegad miviRebT, rom
TiToeul alternativas mieniWa jamuri rangi `3~.

cxrili 1.2. arCevani 𝑿 da 𝒀-s Soris damokidebulia 𝒁-ze

pirovneba 𝐴 pirovneba 𝐵
𝑋 𝑌
𝑌 𝑍
𝑍 𝑋

axla davuSvaT, rom gamoCnda alternativa 𝑍. 𝐴 pirovneba 𝑋-s mianiWebs 1 qulas, 𝑌-s 2
qulas, xolo 𝑍-s 3-s. 𝐵 pirovneba 𝑌-s mieniWebs 1 qulas, 𝑍-s 2 qulas, xolo 𝑋-s 3-s. es niSnavs,
rom 𝑋-is jamuri rangi iqneba 4, xolo 𝑌-is jamuri rangi iqneba 3, am SemTxvevaSi 𝑌-s mieniWeba
upiratesoba 𝑋-is winaaRmdeg.
am orive kenWisyrasTan erTi problemaa dakavSirebuli – SesaZlebelia maTi Sedegebis
manipulireba arakeTilsindisieri agentebis mier. umravlesobis mixedviT kenWisyris
manipulireba SesaZlebelia alternativaTa mimdevrobis iseTi SecvliT, romliTac sasurveli
Sedegis miReba SeiZleba. rangobrivi kenWisyris manipulireba SeiZleba axal alternativaTa
warmoCenis gziT, rac Secvlis sawyis alternativaTa saboloo rangebs.
bunebrivad Cndeba SekiTva – arsebobs Tu ara socialuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis
meqanizmebi – upiratesobebis Sekrebis gzebi – romlebic daculia aseTi saxis
manipulaciebisgan? CamovweroT, rogori unda iyos socialuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis
CvenTvis sasurveli meqanizmi:
1. mocemuli sruli5, refleqsuri6 da tranzituli7 individualuri upiratesobebis
simravlisTvis socialuri gadawyvetilebis meqanizmis Sedegad miRebuli socialuri
upiratesobebi imave Tvisebebs unda akmayofilebdes;

5 igulisxmeba: `momxmarebels SeuZlia gaakeTos arCevani or nebismier kalaTas Soris~, hel r. variani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, wigni
1, gv. 53.
6 igulisxmeba: `nebismieri kalaTa, sul mcire, iseve kargia, rogorc misi identuri kalaTa~, iqve, gv.53.

7 igulisxmeba: `Tu momxmarebels 𝐴 kalaTa urCevnia 𝐵-s, xolo 𝐵 kalaTa urCevnia 𝐶-s SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mas 𝐴 kalaTa urCevnia𝐶-

s.
11
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

2. Tu yvelas 𝑋 alternativa urCevnia 𝑌 alternativas, maSin socialuri upiratesobebi 𝑋-s

unda ayenebdes rangiT maRla, vidre 𝑌-s;
3. upiratesobebi 𝑋-sa da 𝑌-s Soris damokidebuli unda iyos mxolod imaze, Tu rogor
afaseben am or alternativas, da ara imaze, Tu rogor afaseben sxva alternativebs.
TiToeuli moTxovna sakmaod damajerebeli Cans, miuxedavad amisa, Zalian Znelia iseTi
meqanizmebis moZebna, romelic samives daakmayofilebs. marTlac, qeneT eroum8 daamtkica
Semdegi mniSvnelovani Teorema:
erous SeuZleblobis Teorema: Tu socialuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmi
akmayofilebs pirvel, meore da mesame moTxovnebs, maSin es aris diqtatura. yvela socialuri
klasifikacia sinamdvileSi erTi individis klasifikaciaa. erous SeuZleblobis Teorema
ganmacvifrebelia. igi gviCvenebs, rom moraluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis sakmaod advilad
dasakmayofilebeli da sasurveli moTxovna SeuTavsebelia demokratiasTan: ar arsebobs
socialuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis `srulyofili~ gza. ar arsebobs individualuri
upiratesobebis `Sekrebis~ srulyofili gza socialuri upiratesobebis mosaZebnad.
Tu gvsurs vipovoT individualuri upiratesobebis Sekrebis saSualeba da
CamovayaliboT socialuri upiratesobebi, iZulebuli viqnebiT davTmoT erous TeoremaSi
aRwerili socialuri gadawyvetilebis meqanizmis sami Tvisebidan erT-erTi.
Tu vapirebT SevelioT zemoT aRwerili socialuri keTildReobis funqciis erT-erT
sasurvel Tvisebas, es SeiZleba iyos me-3 Tviseba – socialuri upiratesobebi or altenativas
Soris damokidebulia mxolod am ori alternativis rangze. Tu ase moviqceviT SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba garkveul saxeobaTa rangobrivi kenWisyrebis Catareba.
rodesac mocemulia TiToeuli 𝑖 individis upiratesobebi ganawilebasTan mimarTebiT,
SegviZlia avagoT sargeblianobis funqciebi 𝑢𝑖 (𝑋), romlebic ajamebs individTa
upiratesobebs: 𝑖 pirovnebas 𝑋 urCevnia 𝑌-s maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac 𝑢𝑖 (𝑋) > 𝑢𝑖 (𝑌). ra
Tqma unda, es funqciebi sargeblianobis yvela sxva funqciebis msgavsia – SesaZlebelia maTi
nebismieri transformacia, romelic SeinarCunebs upiratesobaTa klasifikacias. ar arsebobs
sargeblianobis asaxvis unikaluri gza.
magram aviRoT sargeblianobis erT-erTi saxe da mxolod am saxiT visargebloT. maSin
individTa upiratesobidan socialuri upiratesobis miRebis erTi gza iqneba individualuri
sargeblianobebis Sekreba da miRebuli ricxvis warmodgena erTgvar socialur
sargeblianobad. es niSnavs, rom 𝑋 ganawileba socialurad upiratesia 𝑌 ganawilebaze Tu:
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 (𝑋) > ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 (𝑌),
sadac 𝑛 aris sazogadoebaSi Semaval individTa ricxvi.
aseTi gadawyveta funqcionirebs, magram, ra Tqma unda, igi sruliad TviTneburia, radgan
sargeblianobis Cveneuli arCevanic TviTneburia. analogiuria gadawyvetileba jamis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. ratom ar SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sargeblianobis Sewonili jami? an
sargeblianobis namravli?
arsebobs aseTi jamuri funqciis saxelwodebac. mas socialuri keTildReobis funqcia
ewodeba. socialuri keTildReobis funqcia aris individualuri sargeblianobis funqciaTa
raime funqcia: 𝑊(𝑢1 (𝑋), … , 𝑢𝑛 (𝑋)). igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, movaxdinoT sxvadasxva ganawilebaTa
klasifikacia, rac damokidebulia mxolod individualur upiratesobebze da warmoadgens
TiToeuli individis sargeblianobis zrdad funqcias.

8Kenneth Arrow, Social choice and Individual Values (New york: Wiley, 1963). erou - stenfordis universitetis profesori, nobelis premiis
laureati ekonomikaSi.
12
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi. erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, romelic ukve vaxseneT,

aris sargeblianobis individualur funqciaTa jami:
𝑊(𝑢1 , … , 𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 .
es SemTxveva zogjer moixsenieba, rogorc benTemis9 keTildReobis funqcia. aseTi
formis mcire ganzogadebaa sargeblianobaTa Sewonili jami:
𝑛

𝑊(𝑢1 , … , 𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑢𝑖
𝑖=1
aq 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 wonebis ricxvebia, romlebic migviTiTebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
TiToeuli agentis sargeblianoba saerTo socialuri keTildReobisTvis. cxadia, rom
TiToeuli 𝑎𝑖 dadebiTi ricxvia.
keTildReobis funqciis kidev erTi saintereso magaliTia minimaqsi anu roulzis10
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia:
𝑊(𝑢1 , … , 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑢1 , … , 𝑢𝑛 } .
keTildReobis es funqcia gveubneba, rom ganawilebis socialuri keTildReoba
damokidebulia mxolod yvelaze uaresi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone agentis
keTildReobaze, romelsac minimaluri sargeblianoba aqvs.
yvela es funqcia warmoadgens sargeblianobis individualur funqciaTa Sedarebis
SesaZlo gzebs. isini asaxavs sxvadasxva eTikur Sexedulebebs sxvadasxva agentebis
keTildReobaTa Sedarebis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi SezRudva, romelsac keTildReobis funqciis
struqturas davuqvemdebarebT, aris is, rom igi zrdadi unda iyos TiToeuli momxmareblis
sargeblianobis mimarT.
keTildReobis maqsimizaciis grafikuli gamosaxva mocemulia naxazze 1.6 `a~ da `b~, sadac
𝑈 simravle warmoadgens SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa simravles ori individis SemTxvevaSi. es
simravle cnobilia sargeblianobis SesaZleblobaTa simravlis saxelwodebiT. am simravlis
sazRvari – warmoadgens pareto-efeqtian ganawilebebTan dakavSirebul sargeblianobis
doneebis simravles. Tu ganawileba mdebareobs sargeblianobis SesaZleblobaTa simravlis
sazRvarze, maSin ar arsebobs sxva SesaZlo ganawileba, romelic iwvevs ufro maRal
sargeblianobas orive individisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi ganurCevlobis mrudebs
izokeTildReobis mrudebi ewodeba, vinaidan isini asaxaven sargeblianobis im ganawilebebs,
sadac keTildReobis done Tanabaria. rogorc yovelTvis aqac optimaluri wertili
xasiaTdeba mxebis pirobiT11. maqsimaluri keTildReobis es wertili pareto-efeqtianic unda
iyos – igi unda mdebareobdes sargeblianobis SesaZleblobaTa simravlis sazRvarze. aseTia 𝐴
wertili (nax.1.6`a~).

9 jeremi benTemi (Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832) – sargeblianobis skolis damfuZnebeli moralur filosofiaSi, romelic
umaRles saqonels udides bednierebad Tvlida xalxis udidesi raodenobisTvis.
10 jon roulzi (John Rawls) – Tanamedrove moralisti-filosofosi, romelmac moiTxova samarTlianobis am principis

dacva.
11 mxebis piroba - gaixseneT: mikroekonomika, xaraiSvili e., gagniZe i., CavleiSvili m., nacvliSvili i., nacvalaZe m.,

saxelmZRvanelo, mesame Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014, gv. 76.

13
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

U2
U2 izokeTildReobis izokeTildReobis
mrudebi wrfeebi

keTildReobis keTildReobis
maqsimumi maqsimumi

.
A
A
.
`a~ `b~
sargeblianobis sargeblianobis
SesaZleblobaTa SesaZleblobaTa
simravle simravle

U1 U1
nax. 1.6. `a~ keTildReobis maqsimizacia. `b~ sargeblianobaTa Sewonili jamis saxis
keTildReobis fuqciis maqsimizacia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismieri pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba unda iyos keTildReobis

romelime funqciis maqsimumis wertili, rac naxazze 1.6. `b~ mocemulia 𝐴 wertiliT. naxazze
mocemulia izokeTildReobis wrfeebi, romlebic asaxaven im danaxarjebs, rac saWiroa
keTldReobis maqsimumis ama Tu im donis misaRwevad. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:
keTildReobis TiToeuli maqsimumi aris pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba da TiToeuli pareto-
efeqtiani ganawileba keTildReobis maqsimumia.

Suri da Tanasworoba (keTildReoba)

Cven vambobT, rom ganawileba Tanasworia, Tu arc erT agents ar urCevnia romelime sxva
agentis produqtebis kalaTa Tavisas. Tu romelime 𝑖 agenti amjobinebs romelime 𝑗 agentis
kalaTas, vambobT, rom 𝑖-s Surs 𝑗-is. dabolos, Tu ganawileba Tanasworicaa da pareto-
efeqtianic, vambobT, rom esaa samarTliani ganawileba. Tanabari gayofis ganawilebas is
Tviseba aqvs, rom arc erT agents romelime sxva agentis ar Surs.
davuSvaT, ganawileba ar aris Tanaswori da rom erT momxmarebels, vTqvaT 𝐴-s Surs 𝐵
momxmareblis. es niSnavs, rom 𝐴-s Tavis kalaTaze metad moswons 𝐵-s kalaTa. es gulisxmobs
imasac, rom 𝐵-s kalaTa ufro Zviri unda Rirdes. amave dros, 𝐴-s mier SerCeuli kalaTa am
individisTvis xelmisawvdomi saukeTeso kalaTaa.
gavixsenoT rom, gvaqvs aseTi daSveba - momxmareblebi zustad erTnairi kalaTebiT iwyeben
vaWrobas, ris gamoc SeuZlebelia 𝐵-s kalaTa 𝐴-s kalaTaze ukeTesi iyos. amgvarad, vinaidan
winaaRmdegobasTan mivediT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom am pirobebSi SeuZlebelia 𝐴-s Surdes 𝐵
momxmareblis. amgvarad, bazris meqanizmi garkveuli saxis Tanasworobas inarCunebs: Tu sawyisi
ganawileba Tanabaria, saboloo ganawileba samarTliani unda iyos.

keTildReobis ekonomikaSi wvlilis Setana12. dRes TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi mwvaved

ganixileba Semdegi sakiTxebi: erovnuli Semosavlis (zog qveyanaSi mSp-is) ra nawili unda daeT-
mos sajaro seqtors? rogor dafinansdeba saxelmwifo danaxarjebi? am sakiTxebis garSemo
winaaRmdegobebi xSiria.

12
rouzeni h.s., sajaro finansebi, tomi pirveli, Tb., 2006, gv. 49-50; 54-56.
14
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadi xedva metad individualuria. igi adamianis sargeblianobasa da

misi maqsimizaciis gzebzea fokusirebuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba socialuri uzrunvelyofis
funqciis formulirebaSic moCans. (gavixsenoT: socialuri keTildReobis funqcia martivi
gancxadebaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis keTildReoba misi wevrebis
keTildReobas. individis sargeblianoba damokidebulia im produqtebis raodenobaze,
romelsac is moixmars, sazogadoebis keTildReoba ki – misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblianobis
normaze. Tu, sazogadoebaSi mxolod ori wevria, adami da eva, maSin, maTematikurad, socialuri
keTildReoba (𝑊) TiToeuli individis sargeblianobis normis funqciaa (𝐹) da ase gamoisaxeba:
𝑊 = 𝐹(𝑈 ადამი , 𝑈 ევა ). vfiqrobT, rom socialuri keTildReoba 𝑈 ადამი -is da 𝑈 ევა-is zrdis DSedegad
izrdeba. sazogadoeba ufro mdidaria, Tu misi wevrebis simdidris done izrdeba).
am tolobis ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom sazogadoeba bednier adamianTa erTobas
warmoadgens. arsebobs sxva socialuri miznebi, rogoricaa saxelmwifos Zalauflebis zrda da
sxva, Tumca keTildReobis ekonomikas bevri araferi aqvs saTqmeli am miznebis mqone
adamianebisTvis.
vinaidan, keTildReobis ekonomika adamianis upiratesobas centraluri adgilze ayenebs,
igi aRniSnuli upiratesobis seriozul aRqmas moiTxovs. adamianma yvelaze kargad icis, Tu ra
aniWebs mas kmayofilebas. amis sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba, erT dros mSvenivrad
formulirebuli tomas o’nilis (warmomadgenelTa palatis yofili spikeri) mier, aseTi iyo:
Tu vinme daijerebs, rom individis upiratesoba arajansaRi da uzneoa13, aRmoCndeba, rom
Teorias, romlis mizani individis sargeblianobis maqsimizaciaa, verasodes gamoviyenebT.
masgreivma [1959] `damsaxurebuli~ produqtis Sesaxeb koncefcia ganaviTara. aRniSnuli
produqti aucileblad unda iqnes miwodebuli, Tundac sazogadoebis wevrebi masze moTxovnas
ar gamoxatavdnen. saxelmwifos mier saxviTi xelovnebis mxardaWera xSirad am safuZvelzea
dasabuTebuli. Tu individi ar ixdis saTanado Rirebulebas, opera da koncerti sajarod unda
Catardes. magram rogorc baumoli da baumoli [1981, gv. 426-427] SeniSnavdnen: `termini
damsaxurebuli produqti ubralo formalur daniSnulebaze migviTiTebs – miRebulia
subieqturi gadawyvetileba, rom xelovneba sazogadoebisTvis kargia. amdenad, igi finansur
mxardaWeras imsaxurebs. damsaxurebuli produqtis mimarT midgoma ar aris mxardaWeris
faqtobrivi dasabuTeba – igi qmnis terminologias, romelic zustad miuTiTebs mxardaWeris
survilze~.
keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi SesaZlo problema
misi SedegTan damokidebulebaa. situacia fasdeba resursTa ganawilebis mixedviT da ara imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba ganawilebis forma. SesaZloa, sazogadoeba unda Sefasdes
im procesis mixedviT, romelmac igi ganawilebis am formamde miiyvana da ara faqtobrivi
Sedegebis mixedviT. SeuZlia Tu ara adamians Tavisuflad dados kontraqti? aris Tu ara
sajaro procesebi demokratiuli? Tu amgvar mosazrebas avirCevT, keTildReobis ekonomika
Tavis normatiul mniSvnelobas dakargavs.
meore mxriv, keTildReobis ekonomikis seriozuli upiratesoba is aris, rom igi
saxelmwifos politikis Sesafaseblad logikur CarCos uzrunvelyofs. saxelmwifos
nebismieri intervencia resursTa ganawilebas gamoiwvevs, keTildReobis ekonomikis mizani ki,
ganawilebis alternatiuli formebis Sefasebaa. keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCo gvibiZgebs,
rodesac saxelmwifos mier gaxorcielebul qmedebaze vsaubrobT, davsvaT sami arsebiTi
SekiTxva:

13
SeniSvna: gaixseneT upiratesobebis daSvebebi momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriaSi: `umjobesia bevri, vidre
cota~.
15
შემდგ. ი. გაგნიძე კეთილდღეობის ეკონომიკა თემა 1

• moxdeba Tu ara aRniSnuli qmedebis Sedegad produqtebis yvelaze sasurveli formiT

ganawileba?
• gazrdis Tu ara igi efeqtianobas?
• gamoiwvevs Tu ara igi miznobriv danaxarjebs?
Tu pasuxi samive SekiTxvaze uaryofiTia, maSin sasurvelia, bazars Tavisufleba mivani-
WoT. cxadia, aRniSnul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arsebiT kvlevebs da pirveli SekiTxvis Sem-
TxvevaSi subieqtur Sefasebasac moiTxovs. swori SekiTxvis dasma gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
procesisTvis gansakuTrebul struqturas uzrunvelyofs. igi individs aiZulebs, Tavisi
eTikuri faseulobebi gamoxatos, da zedapiruli da mxolod sakuTari interesebis
dasakmayofileblad moqmedi programebis aRmoCena gaamartivos.

ZiriTadi terminebi:
horizontaluri samarTlianoba meorexarisxovani ganTavseba
vertikaluri samarTlianoba socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi
pareto-efeqtianoba izokeTildReobis mrudebi
pareto-mogeba izokeTildReobis wrfeebi

SekiTxvebi gameorebisTvis:
1. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba;
2. CamoTvaleT srulyofili konkurenciisa da pareto-efeqtianobis miRwevis 7
safexuri;
3. ras gulisxmobs darRvevebi da meorexarisxovani amocana?
4. grafikulad gamosaxeT da axseniT meorexarisxovani ganTavseba;
5. daaxasiaTeT socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi;
6. axseniT da grafikulad gamosaxeT keTildReobis maqsimizacia.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. ekonomika – d. begi, s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, Targmani ing., Tb. 1999 w. gv. 211-218.
2. h. l. variani – mikroekonomika Tanamedrove midgoma, wigni 2, gamomc. diogene 1998 w.
(Intermediate Microeconomics, A modern approach 1993, W. W. Norton &Company, inc.) gv. 279-292.
3. Economics, Begg D., Fisher S., Dornbusch R., Third Edition, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, UK,
1991, p. 258-267.
4. rouzeni h.s., sajaro finansebi, tomi pirveli, Tb., 2006, gv. 49-50; 54-56.

16