70
0
Kalimantan Utara
1,7
14,4
Aceh
Bengkulu
Kalimantan Timur
Riau
KEK WUS:
DKI Jakarta
Bangka Belitung
Gorontalo
Bali
Sumatera Utara
Sulawesi Utara
Lampung
Jawa Barat
Jambi
Kalimantan Barat
Wanita Tidak Hamil
Sumatera Selatan
Banten
RKD 2018: WUS hamil 17.3%, WUS tidak hamil 14.5%
RKD 2013: WUS hamil 24.2%, WUS tidak hamil 20.8%
Sumatera Barat
Indikator KEK: lingkar lengan atas wanita usia subur 15-49 tahun < 23.5 cm
Kepulauan Riau
INDONESIA
14,5
17,3
Sulawesi Barat
Jawa Timur
Kalimantan Selatan
Wanita Hamil
Kalimantan Tengah
Sulawesi Selatan
Jawa Tengah
Sulawesi Tengah
Nusa Tenggara Barat
WANITA USIA SUBUR MENURUT PROVINSI, 2018
PROPORSI RISIKO KURANG ENERGI KRONIS PADA
DI Yogyakarta
Papua
Papua Barat
Sulawesi Tenggara
Maluku Utara
Maluku
3
36,8
PROPORSI RISIKO KURANG ENERGI KRONIS PADA
WANITA USIA SUBUR, 2007-2018
46,6
38,5
36,3 2007 2013 2018
33,5
31,3 30,9 30,1 30,6
Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak Hamil Tidak
hamil hamil hamil hamil hamil hamil hamil
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4
PROPORSI PMT YANG DIPEROLEH IBU HAMIL, 2018
5
Transisi Inter-generasi Malnutrisi pada kehamilan terhadap
Obesitas dan Diabetes
First 1000 days of life
• 9 m gestation
• First 24 m of life
• 270+365+365 = 1000 days of life
“Double burden” of Malnutrition
Bagby SP. Early Life Nutrition and Diabetes In-Utero Stressors and Vulnerability for Chronic Disease. 2014
Nutritisi untuk kehamilan
Sumber : Mousa A, Nagash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients; Feb 2019.
Kebutuhan Energi
• Kebutuhan energi berkisar antara 7710 -9260 KJ/hari atau 1800-2200 kal
• Kebutuhan energi disesuaikan dengan IMT sebelum kehamilan dan target kenaikan BB gestasional
• Selama trimester pertama, kebutuhan energi tidak jauh berbeda dari saat sebelum kehamilan
• Hanya saja, sejak masuk trimester kedua dan ketiga, kebutuhan energi per hari meningkat sekitar
390 kkal
• Menurut AKG kebutuhan energi ibu hamil trimester 1 bertambah 180 kal dan trimester 2 dan 3
bertambah 300 kal
• Hal ini dikarenakan meningkatnya kebutuhan metabolisme selama kehamilan serta kebutuhan
fetus
• Meskipun obesitas maternal harus dihindari, namun restriksi/defisit kalori selama kehamilan
tidak dianjurkan
• Kebutuhan energi disesuaikan dengan BMI sebelum kehamilan dan target kenaikan BB gestasion
Sumber :
Mousa A, Nagash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients; Feb 2019.
Most J, et al. Energy Intake Requirements in Pregnancy. Nutrients; Aug 2019.
AKG 2019
Karbohidrat
Sumber : Mousa A, Nagash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An
Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients; Feb 2019.
Lemak
• Rendah lemak jenuh, tinggi lemak tak jenuh terutama omega 3
• Tingginya konsumsi lemak jenuh dapat menyebabkan obesitas
gestasional
• Rekomendasi : 20-35% dari total energi
Sumber : Mousa A, Nagash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An
Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients; Feb 2019.
Kenaikan BB saat Kehamilan
• Berdasarkan status nutrisi sebelum kehamilan
• Kenaikan BB sesuai dengan usia kehamilan
Sumber : Simas T, et al. Institute of Medicine 2009 Gestational Weight Gain Guideline Knowledge: Survey of
Obstetrics/Gynecology and Family Medicine Residents of the United States. Birth. 2013 Dec; 40(4): 237–246.
Mikronutrien pada kehamilan
Sumber : Mousa A, Nagash A, Lim S. Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients; Feb 2019.
Rekomendasi mikronutrien bagi ibu hamil dan menyusui
Sumber : Otten JJ, et al. Dietary Reference Intakes. The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington DC; National Academic Press; 2006
Nutrien Sebelum hamil Hamil
Vitamin A 600 +300
Vitamin D 15 +0
Kebutuhan Vitamin E 15 +0
Hairong Xu, Bryna Shatenstein, Zhong-Cheng Luo, Shuqin Wei, and William Fraser . Role of nutrition in the risk of
preeclampsianure_249. Nutrition in Clinical Care
Hubungan antara faktor2 diet dengan hipertensi
kehamilan dan pre-eklamsia
Sistematik review dan meta-analisis dari penelitian observasional
• Background: Dietary factors have been suggested to play a role in the prevention of
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP)
• Results: 23 cohort and 15 case–control studies were identified for systematic review, of
which 16 could be included in the meta-analyses. Based on meta-analyses of cohort
studies, unadjusted energy intake was higher for pre-eclampsia cases (WMD 46 kcal/day,
95% confidence interval (CI) −13.80 to 106.23; I2 = 23.9%, P = 0.26), although this was
not statistically significant. Unadjusted intakes of magnesium (WMD 8 mg/day, 95% CI
−13.99 to −1.38; I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.41) and calcium (WMD 44 mg/day, 95% CI −84.31 to
−3.62, I2 = 51.1%, P = 0.03) were lower for the HDP cases, compared with pregnant
women without HDP. Higher calcium intake consistently showed lower odds for HDP
after adjustment for confounding factors (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.01, I2 = 0.0%, P =
0.79). A few studies examining foods and dietary patterns suggested a beneficial effect of
a diet rich in fruit and vegetables on pre-eclampsia, although not all the results were
statistically significant.
• Conclusions: Based on a limited number of studies, higher total energy and lower
magnesium and calcium intake measured during pregnancy were identified as related to
HDP.
Danielle AJM Schoenaker1*, Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu2 and Gita D Mishra1. The association between dietary factors and gestational hypertension and pre-
eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies . BMC Medicine 2014, 12:15
Rekomendasi pencegahan dan terapi pre-eklamsia
dan eklamsia
Xiatong Sun et al. The association between calcium supplement and preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Journal Hypertension in Pregnancy 38, 2019
Pencegahan Pre-eklamsia dan Eklamsia
Sistematik Review
• The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the available
medications and techniques for the prevention and treatment of pre-
eclampsia and eclampsia
• Technologies and techniques used in the included studies for the
prevention and control of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are Magnesium
Sulphate, Aspirin, Antioxidant (Vitamin C, E and Lycopene), Calcium
supplementation, Chinese Herbal Medicine, physical activities, Nitric Oxide,
Marine Food Oils, Low Salt Diet, Garlic, Plasma Volume Expansion, Low-
dose Dopamine, Progesterone, Smoking, and Diuretics.
• Magnesium sulfate appears to be the most effective treatment which
reduces the risk of eclampsia by more than 50%.
Sabiha Khanum1,2*, Najma Naz3, Maria de Lourdes de Souza. Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. A
Systematic Review . Open Journal of Nursing, 2018, 8, 26-44
Pencegahan Pre-eklamsia dan Eklamsia. Sistematik Review
Sabiha Khanum1,2*, Najma Naz3, Maria de Lourdes de Souza. Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. A
Systematic Review . Open Journal of Nursing, 2018, 8, 26-44
Pencegahan Pre-eklamsia dan Eklamsia. Sistematik Review
Sabiha Khanum, Najma Naz, Maria de Lourdes de Souza. Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. A Systematic Review . Open Journal of Nursing, 2018, 8, 26-44
Pengaruh Kalsium
• Kebutuhan sehari-hari kalsium pada
ibu hamil adalah 1000 mg per hari
• 2 penelitian pada review ini menunjukkan bahwa mengurangi garam dibandingkan diet normal
tidak menunjukkan bukti kuat untuk pencegahan preeklamsia
• Pemberian omega-3 masih memerlukan bukti tambahan sebagi pencegahan pre-eklamsia
• Penelitian dalam review ini tidak dapat membuktikan bahwa likopen efektif dalam mencegah pre-
eklamsia
Sabiha Khanum, Najma Naz, Maria de Lourdes de Souza. Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. A Systematic Review . Open Journal of Nursing, 2018, 8, 26-44
Pengaruh Vitamin D
• Kadar vitamin D pada trimester pertama tidak berpengaruh, namun
kecukupan vitamin D pada trimester kedua dan ketiga jelas
berpengaruh menurunkan resiko preeklampsia
• Sumber : Roberts JM, et al. Nutrition Involvement in Preeclampsia. The Journal of Nutrition; Vol
133; May 2003.
Kesimpulan
• Ibu hamil memerlukan nutrisi optimal untuk mencegah ‘malnutrisi’
dan beberapa penyakit kehamilan
• Pre-eklamsia adalah kondisi yang penyebabnya belum jelas, tetapi
diduga karena gangguan proses angiogenesis, oksidatif stres yang
dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor
• Gangguan pada masa kehamilan dapat berefek pada janin yang
dikandung dan efek jangka panjang sampai intergenerasi
• Berbagai faktor nutrisi berperan pada terjadinya pre-eklamsia
• Suplementasi makro dan mikronutrien seperti dapat diberikan
dengan memperhatikan bukti2 ilmiah yang kuat
Terima kasih
atas
perhatiannya
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