Kontribusi Teknologi Informasi di Indonesia

Mengembangkan Teknologi Pendidikan

Djoni Setiawan K
Fakultas Teknologi Informasi
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Jl. Prof. Drg. Suria Sumantri No. 65 Bandung 40164
Email: djoni.sk@itmaranatha.org atau djoni.sk@eng.maranatha.edu
Abstrak
Teknologi pendidikan adalah salah satu aspek yang program pendidikan yang harus
dipertimbangkan. Semua Teknologi Pendidikan penting untuk menghasilkan program
pendidikan yang berhasil. Namun, tidak
semua sekolah telah menyetujui atau memperhatikan hal tersebut. Salah satu alasannya
adalah kekurangan sumber daya manusia.
Teknologi Informasi adalah teknologi yang menyajikan sistem yang otomatis dan
“Mudah” yang dapat memberikan beberapa solusi untuk menerapkan Teknologi
Pendidikan di setiap sekolah. Dengan menggunakan Teknologi Informasi, semua wewenang
sekolah dapat lebih fokus dalam fungsinya dan memiliki waktu yang cukup untuk
mengembangkan keahlian dan pengetahuan yang mereka miliki. Maka, setiap aspek dari
Teknologi Pendidikan dapat dikontrol.

1. Perkenalan
Pendidikan telah menjadi perjalanan panjang kehidupan dan salah satu hal terpenting itu
setiap manusia harus mendapatkannya. Tanpa pendidikan, tidak ada yang bisa selamat untuk
menghadapi Kehidupan. Terkadang seberapa jauh pendidikan seseorang, semakin dia akan
mendapatkan rasa hormat lainnya. Karena itu, pendidikan penting bagi semua orang.

2. Teknologi Pendidikan
Teknologi Pendidikan bukanlah teknologi baru yang bisa diimplementasikan
sistem Pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, kita dapat menemukan banyak definisi untuk istilah
Teknologi Pendidikan. Beberapa definisi adalah:
1. penggunaan teknologi untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran
2. teknologi multimedia atau alat bantu audiovisual sebagai alat untuk meningkatkan
pengajaran dan proses pembelajaran
3. proses berulang untuk merancang instruksi atau pelatihan yang digunakan untuk
meningkatkan kinerja.

Dari semua Teknologi Pendidikan itu terpengaruh tidak hanya media yang digunakan, tetapi
juga semua aspek dalam proses pembelajaran
Selain itu, tujuan akhir untuk mendorong untuk menggunakan sistem, lingkungan,
alat, produk, dan strategi yang dapat meningkatkan pembelajaran dan kompetensi manusia
Karena itu, Teknologi Pendidikan, tidak hanya menggunakan satu disiplin ilmu, tetapi juga
termasuk beberapa disiplin ilmu.

3. Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah

Dalam Pendidikan membutuhkan sistem manajemen pendidikan yang baik, untuk
membimbing semua siswa. Mereka tidak perlu khawatir tentang sekolah
manajemen administrasi. Namun, kenyataannya hampir setiap sekolah hanya berpikir
bagaimana administrasi sekolah harus dikelola. Untuk menerapkan sistem Manajemen
Berbasis Sekolah dengan benar, ada empat prinsip.
1. Kekuatan
Semua kepala sekolah memiliki kekuatan yang lebih besar daripada sistem lama dalam
membuat sekolah kebijakan. Kebijakan sekolah tidak datang dari atas ke bawah, tetapi dari
prinsip dari bawah ke atas. Karena itu, sekolah dapat berjalan lebih efektif dan efisien.
2. Pengetahuan
prinsip terpenting dalam sistem pengajaran, karena untuk membimbing
para siswa guru perlu memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup. Pengetahuan yang mereka miliki
harus diperbarui oleh pengetahuan baru, karena pengetahuan selalu
berubah. Teknologi Informasi dapat memberi peluang besar membantu semua personel
sekolah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan mereka. Mereka dapat belajar dengan
menggunakan sistem e-book, sistem multimedia atau sistem pembelajaran jarak jauh.
3. Sistem Informasi
Informasi adalah hal terpenting bagi sekolah untuk mengambil keputusan tentang kebijakan
mereka. Dalam sistem manual, waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengumpulkan semua
informasi penting sangat lama. Situasi ini dapat membuat kebijakan keluar terlambat dan
respons sekolah akan terlambat juga.
Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak yang sesuai, sekolah dapat mengumpulkan informasi
penting dalam waktu singkat. Karena itu, mereka dapat bereaksi terhadap situasi lebih cepat
daripada ketika mereka melakukannya secara manual.
Manfaat lain dari sistem informasi adalah membuat sekolah menjadi lebih mudah dalam
memantau proses, proses evaluasi, dan akuntabilitas. Selain itu, informasi yang penting untuk
setiap sekolah adalah semua informasi tentang setiap sekolah kemampuan atau keterampilan
guru, dan semua kemajuan siswa.

4. Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh

Ini adalah kontribusi lain dari Teknologi Informasi dalam Pendidikan
Teknologi. Dengan menggunakan konsep pembelajaran jarak jauh, guru dan siswa tidak
harus berada di kamar yang sama lagi. Mereka dapat ditempatkan di tempat yang berbeda,
alamat,kota, dan bahkan negara yang berbeda. Karena itu, guru dan siswa tidak terbatas
oleh dinding kelas lagi. Dengan menggunakan teknologi ini, tidak ada alasan untuk
mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak dapat belajar lagi karena jarak mereka dari kota atau tidak
ada buku untuk dibaca. Satu-satunya hal yang mereka butuhkan adalah jalur komunikasi
untuk berkomunikasi menggunakan Internet.
Semua orang dapat belajar dari setiap situs di Internet yang menyediakan layanan ini. Banyak
mata pelajaran pendidikan disediakan di setiap situs. Kami hanya perlu terhubung ke situs,
daripada belajar apa pun yang kita suka. Di beberapa situs, kita tidak hanya dapat belajar dari
situs,tetapi juga bisa mengunduh materi ke komputer kita menggunakan alat tertentu. Jadi
untuk belajar itu, kita tidak harus terhubung online ke situs.
5. Proses Evaluasi

Evaluasi adalah hal terakhir yang dibutuhkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Dengan
melakukan program evaluasi, siswa dapat mengetahui seberapa baik mereka tahu atau
memahami materi pelajaran tertentu. Hasil evaluasi dapat digunakan untuk menentukan
apakah siswa dapat melanjutkan belajar materi berikutnya atau harus pelajari materi pelajaran
lagi.
Dengan cara tradisional, proses evaluasi dilakukan dengan pertemuan tatap muka atau dengan
menggunakan kertas dan pensil. Dalam proses ini siswa dan guru harus berada dalam kondisi
yang sama tempat atau ruangan yang sama. Terkadang prosedur ini dapat menyebabkan
masalah, misalnya jika siswa sakit atau evaluasi dilakukan oleh siswa dari tempat yang jauh.
Jika situasi itu terjadi, siswa akan mendapat masalah. Pada kasus terburuk, itu
siswa akan gagal evaluasi tanpa mengambil evaluasi.
Dengan menerapkan Teknologi Informasi, situasi-situasi tersebut dapat ditangani. Itu
siswa dan guru tidak harus berada di ruangan yang sama atau di tempat yang sama. Mereka
bisa saling berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan jalur komunikasi. Komunikasi ini bisa
diadakan langsung atau melalui program tertentu. program dapat mengirimkan hasilnya
melalui situs di Internet. Metode evaluasi ini dapat membuat semua guru menjadi lebih
efektif dalam melakukan evaluasi terhadap suatu materi yang mereka didikan, karena dapat
mencapai tempat yang jauh dari tempat tinggal mereka dan siswa dapat mengikuti tes 24 jam
sehari.

Kesimpulan
Implementasi Teknologi Informasi dalam Teknologi Pendidikan dapat membawa banyak hal
manfaat. Manfaat terbesar yang bisa didapat institusi pendidikan adalah pendidikan
administrasi dapat lebih mudah dan efektif. Karena itu, guru bisa lebih
fokus untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan untuk diri mereka sendiri dan untuk siswa.
Implementasi ini sangat cocok untuk semua orang yang ingin meningkatkan
pengetahuan, termasuk mereka yang tinggal di desa yang memiliki jalur komunikasi
Dengan menggunakan Teknologi Informasi, tanggung jawab belajar tidak di
tangan guru, tetapi di tangan pelajar. Siapa yang mau belajar, mereka bisa mendapatkan apa
yang mereka ingin tahu.
89 Information Technology Contributions in Developing Education Technology Djoni Setiawan K
Information Technology Faculty Maranatha Christian University Jl. Prof. Drg. Suria Sumantri No. 65
Bandung 40164 Email: djoni.sk@itmaranatha.org or djoni.sk@eng.maranatha.edu Abstrak Teknologi
pendidikan adalah salah satu aspek yang setiap sekolah penyelenggara program pendidikan yang
harus diperhatikan. Semua bagian dari Teknologi Pendidikan memainkan peranan penting untuk
menghasilkan program pendidikan yang berhasil. Namun, tidak semua sekolah telah menerapkan
atau memperhatikan hal tersebut. Salah satu alasannya adalah kekurangan sumber daya manusia.
Teknologi Informasi adalah sebuah teknologi yang menyajikan sistem yang otomatis dan “mudah”
yang dapat memberikan beberapa solusi untuk menerapkan Teknologi Pendidikan di setiap sekolah.
Dengan memanfaatkan Teknologi Informasi, semua personil sekolah dapat lebih fokus di dalam
fungsinya dan memiliki waktu yang cukup untuk mengembangkan keahlian dan pengetahuan yang
mereka miliki. Maka, setiap aspek dari Teknologi Pendidikan dapat dikontrol. Terlebih lagi, alasan
tentang kekurangan sumber daya manusia dapat ditanggulangi dan penerapan Teknologi Pendidikan
dapat ditingkatkan. Kata kunci: Teknologi Pendidikan, Teknologi Informasi, pendidikan, sekolah 1.
Introduction Education has become long life journey and one of the most important things that
every human has to get. Without education, no one can be survives to face Life. Sometimes how
further someone’s education, the more respect he/she will get from others. Therefore, education is
important for everybody. The only way to reach high education level is we all have to go to school.
Without going to school, no one can get any knowledge as high as they want. However, there is one
problem to choose which school is the suitable school to improve our knowledge and abilities. Two
big reason that one school is different from the other school are how good all the educators that
they have and how the school management is being done. To find a school that has good teachers is
not an easy thing to do. All schools will claim that their schools have good teachers. However, in the
fact not all of the claims are true. The main problem that not all of the good teachers are not trying
to improve what they already have (knowledge or skills). They only teach everything that written on
the textbook that they used for teaching. If we asked, why they do Jurnal Informatika, Vol. 3, No.1,
Juni 2007:89-95 90 not want to improve their knowledge or abilities, the answer that we could get
are they do not have enough time to read another books or they do not know where they can get
information to improve it. We could find many schools still using manual management system.
Therefore, all daily information is fragmented on each department or person who has the authority
to access it. Sometimes each department or person does not know what is going on, does not know
what the latest news, or forget what happen in past view months or years. The main reason that
caused all of this things is that everybody is very busy doing they own work, there is no document to
write any news, or doesn't have enough time to communicated all information to others. These
situations can be worsen if it involves many school’s personnel at once. This entire situation makes
every school tries to improve their system management and their personnel on their own. However,
in the other hands, for the school with no motivation or have small personnel cannot do such things.
If we want to stop all this things and want to improve all schools to be equal, we need something to
make all things came true, instead of a same curriculum. The joining of Information Technology and
Education Technology will produce one big solution for all problems that we have discussed above.
2. Educational Technology Education Technology is not a new technology that can be implemented
on education system. Therefore, we can find many definitions for the term of Educational
Technology. Some of the definitions are: 1. the use of technology to support the learning process
[Edt05] 2. multimedia technologies or audiovisual aids as a tool to enhance the teaching and learning
process [Int05] 3. iterative process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance
[Bob05] From all definitions above, we could define ourselves that Education Technology affected
not only the media used, but also all aspect in the learning process (including educational
management). In addition, the final goal for improving Educational Technology is to encourage to
use wisely of systems, environments, tools, products, and strategies that can enhance human
learning and competence [Bob05]. Therefore, Educational Technology, not only used one discipline,
but also included several disciplines. Some of those disciplines are Instructional Systems Design,
School Management System, Human Learning Concepts, and so on. 3. School Based Management
Every organization needs a good management system, including education system. In a good
education management system, all personnel involved are giving their efforts to guide the all
students. They do not have to worry too much about school administration management. However,
in reality, almost every school just think how the school administration has to be managed. The
guidance to the students Information Technology Contributions in Developing Education Technology
(Djoni Setiawan K) 91 only based on how the teacher will teach them and school’s control to them,
sometimes, is not enough. Therefore, we could find the teaching standard for every teacher is not
same, even in the same school. In order to help every school to manage their school’s
administration, Information Technology can take a huge help. By developing a best school’s
management software, all things that related to school’s administration now are in the software,
and not done manually. All school’s personnel can be more focus to guide the their students. They
only have to think what they have to do based on every data from the software. This condition
related to School Based Management (SBM) terminology. In School Based Management, every
decision has to come out from its school itself, not by other means to improve the school’s product
[Zam05] [Dik05]. If this situation can come true, the school can be strong, independence, innovative,
and can bring supportive environment for everybody. The school can be more responsive to all
conditions and problems that come out at last, all the student’s parent and the society around the
school could participate fully to develop a good education environment. In order to implement
School Based Management system correctly, there are four principles [Dik05]: 1. Power All school’s
headmaster has bigger power than old system in making school’s policy. The school’s policy not
came from top-down, but from bottom-up principle. Therefore, the schools can run more effective
and efficiently. 2. Knowledge This principle is the most important principle in teaching system,
because to guide the students the teachers need to have enough knowledge. The knowledge that
they have should always be updated by the new knowledge, because knowledge always changing. In
this principle, Information Technology can give huge opportunity to help all the school’s personnel to
improve their knowledge. They can learn by using e-book system, multimedia system or distance-
learning system. 3. Information System Information is the most important thing for any school to
make any decision concerning their policy. In the manual system, the time needed to collect
allimportant information is very long. This situation can make the policy came out too late and the
school’s response will be late also. By using appropriate school information system software, the
school can collect the important information in a short time. Therefore, they can react to the
situation faster than when they doing it manually. Another benefit of a good information system in
school is making the school to be easier in monitor process, evaluating process, and accountability.
Beside that, information that is important for every school is all information about every teacher’s
ability or skills, and all student progress. Jurnal Informatika, Vol. 3, No.1, Juni 2007:89-95 92 4.
Appreciation Program This program is needed to encourage all personnel involved in the program.
The targets of this program is not only for the teacher, but also to the students and school’s
employees. By implementing this program, we hope the motivation and work ethos can be
developed. How good this program can be implemented in every school depends on the school’s
resources. The bigger the school’s resources, the bigger the program can be held. 4. Learning
Process How good the student can learn for any knowledge based on how good the teacher can
transfer their knowledge. In fact, not all teachers have enough knowledge, even for their own major
subject. One of the teacher's problems is the limitation of teacher’s knowledge. The reasons for this
limitation are the are already feel satisfied for what they already have and they do not know where
they can find another subject materials to enhance their knowledge. For the reason of satisfaction
for what already have, there are no tools that can be used to increase the knowledge. The only way
to solve this is that they have to have motivation to change in their mindset. Without it nothing can
be changed. For anyone who does not know where to find any subject to enhance their knowledge,
Information Technology can offer many choices. They can learn by reading any e-books that
downloaded form the Internet to read and learn from multimedia tools or asking questions to the
community in the Internet. By using e-books, the teacher can learn and keep the material. All this e-
books can be found in many sites in the Internet. Some of them can be downloaded freely and some
of them have to pay some amount of money. Beside of that problem, one thing for sure is the e-
books can help all teachers to find the right material to enhance their knowledge. On using
multimedia tools, all teachers can choose many kinds of media to help them learn about any subject
material. They can use movie or use interactive media to explain any education’s material. We can
find in the market, many CDs or video tapes contain the material that can be used by the teacher to
explain any teaching subject. All these tools are easy to use and easy to find. They just need
television and CD or video player to use all those materials. In interactive multimedia system, the
system can give more attractive education method. The students can explore more thoroughly for
what they are interested in. The students are not only focus for one subject, but also they can
expand the knowledge to another subject which is connected. This method can lift up exploring
experience for the students. In order to get a good interactive multimedia system, Information
Technology is needed with collaboration with another technology (like user interface technology,
psychology, etc.). So in this solution, Information Technology can give a big contribution to
encourage the sense of learning for every people. Information Technology Contributions in
Developing Education Technology (Djoni Setiawan K) 93 If in all these learning processes, someone
have difficulties, they can use the Information Technology to facilitate communication with anyone
who has the same interest. This facility can be found in many sites in the Internet. Every subject has
their own sites to communicate. They can be discussed about something or argued for something
new aspects of technology. One benefit by using this facility is the student can know from other
people about the subject that he or she is interested in, and then can take the benefit from the
discussion or from the argumentation. Another tool that can help some one to learn about certain
subject is using a game or a simulation [Edt05]. By using this tool, the learner can make any
experiments without any possibilities to harm themselves. They can make the experiment from the
basic experiment to the extreme experiment that very dangerous to be done in the laboratories. The
bottom line of using Information Technology in learning process are the student can get every
information that they need in easy way and they can interact with other that have a same interest.
This condition can bring the student to be more enhanced in their own major subject. 5. Distance
Learning This is another contribution of Information Technology in Educational Technology. By using
distance learning concept, the teacher and the student do not have to be in the same room again.
They can be placed in different place, address, city, and even different country. Therefore, the
teacher and the student not limited by the classroom walls any longer. By using this technology,
there is no reason to say that they cannot learn again because of their distance from the city or no
books to read. The only thing that they need is a communication line to communicate using the
Internet. Everybody can learn from every site in Internet that provides this service. Many education
subjects are provided in each site. We only had to connect to the site, than learn anything that we
like. In some sites, we not only can learn from the site, but also can download the material to our
computer using certain tools. So to learn it, we do not have to connect online to the site. In this case,
this learning system is much more like using the e-books, but had a view differences. One of the
differences is we need a program to get the material. This program can only get from the sites that
supporting the study materials. In distance learning program, we could find a facility to
communicate with our tutor too. This facility is very important, because the learning speeds of the
students are not same and can be used to increasing the knowledge of the student for a certain
material. Some distance learning system also included other facilities such as digital library or e-
journal [Edt05]. Both facilities give opportunity for the entire member to search about the material
that they interested in. In digital library, every registered member can find any textbook or other
complementary material concerning the Jurnal Informatika, Vol. 3, No.1, Juni 2007:89-95 94 subject
that they like. The e-journal only published by the education institution. In this e-journal, the
member can read the report of any research that already taken by someone. It is important for a
student to read some journal, because they can see how fast the development technology. 6.
Evaluation Process Evaluation is the last thing that the student needs in a learning process. By doing
the evaluation program, the student can know how good they have known or understand for a
certain subject material. The result of the evaluation can be used to determine whether the student
can continue to study next material or have to learn the study material again. In traditional ways,
evaluation process is done by face to face meeting or by using a paper and pencil. In this process the
student and the teacher has to be in a same place or a same room. Sometimes this procedure can
cause a problem, for example if the student is getting ill or the evaluation taken by a student from
far place. If those situations happen, the student will get into problem. On the worst case, the
student will be failed the evaluation without taking the evaluation. By implementing the Information
Technology, those situations can be handled. The student and the teacher do not have to be in a
same room or a same place. They can communicate each other by using communication line. This
communication can be held live or through a specific program. In distance learning program, there is
a specific program that can be used to evaluate the student. This program can be embedded to the
downloaded program or have to online through the Internet. If the program was embedded to the
program, the questions must be downloaded first, than the student can answer it by offline. After
finish answering the questions, the program can deliver the result through the site in the Internet.
This evaluation method can make all teachers to be more effective in making an evaluation of a
material that they educated, because can reach a far place from they are stay and the student can
take the test 24 hours a day 7 days a week. The last thing that the teacher can get from using
Information Technology in the evaluation process is they can get the test analysis after the test was
taken. From this analysis, every teacher can determine what they have to do to teach the same
material in the future, which material that not well known by the student or how the response of
the student to every questions. Although the question may be same for every test, the analysis
result can not be the same. So the analysis result can help the teacher and the school to make a new
policy about the education program. 7. Conclusion Implementation Information Technology in
Education Technology can bring many benefits. The biggest benefit that the education institution can
get is the education’s Information Technology Contributions in Developing Education Technology
(Djoni Setiawan K) 95 administration can be more easy and effective. Therefore, the teacher can be
more focus to improving knowledge for themselves and for the student. This implementation is very
suitable for everybody who want to improve the knowledge, included they who live in the village
which had a communication line By using the Information Technology, the learning responsibilities
not in the teacher hand, but in the learner's hand. Who want to learn, they could get what they want
to know. References [Bob05] Bob Hoffman, Encyclopedia of Educational Technology, San Diego State
University. Retrieved December, 26 2005 from http://coe.sdsuedu/eet/ [Dik05] Dikmenum, MBS
Dalam Teori. Retrieved December, 29 2005 from http://www.dikmenum.go.id/content. php?
cid=4&sid=4&mode=view&id=10 [Edt05] Edtech, The Meaning of Educational Technology. Retrieved
December 24, 2005 from http://edtech. twinisles.com/ [Int05] International Technology Education
Association, Definitions and Terminology of Educational Techno-logy and Technology Education.
Retrieved December, 24 2005 from http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/technology/ nclb/definition.htm
[Zam05] Zamroni, Prof. Dr., Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah: Peranti Reformasi Sistem Pendidikan.
Retrieved December, 29 2005 from http://www.dikmenum.go.id/ content.php?cid=8&sid=25&id=5