CATATAN

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SOSIALISASI
DEFINISI
▪ proses pembelajaran & orientasi
jangkahayat yang dilalui individu
▪ membolehkan manusia menguasai
cara hidup & budaya
masyarakatnya
▪ merealisasikan potensi diri &
menjadi sebagai sebahagian
anggota masyarakat
SOSIALISASI & PERKEMBANGAN MANUSIA
▪ perdebatan “nature vs. nurture”
▪ Darwin - proses evolusi biologikal mempertingkatkan
keupayaan manusia meneruskan kehidupan (survivability)
▪ John B. Watson - corak laku tertentu dipelajari & bukannya
dibentuk
▪ Margaret Mead - pelaziman mewujudkan perbezaan perilaku
individu.
CATATAN
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Macionis (2012:102)
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SOSIALISASI
PROSES SOSIALISASI
▪ proses penguasaan unsur kebudayaan & cara hidup yang
berlaku sepanjang hayat
▪ mengenalpasti kuasa persekitaran dalam pembentukan
tingkah laku
George Herbert Mead (1863 – 1931)
▪ “The Self” - satu dimensi personaliti yang terbentuk oleh
kesedaran kendiri & imej kendiri individu
“No hard-and-fast line
can be drawn between
our own selves and the
selves of others”
▪ terbentuk hanya dari pengalaman sosial; tidak
akan terbentuk secara biologikal & tiada kaitan
biologikal
▪ pengalaman sosial adalah berasaskan penguasaan
simbol & makna yang terkandung di sebalik simbol
▪ e.g. tiga (3) tahap perkembangan kendiri
kanak-kanak: persediaan (preparatory),
bermain (play) & permainan (game)
▪ Charles Horton Cooley (1864 - 1929) – looking
glass self – imej kendiri berasaskan bagaimana
kita melihat pandangan (penilaian) orang lain
terhadap diri kita.
CATATAN
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SOSIALISASI CATATAN
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EJEN SOSIALISASI
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▪ proses sosialisasi dibantu oleh beberapa faktor:
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Keluarga
▪ agen paling utama / signifikan bagi individu .....................................................
▪ menyediakan persekitaran pembelajaran & emosi bagi kanak- .....................................................
kanak
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▪ memberikan asas pembentukan identiti & konsep kendiri (e.g.
identiti ras & personaliti) .....................................................
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Theorists using a functionalist perspective emphasize .....................................................

that families serve important functions in society .....................................................
because they are the primary locus for the procreation and
socialization of children. Most of us form an emerging sense .....................................................
of self and acquire most of our beliefs and values within the
family context. We also learn about the larger dominant .....................................................
culture (including language, attitudes, beliefs, values, and
norms) and the primary subcultures to which our parents .....................................................
and other relatives belong. .....................................................
Kendall (2012:87)

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Persekolahan .....................................................
▪ memperluaskan skop sosialisasi (selain golongan “significant .....................................................
others”) .....................................................
▪ membina konsep kemasyarakatan, interaksi & kepentingannya,
e.g. ras, gender, kesamaan .....................................................
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For all children, the lessons learned in school include more than the
formal lesson plans. Schools also informally teach many things, which
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together might be called the hidden curriculum. Activities such as
spelling bees teach children not only how to spell words but also how
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society divides the population into ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. Organized
sports help students develop their.....................................................
strength and skills and also teach
children important life lessons in cooperation and competition. For
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most children, school is also the first experience with bureaucracy.
The school day is based on impersonal rules and a strict time
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schedule.
Macionis (2012:112)
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▪ menguasai nilai (persaingan, kejayaan), impersonaliti, formaliti, .....................................................

perbezaan rol / peranan (gender). .....................................................
SOSIALISASI CATATAN
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EJEN SOSIALISASI
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Rakan Sebaya (Peer Group)
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▪ kelompok yang memiliki minat, kedudukan sosial dan usia
yang sama .....................................................
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▪ proses pembelajaran tanpa campurtangan dewasa
▪ membentuk persaingan dengan agen sosialisasi utama
Kendall (2012:90)
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SOSIALISASI
EJEN SOSIALISASI
Media Massa
▪ suatu bentuk komunikasi
impersonal yang ditujukan kepada
audien yang besar bilangannya
▪ televisyen - media paling meluas
& paling besar kesannya dalam
membentuk pemikiran, sikap &
tingkah laku
▪ internet - media utama yang
berpotensi mempengaruhi minda
& tingkah laku, e.g. Arab Spring
▪ keganasan dikaitkan dengan
pengaruh media seperti
televisyen & games / internet.
CATATAN
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SOSIALISASI
SOSIALISASI SEMULA
▪ proses di mana manusia yang tingkah
lakunya menyimpang dari jangkaan
masyarakat diasingkan dan diberikan
‘latihan’ pembentukan kendiri
▪ mengubah personaliti individu terbabit
secara radikal dengan kaedah kawalan
persekitaran
▪ bertujuan mewujudkan perubahan jangka
panjang terhadap penghuninya
Kendall (2012:99)
▪ melibatkan proses dua bahagian:
▪ merombak identiti (e.g. ‘penghinaan diri’) -
menyerahkan barangan personal,
mengenakan ‘uniform’ & melalui proses
“mortifications of self” (e.g. mencukur
rambut, melalui pemeriksaan & diberikan
‘nombor siri’)
▪ pembentukan diri yang baru - melalui
mekanisme ganjaran & hukuman (e.g.
bekerja untuk ‘simple rewards’)
▪ berpotensi mewujudkan kesan negatif /
positif e.g. “institutionalized individual”.
CATATAN
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According to Erving Goffman (1961), total
institutions have three important characteristics.
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First, staff members supervise all aspects of daily
life, including when and where residents (often
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called “inmates”) eat, sleep, and work. Second, life in
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a total institution is controlled and standardized,
with the same food, uniforms, and activities for
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everyone. Third, formal rules dictate when, where,
and how inmates perform their daily routines.
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Macionis (2012:118)
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