CATATAN

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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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DEFINISI
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Macionis (2012:54)
▪ ciri unik yang hanya dimiliki oleh spesis manusia
▪ manusia memiliki kapasiti / keupayaan mengguna & mencipta
budaya:
▪ manusia berupaya menggunakan simbol
▪ manusia tidak berupaya hidup dengan bergantung kepada
naluri
▪ budaya merangkumi bukan sahaja elemen subjektif /
simbolik tetapi juga unsur material
▪ budaya / elemen budaya boleh dikenalpasti melalui
beberapa ciri:
▪ budaya sentiasa mengalami perubahan
▪ budaya adalah sesuatu yang dipelajari
▪ budaya adalah sesuatu yang dikongsi
▪ budaya memiliki nilai / fungsi integratif
▪ kesinambungan hidup manusia bergantung kepada
pengamalan unsur budaya (e.g. memenuhi keperluan
biologikal).
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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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JENIS-JENIS BUDAYA
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▪ kewujudan budaya merangkumi dua dimensi: pemikiran
(thoughts) dan benda (things) .....................................................
Budaya Kebendaan (Material) .....................................................
▪ merangkumi unsur kebendaan yang konkrit & nyata .....................................................
▪ dicipta, dibuat digunakan & dikongsi bersama .....................................................
▪ mewakili perlambangan untuk maksud / makna tertentu .....................................................
(simbolik)
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Macionis (2012:56)
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Budaya Bukan Kebendaan (Non-material) .....................................................

▪ merangkumi unsur idea, prinsip, nilai, peraturan, norma, .....................................................
CRITICAL
pemikiran, dsb. yang mempengaruhi cara hidup masyarakat THINKING
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▪ diwujudkan sebagai unsur yang mengatur kehidupan & FIKIRKAN: Memiliki rumah
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diamalkan secara perkongsian (e.g. undang-undang). kediaman yang besar dan
selesa, serta kenderaan
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mewah adalah penting
bagi kesejahteraan hidup
manusia. Pada masa sama,
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mempunyai sikap yang
baik, rasa hormat dan
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kepatuhan terhadap nilai
masyarakat juga antara ciri
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penting sesebuah
masyarakat yang
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bertamadun. Kedua-dua
unsur budaya ini boleh
dilihat sebagai saling
melengkapi antara satu
sama lain.
 BUDAYA
CATATAN
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KOMPONEN (ELEMEN) BUDAYA
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▪ elemen-elemen yang lazim wujud dalam kebanyakan budaya:
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Simbol
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▪ sesuatu yang membawa makna tertentu & diinternalisasikan
oleh individu dalam kelompok budaya yang sama; asas .....................................................
kepada elemen budaya lain
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▪ sesuatu yang digunakan untuk memberi makna kepada
pengalaman .....................................................
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Macionis (2012:58)

▪ dicipta & dibentuk secara berterusan; seringkali diambil
ringan (sehinggalah muncul keadaan yang memerlukan
pemahaman)
▪ ‘culture shock’ – kekangan antara inventori simbol dengan
pengalaman semasa
▪ unsur perwakilan yang dinamik, boleh berubah mengikut
keadaan / pentafsiran.
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Macionis (2012:56)
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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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KOMPONEN (ELEMEN) BUDAYA
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Bahasa
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▪ sistem simbol yang membolehkan manusia berkomunikasi &
transmisi budaya .....................................................
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Macionis (2012:60) .....................................................
Kendall (2012:48)

▪ membentuk pengalaman & membina ‘realiti’ – individu
melihat dan memahami dunia melalui kanta bahasa (Sapir-
Whorf hypothesis, 1941)
▪ bahasa mengandungi unsur emosi.
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BUDAYA
KOMPONEN (ELEMEN) BUDAYA
Nilai & Kepercayaan
▪ nilai - piawai yang ditentukan oleh
masyarakat & digunakan untuk
menentukan kebaikan & keelokan
sebagai garispanduan untuk kehidupan
▪ nilai dikongsi & menjadi landasan untuk
membuat pilihan dalam kehidupan
▪ kepercayaan – buah fikiran atau idea
spesifik yang diyakini kebenarannya
▪ berasaskan prinsip umum yang
terkandung dalam nilai
▪ kenapa masyarakat membenci &
menentang keganasan (terrorism)?
CATATAN
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Macionis (2012:61)
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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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KOMPONEN (ELEMEN) BUDAYA
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Norma
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▪ peraturan & jangkaan masyarakat yang menjadi garis
panduan untuk tingkah laku & ejen kawalan sosial .....................................................
▪ bersifat perilaku proscriptive (should not do) & .....................................................
prescriptive (should do)
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Kendall (2012:54)
▪ tiga bentuk norma:
▪ mores – norma yang diamalkan secara meluas & memiliki .....................................................
implikasi moral yang tinggi (ada isbat yang berat) .....................................................
▪ folkways – norma yang rutin & diamalkan secara kasual
(tiada isbat) .....................................................
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▪ laws – norma yang formal dan dimaktubkan (ada isbat .....................................................
berat)
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▪ bersumberkan nilai
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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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KOMPONEN (ELEMEN) BUDAYA
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Budaya Ideal & Real
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▪ budaya ideal – amalan / garispanduan yang
diterima oleh masyarakat .....................................................
▪ budaya real – amalan yang diamalkan / .....................................................
dipraktikkan
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Henslin (2012:56)

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BUDAYA
ANALISIS TEORI TENTANG BUDAYA
Teori Fungsionalisme
▪ budaya merupakan strategi kompleks bagi memenuhi
keperluan manusia, e.g. mewujudkan keseimbangan
sistem sosial
▪ budaya memiliki fungsi tertentu:
▪ menentu arah kehidupan – menyediakan nilai & norma
untuk dipatuhi
▪ memberi makna kepada tingkah laku
▪ ‘mengikat’ individu – memberikan identiti &
mewujudkan solidariti
▪ budaya sebagai elemen disfungsi – apabila amalan
budaya membawa kerosakan / ketidakseimbangan
▪ e.g. budaya fanatik / sub-budaya
CATATAN
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Kendall (2012:64)
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BUDAYA
ANALISIS TEORI TENTANG BUDAYA
Teori Konflik
▪ budaya merupakan instrumen yang mempromosikan
ketidaksamarataan – budaya hanya wujud untuk kepentingan
sesetengah kelompok
▪ nilai budaya golongan dominan mendominasi pemikiran &
mengekalkan status quo (e.g. kapitalisme)
▪ golongan berkuasa merupakan golongan yang bekerja keras &
layak memonopoli sumber / berkuasa
▪ sistem yang sedia wujud (e.g. kapitalisme)
adalah suatu yang perlu diterima (natural)
▪ budaya mewujudkan ketegangan akibat ketidaksamarataan &
mendorong berlakunya revolusi
CATATAN
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Kendall (2012:64-65)
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BUDAYA
CATATAN
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TAFSIRAN TERHADAP BUDAYA
Kendall (2012:64-67)

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Kepelbagaian Budaya
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▪ variasi / diversiti yang terdapat
dalam (kesan daripada) pengamalan .....................................................
budaya: .....................................................
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▪ dimensi kepelbagaian budaya Macionis (2012:64-66)

▪ kebudayaan dominan .....................................................

▪ sub budaya .....................................................
▪ pertentangan budaya .....................................................
(counterculture)
▪ high culture & popular culture .....................................................
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Macionis (2012:64-64)
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Macionis (2012:64-64)
BUDAYA
CATATAN
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TAFSIRAN TERHADAP BUDAYA
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Etnosentrisme
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▪ kecenderungan menilai budaya lain menggunakan piawai
budaya sendiri .....................................................
▪ menghasilkan reaksi yang bias - menganggap budaya sendiri .....................................................
lebih tinggi darjatnya (mulia)
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Kendall (2012:64-62)

Xenosentrisme .....................................................
▪ kecenderungan menilai budaya sendiri menggunakan piawai
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budaya lain
▪ menghasilkan reaksi yang bias - menganggap budaya asing .....................................................
lebih tinggi darjatnya (mulia) .....................................................
Temposentrisme .....................................................
▪ kecenderungan menilai budaya & cara hidup semasa lebih .....................................................
baik berbanding amalan masyarakat terdahulu
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Relativisme Budaya
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▪ amalan menilai budaya mengikut piawai budaya itu sendiri
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Macionis (2012:69)

▪ melihat pengamalan budaya sebagai suatu yang relatif
dengan kehendak & keperluan masyarakat yang
mengamalkannya.
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