Coverage Planning Course

Coverage Planning Principle
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Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
2
Radio Propagation Environment
Multi-path propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
3
Reflections
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 µs
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window
4
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
5
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
6
Objective of Propagation Model
The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss
during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and
artificial environments
The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning. A good model mean more precise planning.
The propagation model depends on the working frequency
of the system. Different propagation models have different
working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation
model differs from the out door propagation model
Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can get familiar with the
overall landforms, estimate the rough antenna height, and select the proper radio
propagation model, among which the radio propagation model helps you estimate
the number of base station when predicting the coverage. If necessary, you must
adjust the propagation model.
7
Land Usage Types
Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation
Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with

season (foliage loss)
Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not

use as antenna or site location
8
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
9
Cell Coverage Range
Achievable cell coverage depend on
Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
Surroundings and environment
Antenna type
Antenna direction
Minimum required signal level
Difference band coverage area will be difference. Normally
10
Min. Receiving Level
On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

+ FastFading m arg in + L penetration
On Uplink
Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration
11
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
Level (dB)
+10
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5m
12
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
13
Min. Receive Level
Application Environment Min. Receiving Level Given
Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Density urban, indoor ? dBm Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=18
Sms=-102dBm
Resident area, indoor ? dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Penetration Loss=10
Sms=-102dBm
Outdoor ? dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
14
Min. Receive Level
Application Environment Min. Receiving Level Given
Sms=-102dBm
Density urban, indoor -70dBm Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Penetration Loss=18
Sms=-102dBm
Resident area, indoor -80dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Penetration Loss=10
Sms=-102dBm
Outdoor -90dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
15
Link Budget
Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive
Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Min receive
GSM has two frequency bands: 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Each band has
different transmission characteristics. Long wavelength comes with little diffraction
loss and short wavelength comes with little building penetration loss. Indoor wave
component is the superimposition of penetration component and diffraction
component. Diffraction component constitutes most of the wave component, and
therefore, the indoor and outdoor level difference of 1800 MHz is greater than that
of 900 MHz. Because of the issues such as complex transmission environment and
the direction of incident waves, quantify indoor and outdoor level difference is not
very practical. The best way is to carry out level difference test in special
environment for planning optimization.
16
Link Budget Model
On downlink
Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive
On uplink
Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive
17
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS Tx power
Maximum BS Tx power.
Maximum power of the antenna：Ptrx-Lcdu
Maximum MS Tx power
900:2W
1800:1W
BS antenna gain
Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi;
directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi.
MS antenna gain
Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are
considered to be 0dB.
18
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS receiver sensitivity
-112.5dBm
The sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment
MS receiver sensitivity
-102dBm
19
No Combining
TX1
TX
IN1
TCOM combiner
combiner
TRX0
TRX0
IN2
TX2
RXM1
TX
RXD1
RXM2 TRX1
TRX1
RXD2
For the cell which just has one or two TRX, the TRX will not be connected to the
combiner and directly connected to DDPU (Dual Duplexer Unit for DTRU BTS). So it is
combiner loss will be 0---1 dB.
The DDPU is for sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna
through the duplexer
Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the transceiver in
the DTRU
20
Wide Band Combining
TX1
IN1
TX
TCOM
combiner
combiner
TRX0
TRX0
IN2
TX2
TX
TRX1
TRX1
If for the cell which has more than two TRX, TRX0 and TRX1 will be connected to
the combiner first and then connected to DDPU. It’s combiner
loss will be 3.3+1=4.3dB
The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM (Combining Unit for DTRU BTS） in the
DAFU subrack of the forepart of RF subsystem. It is indispensable. Generally, the number
of DDPU is one at least and three at most. Without the DCOM, there can be at most six
DDPUs
Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna through the
duplexer
Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the transceiver in
the DTRU
The DCOM is optional and there are a maximum three DCOMs. The DTRU
combines two carriers into one channel. The DCOM is required when the DTRUs
are insufficent
The DCOM combines the 2-route DTRU transmission signals and outputs them to
the DDPU
21
Feeder and Jumper
Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMA Wall
Panel Antenna
Feeder jumper
BTS
feeder
connector
In a wireless telecommunication system, the antenna provides the interface between base
transceiver station (BTS) and outside propagation mediums. One set of antenna can both
radiate and receive radio waves. When radiating radio waves, it converts high frequency
current into electromagnetic wave; when receiving radio waves, it converts the
electromagnetic wave into high frequency current.
During network planning, the right antenna is selected according to the radio environment
of the BTS. The parameters, such as antenna height, antenna azimuth angle, tilt angle, are
decided based on the selected antenna.
Antenna is directly related to uplink and downlink converges, so are the radio frequency
(RF) components, such as feeder cable, combiner, and duplexer.
22
Antenna Feeder System—Feeder
Feeder:
Frequently-used specification:
7/8 ", 5/4 "
How to choose a feeder Feeder loss
900MHZ 1800MHZ 900MHZ 1800MHZ
5/4 “ >80 meters >50 meters 5/4 “ 3dB/100m 4dB/100m
7/8 " <=80meters <=50meters 7/8 " 5dB/100m 6dB/100m
The curvature of the feeders shall not be

too large, and the conductor surface is 1/2 jumper length (m) 11dB/100m
required to well connected with the ground
Loss of frequently-used feeders
23
Coverage Probability
area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage

of area in which receive signal strength (RxLev) is always higher than
RxLev threshold
edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage

time when the receive signal strength (RxLev) is always larger than
the of RxLev threshold
Sometimes during the planning, coverage probability also have to consider. And for
high coverage probability, high shadow fading margin reserved. Normally, there are
two types coverage probabilities: area coverage probability and edge coverage
probability.
According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading and the requirements for
the border coverage probability (determined by the operator), we can calculate the
edge coverage probability by formula.
24
Area coverage probability to edge
coverage probability
area coverage
50% 60% 75% 80% 85% 90% 91% 93% 95% 97% 98% 100%
probability
Dense
20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
urban
urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
edge
Rural
coverage 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
probability area
village 17% 27% 46% 54% 63% 73% 76% 80% 85% 90% 93% 100%
High
6% 14% 32% 50% 51% 64% 66% 72% 79% 86% 90% 100%
way
Check this table, we can know the relationship of area coverage probability and edge
coverage probability.
25
Margin
To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the shadow
fading margin.
Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates

around this value. It is subjected to the logarithmic normal
distribution as the location and time varies.
Note : the 75% edge coverage probability is corresponding to the 90% area
coverage probability.
Concept of communication probability: Success call rate of MS on the

radio coverage border or in the cell
Category of communication probability: location probability and time

probability
In general, the time change has little impact on the communication

probability, so it can be neglected.
26
Area coverage probability to expected
shadow fading margin
50% 60% 75% 80% 90% 92% 93% 95% 97% 98% 99% 100%
Dense Urban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Urban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
SubUrban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Rural Area -6.6 -4.3 -0.6 0.8 4.3 5.4 5.9 7.2 9.1 10.4 12.3 19.2
High Way -6.1 -4.4 -1.8 0 1.4 2 2.4 3.2 4.3 5.1 6.5 10.4
27
Min. Receiving Level
On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in

+ FastFading m arg in + L penetration + shadow fading margin
On Uplink
Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in

+ L penetration + shadow fading margin
28
Example
MS sensitivity (dBm) -102
MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30
BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46
BTS combiner loss (dB) 1
7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m
1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m
feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5
BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector

?
loss (dB)
BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17
Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm)

?
29
Example
expected area coverage probability 97%
corresponding edge coverage probability 91%
expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?dB

Noise correction (dB) (interference margin) 2
Body loss (penetration loss) 4
Fast fading margin 1dB
clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) 2dB
MS antenna gain 1dB
allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) ?
30
Distance and Coverage Area
3 – Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Site distance: D=1.5R Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2 Coverage Area=2.598R2
31
Example
500
Expected coverage area
dimension（km2）
Omni
Site type
Cell radius（km） 0.80
Cell dimenstion（km2） ?
Expected BTS number ?
32
Link Balance Tool
link balance
33
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
34
Why Indoors
Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
With the rapid development of economy, hotels, commercial centers, large-

scale flats, underground railways, and underground parking areas are arising
by batch. As a result, mobile stations are more frequently used in indoor
environment. Thus, they require better indoor mobile communication services.
Generally, the following problems are present in indoor mobile

communication systems:
From the perspective of coverage, the complex indoor structure and the
shielding and absorbing effect of the buildings cause great radio wave
transmission loss. As a result, the signals in some areas may be weak,
especially the signals in the first and second floors in the underground are
quite weak, or even there are dead zones. In this case, mobile stations cannot
necessarily access the network, there is no paging response, or subscribers are
not in service areas.
From the perspective of network quality, the factors interfering radio

frequencies are probably present in upper floors of high buildings. In this case,
the signals in service areas are not stable, so “ping pong effect” may occur and
conversation quality cannot be ensured.
From the perspective of network capacity, if mobile stations are frequently

used in buildings, such as large-scale shopping centers, conference halls,
some areas in the network cannot meet the35 requirements of subscribers. In
this case,
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Building Penetration Loss
signal level increases with floor

number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building penetration loss

margin
Big differences between rooms with window and without window(10~15 dB)
36
Building Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between
different building materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
37
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Antennas
Small BTS
Mini BTS
Distribute antenna
Repeater Leaky cable

Active Signal distribution
Passive
Power splitter
Optical
Optical fiber
38
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs
39
Indoor Coverage Examples
With Repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building
Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna

Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
Outdoor Antenna
50m -50 dBm Gain: 18 dBi
1:1 4th floor

50m
7/8'' Cable
1:1 50m
Loss: 4dB / 50m 4th Floor
1:1 3rd floor Cable length : 25m
50m
3rd Floor
1:1 50m
1:1
2nd floor 2nd Floor
50m
50m 1st Floor
1:1:1 1:1 1st floor

50m Ground Floor
50m
Indoor Antenna
1:1 ground floor Gain: 9dBi
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building
40
Repeater
Application examples
Coverage for low traffic area
Remote valley
Tunnel
Underground coverage
needs
decoupling > amplification
41
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
The tunnel types include railway tunnel (or metro tunnel), highway
tunnel.
Highway tunnel is wide, select the antennas with a larger size to
obtain a higher gain, coverage distance is larger.
Railway tunnel is narrow, the antenna size and gain are greatly
restricted. Especially the radio propagation is greatly affected by
passing train.
The tunnel types include railway tunnel, highroad tunnel, and underground
railway tunnel. Each tunnel has its characteristics, and they are specified as
follows.
For the highroad tunnel, it is wide. The coverage in the highroad tunnels is
relatively stable. When there are vehicles passing by, you can select the
antennas with a larger size to obtain a higher gain, so the coverage distance is
larger.
For the railway tunnel, it is narrow, especially when there is a train passing
by; only a little room is left in the tunnel, so the radio propagation is greatly
affected. Moreover, the train has great effect on radio signals. Since the
antenna installation room is quite limited, the antenna size and gain are
greatly restricted. In addition, because general cars cannot be driven to such
tunnels, the tunnel coverage is hard to be tested. Therefore, the planning for
highroad coverage is different from that of the railway coverage.
42
Short and Middle Tunnels Coverage
Generally, the tunnels shorter than 100m are defined as short
tunnels. l the antenna can be installed at the tunnel entrance so as
to ensure coverage.
For the tunnels shorter than 500m, can use the combination of a
micro base station and a single antenna (or a repeater) for the
tunnel coverage, and install the antenna in the middle of the
tunnel.
43
Long Tunnels Coverage
For the tunnels longer than 500m, you need to use the distributed
antenna system or the leaky cable for the coverage.
For the coverage of still longer tunnels, use amplifiers to amplify

signals. That is, you can use either the distributed antenna system
or the leaky cable for the coverage solution. In terms of technical
indexes and installation space, coverage solution based on leaky
cable is recommended.
44
Tunnels Coverage
If outside tunnel and within the tunnel belong to the difference cell,
handover problem will occur. To solve this problem, can consider
adopting the following methods:
Adopt the bi-directional antenna for the tunnel coverage, because
it can provide enough overlapping area for handover.
Enable special handover algorithms, such as fast level fall
handover algorithm. In this case, a mobile station can hand over
to another cell when the signal level falls fast.
Select the directional antenna with small front-to-back ratio.
45
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving
46
Transmitting diversity
TDMA
Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXA
TDMA
Frame
TDMA
Delayed Frame
TRXB
Two transciver transmit the same information by the same output power as
single TRX in the different time, the MS equalizer can combine the two
signal just like deal with the multipath signal.
The two downlink path transmitter signal have some time delay even if we use double
polarization antenna, the MS also can combined the two signal in the equalizer.
Improve the downlink BCCH TRX downlink performance
Improve the downlink TCH TRX downlink performance in RF hopping or No RF hopping
Especial for stationary and slowly moving MS
47
TRXA
TRXB
Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us time

delay.
Improving downlink coverage based on mutual
exchange theory.
Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmitting
diversity.
Two TRX transmit the same signal with 7.4us delay between. Generally 3dB downlink gain
out of transmitting diversity
48
49
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
PA
Synthesizer
RF
DUPLEX
BB
RF
PA
Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.

Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlink gain.
50
Dynamic PBT
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber
to use a timeslot in other TRX.
When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding to

identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services
temporarily.
At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the

auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit identical signals,
whose phase is also the same. The combined signals are stronger,
thus improving the receiving quality for the subscriber.
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber to use a timeslot in

other TRX. A measuring report is used to monitor this subscriber’s downlink receive
level. When the receive level is lower than the preset threshold, Channels
corresponding to identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services
temporarily. The related RF channel provides PBT as an auxiliary channel. At this
time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the auxiliary channel in the adjacent
carrier transmit identical signals, whose phase is also the same. The combined signals
are stronger, thus improving the receiving quality for the subscriber.
51
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
52
4-way receiving diversity
RF1 4WRD
RF2
BB
RF3 2WRD
RF4
>120%R
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity, 4-way

receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB uplink gain.
53
AMR
M OS Experiment 1b - Test Results
TCH/AHS7.95 5.0
TCH/AHS7.4 4.0
3.0
TCH/AHS6.7
Sel. Requir.
AMR-HR AMR-HR
2.0
TCH/AHS5.9 EFR
FR
HR
Conditions
1.0
TCH/AHS5.15 No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50

AMR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
TCH/AHS4.75
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
High voice quality than HR and good customer experience.
Low C/I requirement and easy to network planning.
More robust than HR and stronger anti-interference.
Increase 80%~140% network capacity and decrease CAPEX of network.
54
Gain of Advance Technology
Gain
Transmitting diversity 3dB
PBT 2dB
AMR 5dB(when EFR lower than

5%,compare with FR)
4-way receiving diversity 3~5dB(uplink)
55
The Function of Extended Cell
In the GSM specifications, the cell coverage is restricted within 35km(63
TA) . Thus, the coverage radius of the cell cannot exceed 35km. In wide
and open area where the subscribers are dispersedly distributed, the
traffic is low, and the infrastructure such as transmission and power
supply facilities is hard to construct or cannot reach, the cell with a radius
larger than 35km must be provided.
If the extended cell technology is adopted, the cell coverage radius can
reach 120km in an ideal condition. Operators can adopt this technology to
reduce the number of sites and build their own GSM networks quickly
with smaller investment. In this way, they can attract mobile subscribers
in special areas and thus increase the operation revenue.
56
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should

send the signal in advance!!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay is unavoidable in the radio interface. If the mobile station

moves away from the base station during a call, the further distance the more delay.
The uplink is as the same.
If the delay is too high, the timeslots of the signal from a certain mobile station
and that of the next signal from another mobile station received by the base station
will overlap each other, thus causing inter-code interference. To avoid this, during a
call, the measurement report sent from the mobile station to the base station carries a
delay value. Moreover, the base station should monitor the time when the call arrives
and send an instruction to the mobile station via the downlink channel every 480ms
so as to inform the mobile station the time of advance transmission. This time is the
TA (timing advance), which ranges between 0~63 (0~233μs ). The TA value is
limited by the timing advance code 0~63bit of the GSM system. Therefore, the
maximum coverage distance of the GSM is 35km. Its calculation is as follows:
1/2*3.7 μs /bit*63bit*c=35km
{In the formula, 3.7μs /bit is the duration per bit (156/577); 63bit is the
maximum bit number of the time adjustment; c is the light speed (transmission speed
of the signal); and ½ indicates that the go and return trip of the signal.}
According to the above description, the distance corresponding to 1bit period is
554m. Influenced by the multi-path propagation and MS synchronization precision,
the TA error may reach up to about 3bit (1.6km).
57
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
UL data
Delay<=63
Modulation range
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2

Normal cell
Delay >63
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2
Dual timeslot extended cell
58
To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit, the 2-
timeslot cell can bind the even and odd timeslots, as if a
TDMA frame in the extended cell only has four channels:
0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only channel 0, 2, 4, and 6 can be
assigned for the MS.
0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
59
The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. The carrier in
the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier. The carrier on the
overlay cell is configured as a common cell. When the cell is configured
as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell attribute of this cell is automatically
set to the concentric cell.
If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier, such
solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, all carriers
are configured in the overlay cell.
If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and others
as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot carriers,
such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, the 2-
timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid cell and the common
carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
60
Question
What is the max value of extended cell’s TA?
Max TA?
61
Assignment of Extended Cell
Type Assignment Strategy
Imm-assignment Underlaid
Assignment Depend on “assign optimum layer”
Intra-BSC HO Underlaid
In-coming BSC HO Underlaid
62
Configuration
Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell.
63
Configuration
Configure the TRX as overlaid or underlaid.
64
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Propagation and planning basis
Coverage planning method
Indoor and tunnel planning
Planning procedure and site location
65

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Coverage Planning Principle

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window

Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with

Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions

Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !

Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes

Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)

Surroundings and environment

Minimum required signal level

Difference band coverage area will be difference. Normally

Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration

Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Min receive

Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive

Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive

loss will be 3.3+1=4.3dB

How to choose a feeder Feeder loss

900MHZ 1800MHZ 900MHZ 1800MHZ

5/4 “ >80 meters >50 meters 5/4 “ 3dB/100m 4dB/100m

7/8 " <=80meters <=50meters 7/8 " 5dB/100m 6dB/100m

The curvature of the feeders shall not be

Loss of frequently-used feeders

area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage

edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage

Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates

Concept of communication probability: Success call rate of MS on the

Category of communication probability: location probability and time

In general, the time change has little impact on the communication

Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in

Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFadi ng m arg in + FastFading m arg in

MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30

BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46

BTS combiner loss (dB) 1

7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m

1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m

feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5

BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector

BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17

Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm)

corresponding edge coverage probability 91%

expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?dB

Body loss (penetration loss) 4

Fast fading margin 1dB

clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) 2dB

MS antenna gain 1dB

allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) ?

Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

With the rapid development of economy, hotels, commercial centers, large-

Generally, the following problems are present in indoor mobile

From the perspective of network quality, the factors interfering radio

From the perspective of network capacity, if mobile stations are frequently

signal level increases with floor