LMGHS Ma

ngie Kpaka
SC1-11
January 3rd ,2010
Ms.Hudson
Holiday assignment review project #37
List of All Topics Covered in Chemistry Since September 2010
The Science of Chemistry
Matter & Energy
Atoms & Moles
The Periodic Table
Ions & Ionic Compounds
Covalent Compounds
Reading Comprehension ( 200 Words Summary of What I Learned So Far In Chemistry)
:
Since September 2010, I have learned about the many topics falling under che
mistry. For the past four months, my lovely teacher, Ms. Hudson has thoroughly
taught me the basic concepts in chemistry. From the thought of chemistry itself
to matter and energy, Ms.Hudson was on point. She continued teaching about the
atomic structure of elements and how the periodic table works. Not to mention, s
he has introduced Ions & Ionic Compounds/Covalent Compounds. Nonetheless, Chemis
try is good so far!
Chemistry is the study of chemicals. In the case of chemicals, there are g
iven properties and reactions. Matter is one of the many important things in che
mistry. Matter is anything that consists of mass and volume. It also has density
and to find the density is calculated D=M/V. Mass measure s the amount of matte
r within an object. Whereas, weight measures the force of gravity in an object.
Matter is measured in the S.I. units( International System of Units). To convert
form unit to another, conversion factors are used. Matter can go through physic
al changes as well as chemical changes. The three states of matter include solid
, liquid, and gas. According to the text, matter is made from atoms. An atom is
the smallest part of an element. When two or more atoms are combined, molecules
are formed . When two or more elements unite ab compound is formed. Matter can e
ither exsist as a pure substance or a mixture. Elements and compounds fall under
pure substances. There are homogeneous & heterogeneous mixtures. Heterogenous
mixtures consist of dissimilar parts. While homogeneous mixtures have uniform co
mpositions. Nevertheless, matter is a very imperative part of chemistry.
Another part of chemistry is energy. Energy is the capacity to do wo
rk. When it comes to matter both physical and chemical changes ouccur. The big d
ifference between the two is only in chemical changes new substances are created
. In matter, all changes include energy. Whether energy is released(Exothermic),
or absorbed (Endothermic) it is always conserved. One form of energy is heat. He
at is the energy transferred between objects that are different temperatures. Te
mperature measures the amount of kinetic energy in an object. Another form of en
ergy is specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise one
kilojoule.
Atomic structure was the most interesting topic Ms. Hudson taught
. The three laws that explain the exisistance of atoms are the law of observatio
n of mass,law of definite proportions,and the law if mulitiple proportions. Many
scientist including John Dalton developed theories about the atomic strucuture
of an atom. In an atom there are charged particles known as protons, neutrons
and electrons. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charg
ed. Neutrons are neutrally charged particles. There is a same number of protons
as electrons. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons within an a
tom. The mass number of atom is the number of protons plus neutrons. In oreder t
o get the number of neutrons in an atom,you must find the difference in atomic
number and mass. When in the form of isotopes,atoms have same number of protons
but different amount of neutrons. You can find the structure of atoms by lookin
g at the given electron configuration. An atoms mass is shown in the SI units. A
fteerwards, we explored the magic tool of the Periodic Table.
The Periodic table is basically a guide ast to how the atomic struct
ure of an atom is defined. There are seven periods and eighteen groups. Within t
he Periodic Table,Preriodic Trends exist. Across a period, electro negativity,io
nization of energy & electron affinity increases .However as you move down a gro
up these things decrease. When it comes to atomic radius and ionic size decrease
s across a period and increases down a group. These trends helped me to better u
nderstand how the strucure of an atom was.
The hardest topic for me to understand was ions and compounds. Ion
s are charged particles that are chemically different in properies when compared
to their parents. The purpose of Ions in an atom is to achieve the valence elec
tron configuration of group 18(noble gases)atoms. In order to reach this, an ato
m must either gain or lose electrons. The most reactive atoms are alkali metals
and halogens.
When salts are are bonded ionucally oppsing charges called cations (+) and anion
s(-) are involed. Salts have high melting ang boiling points therefore they do n
ot conduct electricity unless melted. The structure of salts are organized in un
it cells. For every compound there are names and formulas. The names and formula
s are determined by combing the names of cations and anions. The purpose of a fo
rmula is to reveal the balance of each element within the compound. One famous i
on is a polyatomic ion. A polyatomic ion is a group of two or more atoms combine
d that function within the same unit. After learning about ionic compounds, Ms.
Hudson exposed us to covalent compounds.
In contrast to ionic bonding, covalent bonding involes the shar
ing of electrons,rather than the transferring of elcetrons. Wheb a covalent bond
is formed, the atoms involed have less potential energy but more stability . Wh
en a bond has a high diference in elctronegativities of atoms involve,the bond i
s more polar. The kind of bond has relation to the physical and chemical propert
ies in a compound. The molecular stucture in a compound can be represented in t
he lewis dot structure. The lewis dot structure demonstrates the valence electro
ns and inner shells. There can be multiple bonds:single,double, and triple. When
naming covalent compounds, the prefixes & ending ide indicate the fromula for t
he bond. Molecular shapes in a covalent bond are linear,bent,triagonal,planar,te
trahedral,and triagnoal pyramidal. A molecules shape can impact the chemical and
physical properties of a covalent bond.
Though at times its hard to understand firsthand, I really do enjoy and
appreciate learing chemistry with Ms. Hudson.