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1. What is Dimensional Modeling?

Dimensional Modeling is a kind of database modeling used to support OLAP applications. It

contains Dimensional and fact tables and

relationships are created between them.

2. What is E-R Modeling?

Entity - Relationship Modeling is a kind of database modeling used to support OLTP applications. It
contains tables for entities of an

organization and its functions/events. Relationships are created between entity tables and its
respective events/functional tables.

3. List differences between OLTP and OLAP?

OLTP OLAP

Used by Operational systems. Example Used by Analytical Applications.

Pharmacy Dispensing, Inpatient Billing, Example: Business Intelligence tools such
Purchase Order etc. as Siebel Analytics, Business Objects,
Cognos etc.

Uses Highly normalized DB. Less or no Uses De-normalized DB. Data is

redundancy. duplicated to speed up select query and
minimize joins

Write intensive operations are performed. Mostly read oriented functionalities are
performed.
Example: INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
statements. Predominantly SELECT statement is used.

Data changes more frequently based on Data is loaded statically or in specific time
the business activity. period.

SQL Queries are performed with more Less joined SQL Queries used.
joins to achieve the desired functionality.

Small Datasets (records) are retrieved from Large Volumes of Datasets (records) are
DB to satisfy transactional functionality. retrieved from DB to satisfy analytical
reporting need.

Seldom contains summarized tables. Contains summarized tables based on the

nature of reporting need.

Calculations are derived on the fly to Precomputed based on the reporting

achieve the desired functionality. requirement.

4. What degree of normalization is used for OLAP DBs?

3rd Normal Form.

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Explore Content

Enabl;Ing Operating System Authentication In NQSConfig.Ini

Siebel Analytics Dimension Tables Bi Server

5. What degree of normalization is used for OLTP DBs?

5th Normal Form or 4th BCNF (Boyce Coded Normal Form).

6. Explain Activities of Normalization forms starting from 1 to 5?

Normal Form Activity

1st Attributes of a table are defined.

Repeating attributes are eliminated.

e.g: Doctor, Speciality, Patient,

Appointment time

DoctId, Patients, Apt Time

2nd Eliminate Redundancy by enforcing.

Primary or Composite Primary Keys.

e.g: Doctor, Speciality, Patient,

Appointment time

DoctId, Speciality, PatId, Apt Time

Avoids: avoid update and delete

anomalies

3rd Eliminate attributes that are not depend on

Key.

e.g: DoctId, SpltyId, PatId and Apt Time

Specialty Table:

Splty Id, Splty Type, Description, etc.

4th Normal Form Relationships are created between tables.

Doctor, Patient, Specialty

5th Normal Form Isolate Semantically related relationship

between tables:

Doctor->InPatient -> Splty

->OutPatient-> Splty

7. What is Star Schema?

Logical Schema that is created based on Dimensional Modeling. Contains set of dimension tables
and one or more facts tables and one to

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many relationship between dimension and fact tables are created.

8. What is the Dimension Table?

Dimension table contains the descriptive attributes of business subject of an organization.

Examples: Market, Product, Stores, Customer, and Person

9. What is the Fact Table?

Fact table contains the measures or metrics of business subjects of an organization.

Examples: SalesRevenue, ChangeRequests

10. What is constellation or multi star schema?

In a schema that contains set of dimension tables that are shared by more than one fact table is
defined as “constellation” or multi-star

schema.
Examples: SalesRevenue, ChangeRequests and ServiceRequests

11. What is Snow flake schema?

It is extended Star Schema where dimensional tables having one to many relationship between
them.

Example: Day->Week->Month->Quarter->Year

12. What is Fact less fact table?

A fact table that contains no measures other than dimensional keys. The purpose of the Fact less
fact table is to support negative analysis

report.
Example: Store that did not sell a particular product on particular period.

13. What is Bridge table?

A table in the dimensional model that is used to handle the situation where there is many to many
relationship between tables.
Example: PatientOrderingFact->LabsDimension->TestsDimension.

14. What is Alias table?

Alias table is derived from the physical table to meet specific reporting requirement. Alias table is
created in Physical Layer not in the

Database.
Example: 1. Mostly used for confirmed dimension tables.

2. In a case where there is a requirement to support Last3 year Revenue in a single

report. So the Year dimension and

Revenue fact tables are aliased as Last3Year and Last3YearRevenue and a complex
join is created between year and

last3year using Sequence number column and Last3Year to Last3YearRevenue

table.

15. What is Opaque view?

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