Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________ ID: A

Living Environment Fall 2010-2011 Final Exam. Directions: Answer questions #1-39 on
your scantron and #40-61 on the exam booklet.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. In a cell, information that controls the production of proteins must pass from the nucleus to the
a. ribosomes. c. cell membrane.
b. chloroplasts. d. mitochondria.

____ 2. The diagram shows a portion of a graduated cylinder. What is the volume of the liquid in this
cylinder?

a. 26 mL c. 24 mL
b. 25 mL d. 22 mL

____ 3. The pancreas produces one hormone that lowers blood sugar level and another that increases blood
sugar level. The interaction of these two hormones most directly helps humans to
a. maintain a balanced internal environment
b. digest needed substances for other body organs
c. increase the rate of cellular communication
d. dispose of wastes formed in other body organs

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 4. The graphs show the changes in the relative concentrations of two gases in the air surrounding a
group of mice. Which process in the mice most likely accounts for the changes shown?

a. active transport c. evaporation

b. photosynthesis d. respiration

____ 5. Which structures in diagram I and diagram II carry out a similar life function?

a. 4 and B c. 1 and C
b. 2 and D d. 3 and A

____ 6. Strawberries can reproduce by means of runners, which are stems that grow horizontally along the
ground. At the region of the runner that touches the ground, a new plant develops. The new plant is
genetically identical to the parent because
a. there were no other strawberry plants in the area to provide fertilization.
b. it was produced sexually.
c. nuclei traveled to the new plant through the runner to fertilize it.
d. it was produced asexually.

____ 7. The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in

a. an enzyme molecule c. a protein molecule
b. a chromosome d. a nucleus

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 8. Studies of fat cells and thyroid cells show that fat cells have fewer mitochondria than thyroid cells. A
biologist would most likely infer that fat tissue
a. requires more energy than thyroid tissue
b. has energy requirements equal to those of thyroid tissue
c. requires less energy than thyroid tissue
d. does not require energy

____ 9. Some human body cells are shown in the diagrams. These groups of cells represent different

These groups of cells represent different

a. tissues in which similar cells function together.

b. systems that are responsible for a specific life activity.
c. organelles that carry out different functions
d. organs that help to carry out a specific life activity.

____ 10. Certain microbes, foreign tissues, and some cancerous cells can cause immune responses in the
human body because all three contain
a. enzymes c. antigens
b. cytoplasm d. fats

____ 11. The presence of parasites in an animal will usually result in

a. the death of the host organism within twenty-four hours
b. an increase in meiotic activity within structures of the host
c. an increase in genetic mutation rate in the host organism
d. the inability of the host to maintain homeostasis

____ 12. Which sequence represents the correct order of levels of organization found in a complex organism?
a. organs →organ systems → cells → tissues → organelles
b. organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems
c. cells → organelles → organs → organ systems → tissues
d. tissues →organs → organ systems → organelles → cells

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 13. Toxins can harm a developing fetus. They usually enter the fetus by the process of
a. blood flow from the mother to the fetus
b. diffusion across placental membranes
c. recombination of genes from the fetus and mother
d. active transport from the ovary

____ 14. The graph illustrates a single species of bacteria grown at various pH levels.

Which statement is supported by data from this graph?

a. Other types of bacteria can grow well at pH 4.

b. All species of bacteria can grow well at pH 7.
c. This type of bacterium would grow well at pH 7.5.
d. This type of bacterium would grow well at pH 2.

The table contains information about glucose production in a species of plant that lives in the water of
a salt marsh.

____ 15. At which temperature would the plants most likely use the greatest amount of carbon dioxide?
a. 10ºC c. 30ºC
b. 20ºC d. 40ºC

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 16. Hormones and secretions of the nervous system are chemical messengers that
a. store genetic information.
b. carry out the circulation of materials.
c. coordinate system interactions.
d. extract energy from nutrients.

____ 17. In the diagram of a single-celled organism shown, the arrows indicate various activities taking place.
Which systems perform these same activities in humans?

a. excretory, respiratory, and reproductive

b. respiratory, nervous, and endocrine
c. digestive, circulatory, and immune
d. respiratory, excretory, and digestive

____ 18. The data in the graph show evidence of disease in the human body. A disruption in dynamic
equilibrium is indicated by the temperature change between points

a. B and C c. A and B
b. C and D d. E and F

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 19. Which statement best explains a change in the incidence of disease in 1970?

a. Children were vaccinated against measles.

b. The bacteria that cause pneumonia developed a resistance to drugs.
c. New drugs cured diabetes.
d. New technology helped to reduce the incidence of all three diseases.

____ 20. Molecule X moves across a cell membrane by diffusion. Which row in the chart best indicates the
relationship between the relative concentrations of molecule X and the use of ATP for diffusion?

a. 4 c. 1
b. 3 d. 2

____ 21. Which substance usually passes in the greatest amount through the placenta from the blood of the
fetus to the blood of the mother?
a. oxygen c. amino acids
b. carbon dioxide d. glucose

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 22. Which activity most directly involves the process represented in the diagram?

a. a zygote being produced in an ovary

b. a white blood cell engulfing bacteria
c. an animal repairing damaged tissue
d. a gamete reproducing sexually

____ 23. When a planarian (a type of worm) is cut in half, each half usually grows back into a complete worm
over time. This situation most closely resembles
a. sexual reproduction in which each half represents one parent
b. asexual reproduction in which a mutation has occurred
c. asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism
d. sexual reproduction of a single-celled organism

____ 24. Which row in the chart contains correct information concerning synthesis?

a. 4 c. 3
b. 2 d. 1

____ 25. The production of energy-rich ATP molecules is the direct result of
a. copying coded information during the process of protein synthesis
b. recycling light energy to be used in the process of photosynthesis
c. releasing the stored energy of organic compounds by the process of respiration
d. breaking down starch by the process of digestion

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 26. Which phrase best describes a process represented in the diagram?

a. a zygote dividing by meiosis c. a zygote dividing by mitosis

b. a gamete dividing by meiosis d. a gamete dividing by mitosis

____ 27. Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by
a. inhibiting antigen production
b. inhibiting white blood cell production
c. stimulating antibody production
d. stimulating red blood cell production

____ 28. In plants, simple sugars are least likely to be

a. stored in the form of starch molecules
b. broken down into carbon dioxide and water
c. used as a source of energy
d. linked together to form proteins

____ 29. Two organisms are represented below.

Which statement concerning organism A and organism B is correct?

a. Organism A lacks structures that maintain a dynamic equilibrium, while organism B

has these structures.
b. Organism A and organism B have the same organs.
c. Organism A and organism B have structures that allow them to maintain
homeostasis.
d. Organism A contains tissues while organism B lacks tissues.

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 30. Two types of human cells are shown in the diagram. Cell A causes the cells at B to contract. This
activity would be most useful for

a. carrying out the process of protein synthesis

b. lifting a book from a bookshelf
c. digesting food in the small intestine
d. coordinating the functions of organelles

____ 31. Which two systems are most directly involved in providing molecules needed for the synthesis of fats
in human cells?
a. digestive and circulatory c. immune and muscular
b. excretory and digestive d. reproductive and circulatory

____ 32. Some human white blood cells help destroy pathogenic bacteria by
a. producing toxins that compete with bacterial toxins
b. inserting part of their DNA into the bacterial cells
c. causing mutations in the bacteria
d. engulfing and digesting the bacteria

____ 33. The process represented in the diagram best illustrates

a. extraction of energy from nutrients. c. waste disposal.

b. muscle contraction. d. cellular communication.

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 34. Which statement best describes what will most likely happen when an individual receives a
vaccination containing a weakened pathogen?
a. The ability to resist most types of diseases will increase.
b. The ability to produce antibodies will decrease after the vaccination.
c. The ability to fight disease caused by the pathogen will increase due to antibody
production.
d. The ability to fight disease will increase due to antibodies received from the
pathogen.

____ 35. The diagram illustrates the movement of materials involved in a process that is vital for the energy
needs of organisms. The process illustrated occurs within

a. ribosomes c. mitochondria
b. vacuoles d. chloroplasts

____ 36. An enzyme and four different molecules are shown in the diagram. The enzyme would most likely
affect reactions involving

a. molecules A and C c. molecule C, only

b. molecule A, only d. molecules B and D

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

____ 37. Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic compounds?
a. proteins, DNA, fats, starch
b. proteins, water, DNA, fats
c. proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water
d. proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch

____ 38. Which set of terms best identifies the letters in the diagram?

a. 1 c. 3
b. 4 d. 2

____ 39. The reproductive cycle of a human is usually regulated by

a. gametes c. natural selection
b. hormones d. immune responses

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

Constructed Response

40.
Avian (Bird) Flu

Avian flu virus H5N1 has been a major concern recently. Most humans have not been
exposed to this strain of the virus, so they have not produced the necessary protective substances. A
vaccine has been developed and is being made in large quantities. However, much more time is
needed to manufacture enough vaccine to protect most of the human population of the world.
Most flu virus strains affect the upper respiratory tract, resulting in a runny nose and sore
throat. However, the H5N1 virus seems to go deeper into the lungs and causes severe pneumonia,
which may be fatal for people infected by this virus.
So far, this virus has not been known to spread directly from one human to another. As long
as H5N1 does not change to another strain that can be transferred from one human to another, a
worldwide epidemic of the virus probably will not occur.

a. State one difference between the effect on the human body of the usual forms of flu virus and the
effect of H5N1. [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

b. Identify the type of substance produced by the human body that protects against antigens, such as
the flu virus. [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________

c. State what is in a vaccine that makes the vaccine effective. [1]

_______________________________________________________________________________

41. Select one of the paired items below and describe how the first item in the pair regulates the second
item for the maintenance of homeostasis. [1]

A) insulin and blood sugar level

B) guard cells and water loss

C) CO2 levels in the blood and breathing rate

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

42. Explain how harmful substances in the blood of a pregnant female can enter a fetus even though the
blood vessels of the mother and fetus are not directly connected. [1]

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ______________________ ID: A

43. Arrow A represents active transport. State one way that active transport is different from diffusion. [1]
______________________________________________________________________________

The diagram represents a unicellular organism in a watery environment. The triangles represent
molecules of a specific substance.

44. Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action. [2]
_______________________________ _________________________________

45. Compare asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction. In your comparison, be sure to include:
• which type of reproduction results in offspring that are usually genetically identical to the previous
generation and the reason this occurs [2]

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

13
 ID: A

Living Environment Fall 2010-2011 Final Exam. Directions: Answer questions #1-39 on
your scantron and #40-61 on the exam booklet.
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.2.3

STA: 4.1.2i MSC: #06 June 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell. Therefore information that controls
the production of proteins would need to pass from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 1.3.1
STA: 1.3.2 MSC: #37 January 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: The volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder is measured from the flattest part of the
meniscus.
3. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 20.3.3
STA: 4.1.2c MSC: #01 August 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Hormones keep blood sugar levels within a certain range in order to maintain homeostasis, or
a balanced internal environment. These hormones do not contribute to digestion or waste disposal.
They react to cellular communications about blood sugar level, but they do not increase these
communications.
4. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 9.1.2
STA: 4.5.1d MSC: #17 January 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The oxygen level decreases over time, while the carbon dioxide level increases over time. The
mice are consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, an indication of respiration.
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 8.1.1
STA: 4.1.2g MSC: #03 June 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: Mitochondria, the energy producers, do not function like ovaries. The endoplasmic reticulum
is the protein processor and it does not function like the uterus. The vacuoles act as storage sacs and
do not correlate with the brain. However, the cell membrane and kidney both regulate the amount of
fluids and toxins inside the cell (membrane) and body (kidney).
6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 11.1.1
STA: 4.2.1d MSC: #09 January 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: Nuclei do not travel to other plants through runners. The offspring of sexual reproduction are
not genetically identical to their parents, unlike the offspring of asexual reproduction. The production
of runners by strawberry plants is independent of the plants' proximity to other plants.
7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.2.2
STA: 4.2.1c MSC: #07 June 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: DNA is not found in a protein or an enzyme molecule. DNA is not contained inside, but
rather is found along, a chromosome. Furthermore, the largest amount of DNA would have to be
found as the sum of all the chromosomes inside the nucleus.
8. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 7.2.5
STA: 4.5.1d MSC: #42 June 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Mitochondria produce energy for cell processes, so cells with fewer mitochondria would
require less energy.

1
 ID: A

9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.3.2

STA: 4.1.2a MSC: #07 January 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The diagrams illustrate groups of similar cells that carry out similar functions, e.g. blood
cells. A group of similar cells that performs a common function is called a tissue.
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 22.1.3
STA: 4.5.2c MSC: #31 June 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: The immune system attacks cells that are labeled with antigens. Enzymes, fats, and cytoplasm
in cells do not trigger an immune reaction.
11. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 21.2.4
STA: 4.5.2a MSC: #25 January 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: A parasite generally does not kill its host quickly, but it does cause the host to lose the ability
to maintain homeostasis. A parasite does not affect the rate of meiosis or genetic mutation within a
host.
12. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.3.2
STA: 4.1.2a MSC: #08 June 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Organelles are the lowest level of organization in a complex organism. Organ systems are the
highest level.
13. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 23.3.2
STA: 4.4.1h MSC: #18 August 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: Toxins, as well as nutrients and oxygen, enter the fetus through diffusion across placental
membranes. The placenta prevents the direct flow of blood between the mother and fetus. No
materials move from the ovary to the fetus. Toxins are not delivered to the fetus during genetic
recombination.
14. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 1.2.2
STA: 1.3.1a MSC: #38 June 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: The graph indicates that this type of bacterium would grow well at pH 7.5. The graph does
not provide data to support the other conclusions.
15. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B-2 OBJ: 9.2.5
STA: 4.5.1b MSC: #52 August 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: At 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 40 degrees C, there is less glucose produced and thus less
carbon dioxide used for photosynthesis, than at 30 degrees C .
16. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 20.3.1
STA: 4.1.2j MSC: #04 January 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: DNA stores genetic information. Blood and lymph circulate materials around the body. The
digestive system extracts energy from nutrients.
17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.1.3
STA: 4.1.2f MSC: #05 August 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: Carbon dioxide is moving out of and oxygen is moving into the cell across the cell membrane,
similar to what happens in the respiratory system. Nitrogenous waste is removed from the cell, similar
to what happens in the kidneys. The food particle is being digested in a digestive vacuole, which is
akin to the digestive process of the digestive system.
18. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 21.1.1
STA: 4.1.2d MSC: #09 January 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: The increase in temperature between points C and D moved the body out of homeostasis,
disrupting its dynamic equilibrium. The decrease in temperature between points D and E moved the
body back into homeostasis.

2
 ID: A

19. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part B-1 OBJ: 22.2.4

STA: 4.5.2e MSC: #36 August 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The number of people contracting measles dropped significantly, which indicates that children
were vaccinated against measles during that year. The number of cases of diabetes increased, so a
cure was not found and new technology did not decrease its incidence. The number of cases of
pneumonia decreased, so it is unlikely that a resistant strain developed.
20. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 8.2.1
STA: 4.1.2g MSC: #05 August 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: Substances only diffuse from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration,
so only choices that indicate high to low movement are possible answers. Diffusion does not require
energy, so the answer should not indicate the use of ATP.
21. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 23.3.2
STA: 4.4.1f MSC: #17 August 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: Oxygen is abundant in maternal blood and thus it readily passes from maternal blood to the
fetus, whereas carbon dioxide is abundant in the fetus and thus passes into maternal circulation.
Amino acids and glucose are transported from maternal to fetal blood.
22. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 10.3.1
STA: 4.4.1d MSC: #37 August 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: The diagram illustrates mitosis, which produces new body cells. Meiosis produces haploid
sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes than the original diploid cell. Zygotes are
produced through fertilization, which joins two haploid cells to form a diploid cell. As a white blood
cell engulfs bacteria, no chromosomes are copied and no new cells are produced.
23. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 11.1.1
STA: 4.2.1d MSC: #16 January 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: The regeneration of a worm is not the result of sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction
with a mutation might lead to offspring different from the parent.
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 3.3.4
STA: 4.1.2h MSC: #04 August 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: Glucose molecules are not found in DNA; simple sugars are not found in proteins, and
molecular bases do not make up starch molecules, but enzymes are typically proteins made of amino
acids.
25. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 9.1.2
STA: 4.5.1d MSC: #23 June 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The choices about starch breakdown and protein synthesis are incorrect as these processes do
not directly make ATP. Light energy is used to temporarily make ATP for the purpose of making
organic compounds. Only respiration directly makes a large amount of ATP.
26. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 23.3.1
STA: 4.4.1h MSC: #17 January 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: The cell shown in the image is a zygote, not a gamete. A zygote does not divide by meiosis, it
is dividing by mitosis.
27. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 22.2.3
STA: 4.5.2e MSC: #23 January 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: Vaccinations stimulate an immune response, and thus do not inhibit white blood cell
production or antigen production. Moreover, red blood cells are not involved in an immune response.
28. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 3.3.2
STA: 4.1.2h MSC: #02 June 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: All of the choices describe true statements about sugars except the choice about forming
proteins. Only amino acids join to form proteins.

3
 ID: A

29. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 20.1.3

STA: 4.1.3a MSC: #13 August 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Only multicellular organisms have tissues and organs. However, both unicellular and
multicellular organisms contain structures to allow them to maintain homeostasis.
30. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.3.3
STA: 4.1.2f MSC: #02 August 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Nerve cells communicate with skeletal muscle cells to allow you to lift objects or perform
other movements. Nerves communicate with smooth muscles to help with food digestion. Cells send
chemical signals to coordinate functions within organelles. Enzymes carry out protein synthesis.
31. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 20.2.4
STA: 4.1.2e MSC: #03 June 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: Any answer choices that do not include the digestive system are incorrect, because molecules
required for the building of body cells and tissues are obtained through the digestive system (via the
diet). The circulatory system brings various nutrients and oxygen to body cells to help maintain
homeostasis. The excretory system is not involved in synthesis of body molecules.
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 22.2.2
STA: 4.5.2d MSC: #21 August 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: The choice describing mutations is incorrect because white blood cells are immune system
cells that locate and destroy, but not mutate, bacteria. The choices describing toxins and DNA
insertion are not true.
33. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part B-1 OBJ: 8.3.1
STA: 4.1.2g MSC: #35 June 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: The diagram illustrates the process of communication between two neurons.
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 22.2.1
STA: 4.5.2e MSC: #22 June 2004 Regents Exam
NOT: Antibodies are not present in a vaccination, they are produced by the body in response to the
foreign antigen in the vaccination. Vaccinations are not designed to reduce the body's ability to
produce antibodies. A vaccination usually allows the body to build a resistance to one type of disease.
It does not confer the ability to resist most types of diseases.
35. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 7.2.5
STA: 4.5.1b MSC: #21 August 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: Water and carbon dioxide move into a chloroplast and undergo photosynthesis to produce
oxygen and sugars, which move out. Oxygen and sugars move into mitochondria and are converted to
energy, water, and carbon dioxide. Ribosomes assemble proteins. Water or wastes move into vacuoles
for storage within the cell.
36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 8.3.2
STA: 4.5.1g MSC: #62 January 2003 Regents Exam
NOT: Only molecule C fits into the enzyme receptor site, so this enzyme is likely to only affect
reactions involving molecule C.
37. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 3.4.2
STA: 4.5.1c MSC: #17 June 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The choices containing water and carbon dioxide are incorrect as these substances are small
inorganic molecules.
38. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 9.1.2
STA: 4.5.1d MSC: #27 June 2006 Regents Exam
NOT: Light energy can only be captured by photosynthesis, not respiration. Energy is then stored
as organic molecules, not inorganic molecules. Organic molecules are used in respiration.

4
 ID: A

39. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Part A OBJ: 23.2.2

STA: 4.4.1e MSC: #16 August 2005 Regents Exam
NOT: The hormones estrogen and progesterone regulate the female reproductive cycle. Testosterone
and other hormones regulate sperm production in males. The gametes themselves are part of
reproductive cycles but do not regulate them. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution. Immune
responses are stimulated by pathogens.

SHORT ANSWER

40. ANS:
a. H5N1 goes deeper into the lungs and causes severe pneumonia.
b. white blood cells
c. weakened form of the pathogen

PTS: 1
41. ANS:
Insulin lowers blood sugar level
guard cells close the stoma to prevent water loss
When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the breathing rate increases.

PTS: 1
42. ANS:
The mother and child are attached by the umbilical cord with can transfer the harmful substances to
the baby.

PTS: 1

ESSAY

43. ANS:
Allow a maximum of 2 credits, 1 for each of two ways that active transport is different from diffusion.
Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: 1) Active transport requires the use of energy by
the organism. or Diffusion does not require the use of energy by the organism. 2) In active transport,
molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration of those
molecules. or In diffusion, molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration of those molecules.

PTS: 1 DIF: Part B OBJ: 8.2.3 STA: 4.1.2g

MSC: #55 June 2003 Regents Exam
44. ANS:
Allow a maximum of 2 credits, 1 credit for each of two internal environmental factors that directly
influence the rate of enzyme action. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: temperature;
pH; concentration of enzyme; substrate

PTS: 1 DIF: Part C OBJ: 9.2.4 STA: 4.5.1f

MSC: #60 June 2006 Regents Exam

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 ID: A

45. ANS:
Allow a maximum of 3 credits for a comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction, allocated as
follows: • Allow 1 credit for indicating that asexual reproduction results in offspring that are usually
genetically identical to the previous generation and 1 credit for indicating that this is because
offspring receive all their genetic information from one parent.; • Allow 1 credit for indicating that
sexual reproduction involves meiosis and asexual reproduction does not.

PTS: 1 DIF: Part C OBJ: 11.1.1 STA: 4.2.1c

MSC: #64 January 2004 Regents Exam