EXP: 4

ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS –LPF & HPF

AIM: To Study Low Pass filter and High Pass Filter circuits using IC 741 Op- Amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Components:
1. IC 741 Op-Amp,
2. Capacitors --- 0.01 μF
3. Resistors --- 10 KΩ -----2 No’s.
4. Variable Resistor ------20 KΩ.
Equipment:
1. CRO,
2. Bread board,
3. Power supply
4. Function generator

PRINCIPLE:

LOW PASS FILTER:

An Op-Amp Low pass filter is shown in fig. The circuit allows the low frequency
signals freely through it and attenuates the signals above a cut off frequency called
Higher cut off frequency( fH). The inverting terminal is grounded through a resistor R i. A
resistor Rf is connected in feedback path. A Resistor R is connected between the input
signal source and the inverting terminal of the Op-Amp and a Capacitor C is connected
between the inverting terminal and ground.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 19

 Rf

Ri

2
63
Vo
31
R=
741 OP-AMP

Vi
C=0.01 Micro F

FIG 1. ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

Let Vi = input voltage

Vg = the voltage at the Non-inverting input
Vo = output voltage.
A = Gain of the Op-Amp = 1+Rf /Ri
Xc = Capacitive Reactance = 1/jωC
Xc
Vg = Vi
R + Xc
1/jωC
Vg = Vi
R + 1/jωC
But Vo = AVg
1/jωC
Vo = [1+Rf /Ri ] i
V
LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 20
R + 1/jωC
 1/jωC
Vo = A Vi
R + 1/jωC
But ω = 2Π f

1
Vo = A Vi
jωC R + 1

1
Vo = A Vi
j2Π f C R + 1

A
Vo = Vi
1 + jf / 2Π Rc

A
Vo = Vi
1 + Jf / fH

Where fH is the Higher cut off frequency of the Low pass filter = 1/2 Π RC.

Transfer function of Low pass filter is given as H (s) = Vo / Vi

A
H (s) =
1 + j f fH
/

A
│H (s) │ =
1 + j f fH
/

Magnitude is given by

│H (s) │ =20 log A dB

LINEAR IC√1 +{f / fH}2 – LABORATORY
APPLICATIONS 21
PROCEDURE:
LOW PASS FILTER:
1. Insert the Op-Amp IC 741 into the breadboard correctly.
2. Connect the power supply to the pin 7 with a positive voltage of 15 V and ground
the other.
3. Connect the 2nd power supply negative voltage of 15 V to the pin 4 and ground
the positive terminal.
and a Capacitor C is connected between the inverting terminal and ground.
4. The inverting terminal pin 2 is grounded through a resistor Ri.
5. A resistor Rf is connected in feedback path between the pin 2 and 6.
6. A Resistor R is connected between the input signal source ( Function generator)
and the inverting terminal pin 2 of the Op-Amp
7. A Capacitor C is connected between pin 2 and other end 3 is grounded.
8. Take output at pin6.
9. Apply a sine wave of any frequency between 0 to 2 K Hz from function
generator.
10. Observe the output waveform of Low pass filter on CRO.
11. Increase the frequency from 1 Hz to 200 K Hz in steps as shown in table and note
down the output waveform amplitude and tabulate these values.
12. From the above tabulated values, draw graph between frequency and output
voltage.
13. From the graph it is observed that Higher cut off frequency f H is between 11 KHz
to 12 K Hz.
14. Compare the observed Higher cutoff frequency from graph with the theoretical
Higher cut off frequency.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 22

 Input Output
Input frequency
S.No. Amplitude Amplitude (Vp-
(KHz)
(Vp-p) )
p
1. 1 Hz 10 10 V
2. 100 Hz 10 10 V
3. 200 Hz 10
4. 500 Hz 10
5. 1 KHz 10
6. 2 KHz 10
7 5 KHz 10
8 10 KHz 10
9 11 KHz 10
10 12 KHz 10
11 15 KHz 10
12 20 KHz 10
MODEL GRAPH:

Output 10
volt

8 3 dB

7.07 V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
FH

F requency in KHz

HIGH PASS FILTER:

An Op-Amp High pass filter is shown in fig 2. The circuit allows the high
frequency signals freely through it and attenuates the signals below a cut off frequency
called Lower cut off frequency (fL). The inverting terminal is grounded through a resistor

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 23

Ri. A resistor Rf is connected in feedback path. A Capacitor C is connected between the
input signal source and the inverting terminal of the Op-Amp and a Resistor R is
connected between the inverting terminal and ground.

Rf

Ri

2
63
Vo
31
C=0.01 Micro F
741 OP-AMP

Vi
R

FIG 2. ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

Let Vi = Input voltage

Vg = Voltage at the Non-inverting input
Vo = output voltage.
A = Gain of the Op-Amp
R
Vg = Vi
R + Xc

R
Vo = A Vi
R + 1/jωC

1
Vo = A Vi
1 + 1/jωRC
1
Vo = A Vi
1 +IC1/j
LINEAR 2Π f RC – LABORATORY
APPLICATIONS 24
 A
Vo = Vi
1 – j fL / f

Where fL is the Lower cut off frequency of the High pass filter = 1/2 Π RC.

Transfer function of High pass filter is given as H (s) = Vo / Vi

A
H (s) =
1 – j fL f
/

A
│H (s) │ =
1 – j fL f
/

Magnitude is given by

│H (s) │ =20 log A dB

√1 +{fL / f}2

PROCEDURE:
HIGH PASS FILTER:
1. Insert the Op-Amp IC 741 into the breadboard correctly.
2. Connect the power supply to the pin 7 with a positive voltage of 15 V and
ground the other.
3. Connect the 2nd power supply negative voltage of 15 V to the pin 4 and
ground the positive terminal.
4. The inverting terminal pin 2 is grounded through a resistor Ri.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 25

5. A resistor Rf is connected in feedback path between the pin 2 and 6.
6. A Capacitor C is connected between the input signal source ( Function
generator) and the inverting terminal pin 2 of the Op-Amp
7. A Resistor R is connected between pin 2 and other end is grounded.
8. Take output at pin6.
9. Apply a sine wave of any frequency between 5 to 10 K Hz from function
generator.
10. Observe the output waveform of High pass filter on CRO.
11. Decrease the frequency from 10 KHz to 1 K Hz in steps of 1 KHz as shown in
table and note down the output waveform amplitude and tabulate these
values.
12. From the above tabulated values, draw graph between frequency and output
voltage.
13. From the graph it is observed that lower cut off frequency f L is between 1
KHz to 2 K Hz.
14. Compare the observed lower cutoff frequency from graph with the theoretical
lower cut off frequency.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 26

 Input Output
Input frequency
S.No. Amplitude Amplitude (Vp-
(KHz)
(Vp-p) )
p
1. 10 KHz 10 V
2. 9 KHz 10 V
3. 8 KHz 10
4. 7 K Hz 10
5. 6 KHz 10
6. 5 KHz 10
7 4 KHz 10
8 3 KHz 10
9 2 KHz 10
10 1 KHz 10
MODEL GRAPH:

Output
10
volt

8 3 dB

7.07 V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
fL F requency in KHz

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Switch on the power supply only when the circuit is correctly connected.
2. Ensure power supply voltage before applying it to the main device.
3. Don’t exceed the limits of the ratings of the devices Always use a straight lead
probe to insert into the breadboard.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 27

 4. Apply proper grounding for IC’s.
5. Check the starting pin number for each IC indicated with a dot as starting pin.
6. Use IC remover to remove IC from breadboard to avoid damage of pins of IC.
7. Don’t touch the pins of IC’s while power on.
8. Don’t bend the pins of IC’s.
9. Insert the components into the breadboard firmly.
10. Loose contact may result in error at output.

RESULT:

Successfully constructed the Low pass and High pass Filter circuits using Op-
Amp 741 and observed the Lower and Higher cut off frequencies.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS – LABORATORY 28